171 results on '"Espinoza, Jhan Carlo"'
Search Results
152. Climatic variability impact on hydrology of the Amazon Basin
- Author
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Espinoza, Jhan Carlo, Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, Serge Janicot, Jean Loup Guyot, HYBAM, AMANCAY, and REGYNA
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climate variability ,Bassin amazonien ,[SDU.STU.CL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Climatology ,weather types ,types de temps ,hydrological variability ,variabilité climatique ,South America ,[SDU.STU.HY]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Hydrology ,variabilité hydrologique ,Amérique du Sud ,Amazon Basin - Abstract
Thèse préparée entre 2006 et 2008 grâce à une bourse de l'IRD.; The Amazon basin hydroclimatic variability is studied during the forty last years using for the first time in situ rainfall and discharge data from five countries. A low-stage diminution and lasting strong high-stage values in the main stream of the Amazon are particularly important since the beginning of the nineties; they are associated with annual rainfall and discharge reductions in the southwestern sub-basins and with increasing rainfall and high-stage discharge in the north-west, that is to say in Andean sub-basins. Oceano-atmospheric indices and weather regimes over tropical South America are used to explain the hydrological variability. Weather regimes are defined using ERA40 reanalysis data and a neuronal method. They are related to the progression toward East of extra-tropical perturbations which modify the meridian winds East of the Andes and cause alternating convergence and divergence in the southwestern and northwestern Amazon.; La variabilité hydro-climatique du bassin amazonien pendant les 40 dernières années est analysée pour la première fois à partir de données /in situ/ provenant de la totalité du bassin amazonien. L'importance des régions andines dans la variabilité pluriannuelle de l'hydrologie est mise en évidence. Ainsi, une diminution des débits d'étiage et le maintien de forts débits de crues dans le cours principal de l'Amazone, en particulier depuis le début des années 1990, sont liées à une forte diminution des pluies et des débits annuels dans le sud-ouest du bassin et à une augmentation des pluies et des crues dans le nord-ouest.L'explication de la variabilité hydrologique fait appel à des indices océano-atmosphériques mensuels et à des types de temps quotidiens. Ceux-ci sont définis pour l' Amérique du Sud tropicale au moyen des données de réanalyses ERA40 et d'une méthode neuronale. Les caractéristiques et la succession des types de temps sont liées principalement au passage de perturbations extratropicales qui modifient l'orientation des flux méridiens à l'est des Andes et font alterner convergence et divergence dans le sud-ouest et le nord-ouest du bassin.La fréquence des types de temps permet de reconstituer en partie les pluies et d'expliquer aussi bien la variabilité hydrologique aux pas de temps inter et pluri annuels que l'occurrence de crues et d'étiages exceptionnels.
- Published
- 2009
153. Impact de la variabilité climatique sur l'hydrologie du bassin amazonien
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Espinoza, Jhan Carlo, Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, Serge Janicot, Jean Loup Guyot, HYBAM, AMANCAY, REGYNA, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)
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climate variability ,Bassin amazonien ,[SDU.STU.CL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Climatology ,weather types ,types de temps ,hydrological variability ,variabilité climatique ,South America ,[SDU.STU.HY]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Hydrology ,variabilité hydrologique ,Amérique du Sud ,Amazon Basin - Abstract
Thèse préparée entre 2006 et 2008 grâce à une bourse de l'IRD.; The Amazon basin hydroclimatic variability is studied during the forty last years using for the first time in situ rainfall and discharge data from five countries. A low-stage diminution and lasting strong high-stage values in the main stream of the Amazon are particularly important since the beginning of the nineties; they are associated with annual rainfall and discharge reductions in the southwestern sub-basins and with increasing rainfall and high-stage discharge in the north-west, that is to say in Andean sub-basins. Oceano-atmospheric indices and weather regimes over tropical South America are used to explain the hydrological variability. Weather regimes are defined using ERA40 reanalysis data and a neuronal method. They are related to the progression toward East of extra-tropical perturbations which modify the meridian winds East of the Andes and cause alternating convergence and divergence in the southwestern and northwestern Amazon.; La variabilité hydro-climatique du bassin amazonien pendant les 40 dernières années est analysée pour la première fois à partir de données /in situ/ provenant de la totalité du bassin amazonien. L'importance des régions andines dans la variabilité pluriannuelle de l'hydrologie est mise en évidence. Ainsi, une diminution des débits d'étiage et le maintien de forts débits de crues dans le cours principal de l'Amazone, en particulier depuis le début des années 1990, sont liées à une forte diminution des pluies et des débits annuels dans le sud-ouest du bassin et à une augmentation des pluies et des crues dans le nord-ouest.L'explication de la variabilité hydrologique fait appel à des indices océano-atmosphériques mensuels et à des types de temps quotidiens. Ceux-ci sont définis pour l' Amérique du Sud tropicale au moyen des données de réanalyses ERA40 et d'une méthode neuronale. Les caractéristiques et la succession des types de temps sont liées principalement au passage de perturbations extratropicales qui modifient l'orientation des flux méridiens à l'est des Andes et font alterner convergence et divergence dans le sud-ouest et le nord-ouest du bassin.La fréquence des types de temps permet de reconstituer en partie les pluies et d'expliquer aussi bien la variabilité hydrologique aux pas de temps inter et pluri annuels que l'occurrence de crues et d'étiages exceptionnels.
- Published
- 2009
154. The extreme 2014 flood in south-western Amazon basin: the role of tropical-subtropical South Atlantic SST gradient
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Espinoza, Jhan Carlo, primary, Marengo, José Antonio, additional, Ronchail, Josyane, additional, Carpio, Jorge Molina, additional, Flores, Luís Noriega, additional, and Guyot, Jean Loup, additional
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- 2014
- Full Text
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155. Impactos de El Niño y La Niña en las lluvias del Perú (1965-2007)
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Lavado-Casimiro, Waldo, primary and Espinoza, Jhan Carlo, additional
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- 2014
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156. Sediment budget in the Ucayali River basin, an Andean tributary of the Amazon River.
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SANTINI, WILLIAM, MARTINEZ, JEAN-MICHEL, ESPINOZAVILLAR, RAUL, COCHONNEAU, GERARD, VAUCHEL, PHILIPPE, MOQUET, JEAN-SEBASTIEN, BABY, PATRICE, ESPINOZA, JHAN-CARLO, LAVADO, WALDO, CARRANZA, JORGE, and GUYOT, JEAN-LOUP
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RIVER sediments ,WATERSHEDS ,MOUNTAINS ,SOIL erosion ,CHEMICAL denudation - Abstract
Formation of mountain ranges results from complex coupling between lithospheric deformation, mechanisms linked to subduction and surface processes: weathering, erosion, and climate. Today, erosion of the eastern Andean cordillera and sub-Andean foothills supplies over 99% of the sediment load passing through the Amazon Basin. Denudation rates in the upper Ucayali basin are rapid, favoured by a marked seasonality in this region and extreme precipitation cells above sedimentary strata, uplifted during Neogene times by a still active sub-Andean tectonic thrust. Around 40% of those sediments are trapped in the Ucayali retro-foreland basin system. Recent advances in remote sensing for Amazonian large rivers now allow us to complete the ground hydrological data. In this work, we propose a first estimation of the erosion and sedimentation budget of the Ucayali River catchment, based on spatial and conventional HYBAM Observatory network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2015
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157. Hydrological modeling of the Peruvian-Ecuadorian Amazon basin using GPM-IMERG satellite-based precipitation dataset.
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Zubieta, Ricardo, Getirana, Augusto, Espinoza, Jhan Carlo, Lavado-Casimiro, Waldo, and Aragon, Luis
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In the last two decades, rainfall estimates provided by the Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission (TRMM) have proven applicable in hydrological studies. The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission, which provides the new generation of rainfall estimates, is now considered a global successor to TRMM. The usefulness of GPM data in hydrological applications, however, has not yet been evaluated over the Andean and Amazonian regions. This study uses GPM data provided by the Integrated Multi-satellite Retrievals (IMERG) (product/final run) as input to a distributed hydrological model for the Amazon Basin of Peru and Ecuador for a 16-month period (from March 2014 to June 2015) when all datasets are available. TRMM products (TMPA V7, TMPA RT datasets) and a gridded precipitation dataset processed from observed rainfall are used for comparison. The results indicate that precipitation data derived from GPM-IMERG correspond more closely to TMPA V7 than TMPA RT datasets, but both GPM-IMERG and TMPA V7 precipitation data tend to overestimate, in comparison to observed rainfall (by 11.1% and 15.7%, respectively). In general, GPM-IMERG, TMPA V7 and TMPA RT correlate with observed rainfall, with a similar number of rain events correctly detected (~ 20%). Statistical analysis of modeled streamflows indicates that GPM-IMERG is as useful as TMPA V7 or TMPA RT datasets in southern regions (Ucayali basin). GPM-IMERG, TMPA V7 and TMPA RT do not properly simulate streamflows in northern regions (Marañón and Napo basins), probably because of the lack of adequate rainfall estimates in northern Peru and the Ecuadorian Amazon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
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158. Radiative properties of clouds over a tropical Bolivian glacier: seasonal variations and relationship with regional atmospheric circulation.
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Sicart, Jean Emmanuel, Espinoza, Jhan Carlo, Quéno, Louis, and Medina, Melissa
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CLOUDS , *GLACIERS , *SEASONAL temperature variations , *CLIMATE change - Abstract
ABSTRACT At low latitudes, strong seasonal changes in cloud cover and precipitation largely control the mass balance of glaciers. Measurements of shortwave and longwave radiation fluxes reaching Zongo glacier, Bolivia (16°S, 5060 m asl), were analysed from 2005 to 2013 to investigate cloud radiative properties. Cloud shortwave attenuation and longwave emission were greater in the wet summer season ( DJF) than in the dry winter season ( JJA) probably because most DJF clouds were low warm cumulus associated with local convection, whereas JJA clouds were frequently altostratus associated with extra-tropical perturbations. Solar irradiance was high all year round and cloud radiative forcing on down-welling fluxes was strongly negative, with monthly averages ranging from -60 to -110 W m−2 from the dry to the wet season, respectively. In the wet season, high extraterrestrial solar irradiance and low shortwave transmissivity caused very negative cloud forcing despite the high longwave emissivity of convective clouds. Reanalysis of wind and geopotential height anomalies and outgoing longwave radiation satellite data were used to characterize the regional atmospheric circulation causing thick cloud covers (10% thickest clouds) during the dry ( JJA), transition ( SON), and wet ( DJF) seasons. Around 87% (80%) of cloud events in JJA ( SON) occurred during the incursion of low-level southern wind from southern South America to the Bolivian Andes, which caused 2-3 days of cold surge episodes in the Cordillera Real. Around 13% of cloudy days in JJA were associated with high-level low-pressure conditions over the Chilean coast around 45°S, including cut-off lows. In SON, 20% of cloudy days were associated with summer conditions, characterized by an active Bolivian High and moist air advection from the Amazon basin. In the wet season, only 46% of thick cloud events were associated with low-level southern wind incursions, the other events being associated with the South American Monsoon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2016
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159. Revisiting wintertime cold air intrusions at the east of the Andes: propagating features from subtropical Argentina to Peruvian Amazon and relationship with large-scale circulation patterns
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Espinoza, Jhan Carlo, primary, Ronchail, Josyane, additional, Lengaigne, Matthieu, additional, Quispe, Nelson, additional, Silva, Yamina, additional, Bettolli, Maria Laura, additional, Avalos, Grinia, additional, and Llacza, Alan, additional
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- 2012
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160. Trends in rainfall and temperature in the Peruvian Amazon–Andes basin over the last 40 years (1965–2007)
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Lavado Casimiro, Waldo Sven, primary, Labat, David, additional, Ronchail, Josyane, additional, Espinoza, Jhan Carlo, additional, and Guyot, Jean Loup, additional
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- 2012
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161. From drought to flooding: understanding the abrupt 2010–11 hydrological annual cycle in the Amazonas River and tributaries
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Espinoza, Jhan Carlo, primary, Ronchail, Josyane, additional, Guyot, Jean Loup, additional, Junquas, Clementine, additional, Drapeau, Guillaume, additional, Martinez, Jean Michel, additional, Santini, William, additional, Vauchel, Philippe, additional, Lavado, Waldo, additional, Ordoñez, Julio, additional, and Espinoza, Raúl, additional
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- 2012
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162. Basin-scale analysis of rainfall and runoff in Peru (1969–2004): Pacific, Titicaca and Amazonas drainages
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Lavado Casimiro, Waldo Sven, primary, Ronchail, Josyane, additional, Labat, David, additional, Espinoza, Jhan Carlo, additional, and Guyot, Jean Loup, additional
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- 2012
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163. Climate variability and extreme drought in the upper Solimões River (western Amazon Basin): Understanding the exceptional 2010 drought
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Espinoza, Jhan Carlo, primary, Ronchail, Josyane, additional, Guyot, Jean Loup, additional, Junquas, Clementine, additional, Vauchel, Philippe, additional, Lavado, Waldo, additional, Drapeau, Guillaume, additional, and Pombosa, Rodrigo, additional
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- 2011
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164. Large-scale circulation patterns and related rainfall in the Amazon Basin: a neuronal networks approach
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Espinoza, Jhan Carlo, primary, Lengaigne, Matthieu, additional, Ronchail, Josyane, additional, and Janicot, Serge, additional
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- 2011
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165. Correction of TRMM 3B43 monthly precipitation data over the mountainous areas of Peru during the period 1998-2007
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Condom, Thomas, primary, Rau, Pedro, additional, and Espinoza, Jhan Carlo, additional
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- 2011
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166. From drought to flooding: understanding the abrupt 2010-11 hydrological annual cycle in the Amazonas River and tributaries.
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Espinoza, Jhan Carlo, Ronchail, Josyane, Loup Guyot, Jean, Junquas, Clementine, Drapeau, Guillaume, Martinez, Jean Michel, Santini, William, Vauchel, Philippe, Lavado, Waldo, Ordoñez, Julio, and Espinoza, Raúl
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- 2012
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167. Decline of Fine Suspended Sediments in the Madeira River Basin (2003–2017).
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Ayes Rivera, Irma, Armijos Cardenas, Elisa, Espinoza-Villar, Raúl, Espinoza, Jhan Carlo, Molina-Carpio, Jorge, Ayala, José Max, Gutierrez-Cori, Omar, Martinez, Jean-Michel, and Filizola, Naziano
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SUSPENDED sediments ,WATERSHEDS ,STREAM-gauging stations ,WATER power ,DAMS - Abstract
The Madeira River is the second largest Amazon tributary, contributing up to 50% of the Amazon River's sediment load. The Madeira has significant hydropower potential, which has started to be used by the Madeira Hydroelectric Complex (MHC), with two large dams along the middle stretch of the river. In this study, fine suspended sediment concentration (FSC) data were assessed downstream of the MHC at the Porto Velho gauging station and at the outlet of each tributary (Beni and Mamoré Rivers, upstream from the MHC), from 2003 to 2017. When comparing the pre-MHC (2003–2008) and post-MHC (2015–2017) periods, a 36% decrease in FSC was observed in the Beni River during the peak months of sediment load (December–March). At Porto Velho, a reduction of 30% was found, which responds to the Upper Madeira Basin and hydroelectric regulation. Concerning water discharge, no significant change occurred, indicating that a lower peak FSC cannot be explained by changes in the peak discharge months. However, lower FSCs are associated with a downward break in the overall time series registered at the outlet of the major sediment supplier—the Beni River—during 2010. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2019
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168. Estimación de concentración de lluvia diaria y eventos hidrológicos extremos en cuencas andino-amazónicas empleando precipitación basada en satélites
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Zubieta Barragán, Ricardo, Espinoza Villar, Jhan Carlo, and Espinoza, Jhan Carlo
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Estimación ,purl.org/pe-repo/ocde/ford#1.05.09 [http] ,Concentración de lluvia diaria ,Evaluación ,Andes ,Amazonas ,Meteorología y Ciencias atmosféricas ,Instrumentos de medición ,Precipitación ,Eventos hidrológicos ,Perú ,Lluvia ,Satélites meteorológicos ,Sensores ,Cuencas hidrográficas ,Amazonía ,Precipitación atmosférica ,Región andina ,Caudales ,Eventos extremos - Abstract
Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina. Escuela de Posgrado. Doctorado en Recursos Hídricos La precipitación concentrada durante varios días tienen un alto potencial para ocasionar erosión del suelo, deslizamientos, inestabilidad de taludes e inundaciones. En la última década, las cuencas andino-amazónicas han sido frecuentemente afectadas por eventos hidrológicos extremos tales como las intensas sequías en 2005 y 2010 e inundaciones en 2009, 2012 y 2014. Los datos de precipitación estimada por satélite empleados para la estimación de concentración de lluvia diaria pueden ser fuente alternativa en regiones donde la disponibilidad de datos de lluvia es limitada. Además, estos datos pueden ser utilizados como entrada a modelos hidrológicos distribuidos para la comprensión y evaluación de eventos hidrológicos extremos. La aplicación de estos datos satelitales en estudios hidrológicos y climáticos requiere una estricta evaluación para su uso en sistemas de previsión de eventos extremos. En este trabajo, conjuntos de precipitación estimado a partir de satélite son evaluados con respecto a datos observados (pluviómetros) en la cuenca amazónica peruana y ecuatoriana. Hasta cinco productos de precipitación deducidos de datos satelitales (TMPA V7, TMPART, CMORPH , PERSIANN y GPM-IMERG) se utilizaron como datos forzantes para la estimación del índice de concentración (IC) de lluvia diaria y simulaciones de caudales diarios usando el modelo hidrológico distribuido de grandes cuencas (MGB – IPH). Se emplearon datos de caudales diarios de hasta 20 estaciones hidrométricas provenientes del observatorio SNO-HYBAM. Los hallazgos de esta tesis sugieren que las estimaciones de precipitación de CMORPH y TMPA V7 son más fiables que los proporcionados por TRMM RT o PERSIANN en la reproducción de la variabilidad temporal de los IC. Por otro lado, los resultados de la modelización hidrológica tambien indican la utilidad de datos TMPA RT para estimar los caudales observados en regiones andino-amazónicas (cuenca del río Ucayali, en el sur de la cuenca amazónica de Perú y Ecuador). Así, la estimación de caudales empleando TMPA RT (NS ̴ 0.82) es ligeramente mejor que con otros datos satelitales tales como TMPA V7 y GPM-IMERG (NS ̴ 0.78). The concentration of precipitation for many consecutive days has a strong potential for leading soil erosion, landslides, slope instability, and flooding. In the last decade, Andean-Amazonian basins have been frequently affected by extreme hydrological events such as strong droughts in 2005 and 2010 and floods in 2009, 2012, and 2014. Satellite-based precipitation datasets are currently used for estimating concentrations of daily rainfall, but at the same time they also might be an alternative in regions where rainfall data availability is scarce. In addition, these datasets can be used as input to distributed hydrological models for understanding and evaluation of extreme hydrological events. The application of these satellite datasets in the hydrological and climatic studies requires a strict evaluation for using in extreme event forecasting systems. In this thesis, several satellite-based precipitation datasets are evaluated with respect to observed data (rain gauges) in the Peruvian and Ecuadorian Amazon Basin. Five precipitation datasets derived from satellite data (TMPA V7, TMPART, CMORPH, PERSIANN, and GPM-IMERG) were used as forcing data to estimate daily rainfall concentration (CI) and daily streamflow using a large-scale distributed hydrological model (MGB - IPH). Daily streamflow data of 20 hydrometric stations from SNO-HYBAM observatory were used. The main findings of this thesis evidence that the estimation of CMORPH and TMPA V7 are better than TRMM RT, PERSIANN for simulating the temporal variability of the CIs. On the other hand, the results of hydrological modeling indicate that TMPA RT data is better than the rest of data for estimating the observed streamflows in the Andean-Amazonian regions (Ucayali River basin, which is located in the southern Amazon basin of Peru and Ecuador). Thus, TMPA RT (NS ̴ 0.82) estimates streamflow better than the rest of satellite data such as TMPA V7 and GPM-IMERG (NS ̴ 0.78) Tesis
- Published
- 2017
169. Compendio de investigaciones en geofísica: trabajos de investigación realizados por estudiantes durante el año 2017
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Instituto Geofísico del Perú, Tavera, Hernando, Milla, Marco, and Espinoza, Jhan Carlo
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Astronomía ,Climatología ,Radar ,Terremotos ,Investigación científica ,Sismología ,Geología ,Geofísica ,purl.org/pe-repo/ocde/ford#1.05.04 [http] ,Ciencias de la tierra ,Atmósfera ,purl.org/pe-repo/ocde/ford#1.05.00 [http] - Abstract
Volumen 18 En el presente compendio se pondrá en conocimiento de la sociedad diversas investigaciones desarrolladas en ámbitos de estudio como la sismología, vulcanología, aeronomía, física atmosférica, entre otros.
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- 2017
170. Magnitud, frecuencia y factores que controlan los flujos sedimentarios desde los Andes centrales occidentales hacia el océano Pacífico peruano
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Morera Julca, Sergio Byron, Espinoza Villar, Jhan Carlo, Condom, Thomas, and Espinoza, Jhan Carlo
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Sedimentación ,Hidrología ,Corriente El Niño ,Océano pacífico ,Cordillera Central ,Cuencas ,Ciclo hidrológico ,Muestreo ,Sedimentos ,Geomorfología ,Dinamica del sedimento en suspension ,purl.org/pe-repo/ocde/ford#1.05.11 [http] ,Perú ,Sedimentos de río ,Andes centrales occidentales ,Erosión de las costas ,Control de flujos sedimentarios ,Región andina ,Flujo del suelo - Abstract
Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina. Escuela de Posgrado. Doctorado en Recursos Hídricos En el Perú el desarrollo de la hidro-sedimentología en comparación con otras ramas de la hidrología ha sido limitada. El principal reto en el transporte de sedimentos está vinculado a los registros y a la disponibilidad de estos: i) Debido a la falta de registros y dispersión. ii) Es concerniente a la consistencia de la información. Como resultado, en la actualidad es poco conocido la relación entre la ubicación de las cuencas de montaña, precipitación, escorrentía, geomorfología, uso del suelo, influencia de la actividad antrópica, la influencia de El Niño y la dinámica del transporte de sedimentos. Este estudio contribuye con la disponibilidad de una nueva base de sedimentos para el periodo de 1948 a 2012. Este grupo de datos contiene registros continuos de los niveles del río, aforos periódicos, registros de turbidez y un muestreo horario del material en suspensión (MES). Al final, toda la base de datos fue criticada y tratada bajo una metodología consistente.Se evaluó la incertidumbre durante la estimación anual y mensual de los flujos de sedimentos en cuatro cuencas de montañas (1757–10411 km2). La base de datos fue descompuesta en una base de datos numérica con el fin de simular nuevas series de muestreo a diferentes frecuencias. La estrategia de muestreo para estas cuencas alto andinas puede variar entre 6 a 12 días (muestreo moderado), la cual produciría una subestimación del ~20% durante una estimación anual. Sin embargo, la estimación de los flujos sólidos mensuales, y durante la época de lluvias (diciembre-mayo) se requiere un intervalo de muestreo que va de uno a cinco días (muestreo intenso) este incluiría a un error de ± 40%. No obstante, para el periodo de estiaje (junio-setiembre) puede ser realizado una vez al mes, este incluirá un error del ± 45% y representa menos del 2% de la estimación de la SY a una escala anual. Finalmente, los resultados muestran que las frecuencias de muestreo antes mencionados deben reducirse a la mitad de tiempo (muestreo de intenso a automático) cuando se monitorea eventos extremos (durante lluvias) en el cual el error anual asciende a 300%. La calidad del agua en la cuenca del río Santa, ubicada al norte del Perú, tiene como principal problema la elevada carga del MES. Con el fin de caracterizar los flujos sólidos en cuencas de montaña, se evaluó la eficiencia del sensor óptico de turbidez como alternativa de monitoreo instantáneo del MES. El MES y los caudales son monitoreados en tres estaciones por el proyecto especial Chavimochic desde 1999. La toma de muestras del MES tiene una frecuencia de 12 a 48 horas. Antes de filtrar cada muestra, se toman lecturas de la turbidez en unidades nefelométricas de turbidez (NTU). Se calibró la relación MES = f(NTU) para las estaciones en estudio, y se calculó las relaciones entre MES y NTU, que presentan uno o dos quiebres, cuyos coeficientes de correlación (r2) varían entre 0.03 a 0.87. A partir del MES estimado se calcularon los flujos sólidos; la comparación de estos con los observados a nivel diario muestran un error relativo absoluto de 15% y el test de eficiencia de Nash-Sutcliffe da valores de 0.95 a 0.97. Otros cálculos a escala de tiempo mensual o anual brindan resultados mucho más óptimos. En este sentido, se afirma que la eficiencia del muestreo del MES a partir de lecturas de NTU se atribuye a la alta turbulencia de estos ríos de montaña. Sin embargo, consideramos que establecer una ecuación en función a la granulometría de las muestras ayudará a estimar con mayor precisión el MES. Finalmente, el uso de sensores ópticos de turbidez automatizadas (sondas) presentan un alto potencial para el monitoreo del MES instantáneo, para cuencas de montañas andinas. Se caracterizó y cuantificó la magnitud y la frecuencia de los flujos de sedimentos en 20 cuencas (638-16949 km2) en la vertiente del Pacífico. El análisis estadístico de las series diarias y subdiarias muestran una fuerte gradiente latitudinal y longitudinal. Los rangos de escorrentía van de 2.4 a 25.5 l.km2.s-1; mientras que los rangos del caudal sólido específico son más amplios de 9 a 2000 t.km2.año-1. Los resultados muestran una alta variación temporal de los flujos de sedimentos en el cual el MES responde inmediatamente a la escorrentía durante las descargas pico. Un análisis anual entre la escorrentía y los caudales específicos sólidos (SSY) muestran un rango de correlación 0 < r < 0.9 (p < 0.05) a lo largo de la vertiente del Pacífico. La variación temporal y espacial de los flujos sólidos en el Perú se incrementan dramáticamente durante eventos extremos (ej.; el mega El Niño 1982-83 y 1997-98). Además, los caudales específicos sólidos se incrementan de 10 a 30 veces el promedio histórico anual. Finalmente, los factores que controlan la producción de sedimentos (SY) no son completamente entendidos para cuencas de la vertiente del Pacífico. Futuros estudios se ocuparan de dicho tópico. Se identificó el principal factor que controla la SY y su importancia. El área de estudio comprende las cuencas de los ríos Tablachaca (3,132 km²) y Santa (6,815 km²), dos cuencas andinas, geográficamente vecinas. Ambas estadísticamente similares respecto a las precipitaciones y caudales diarios. No obstante, muestran un gran contraste en la SY. Con el fin de investigar cuales factores controlan la SY, se trabajó con los caudales instantáneos, datos horarios del material en suspensión (MES), topografía (SRTM 90 x90m), uso del suelo (Landsat 7), precipitaciones (SRTM, 3B43-7V) y litología para toda la cuenca del río Santa. Los resultados muestran que el SSY en la cuenca del río Tablachaca es una de las más elevadas a escala continental, para cuencas que escurren al lado Pacífico. Por otro lado, a partir de una serie histórica de 54 años de monitoreo, no se observó una relación entre los caudales y El Niño Oscilación del Sur (ENOS). Sin embargo, se observó que la cuenca del río Santa fue altamente sensible durante los mega El Niño (e.j.; 1982-1983, 1997-98). Finalmente, la micro-minería dispersa por toda la cuenca, así como la minería a grande escala ambas ligadas a una litología específica fueron identificadas como los factores que controlan las elevadas carga de SSY. Estas observaciones hacen de la vertiente del Pacífico (Perú) zonas claves para el estudio del SSY, visto que estas se asemejan a laboratorios naturales sometidos bajo condiciones extremas. Hydro-sedimentology development in comparison to other hydrology issues has been limited in Peru. The main challenge is related to the record and its availability. First, because the record gaps and its dispersion. Second, it is concerned with the reliability of the information. As a result, little is known about the relationship between mountain catchment location, precipitation, runoff, geomorphology, land use, anthropogenic influence, the El Niño influence and the sediment transport dynamics at the present. A new national hydro-sedimentology dataset (1948-2012) is available from continuous levels flow records (limnigraph), periodic gauging discharge, turbidity records and hourly suspended sediment concentrations (SSC) samples. In the end, the whole dataset was criticized and treated under a consistent methodology. Uncertainty during monthly and annual sediment flows estimation were characterized at four catchment mountains (1757-10411 km2). The database was broken down into a numerical base to simulate several sampling frequencies. Observed and simulated data were compared; results show high temporal variability in these Andean watersheds. Sediment yield (SY) sampling frequency varies from 6 to 12 days, underestimating ~ 20% annually. However, suspended sediment yield (SY) estimation at monthly scale during the rainy season (Dec. to May) require sampling from 1 to 5 days involving ± 40% of error. During dry season (Jun. to Sep.), the sampling could be done one time per month to involve ± 45%, but, this lead less than 2 % in an annual balance. Finally, results show that the sampling frequency values mentioned above should be reduced to half, for exceptional events (rainy season) where the annual error estimate is around 300%. The Santa River watershed is situated in the north of Peru. The strong SSC is the main problem in the water quality in the Santa river watershed. In order to characterise the solid flows at high frequency in mountains watershed, the efficiency of the optical turbidity sensor was evaluated. Since 1999 the Chavimochic project evaluated the SSC and water discharge at three stations. The sampling frequency is about 12 to 48 hours. Before filtering the SSC of each sample, readings of nephelometric turbidity units (NTU) are taken. The SSC=f(NTU) was calibrated according to the study stations, the relationships between SSC and NTU have two to three trends; whose correlation coefficients (r2) range from 0.03 to 0.87. Sediment flux was computed from the SSC estimated, comparisons against the daily observed and estimated sediment flux show an absolute relative error of 15 % and the test of Nash- Sutcliffe efficiency gives values of 0.95 to 0.97. Estimations at monthly or annual scale provide better results, accuracy is attributed to the strong turbulence characteristic of these mountains rives. However, establishing an equation depending on the grain size in the samples will improve estimation of the SSC. Finally, the use of automated optical turbidity sensors (sondes) shows high potential to monitoring instantaneous SSC at Andean mountain basins. Magnitude and frequency of the sediment flows was quantified and characterized in twenty catchments (638-16949 km2) along the Pacific watershed (Peru). Statistical analysis of daily and sub-daily time series show a strong latitudinal and longitudinal runoff gradient ranges from 2.4 to 25.5 l.km2.s-1 and large specific SSY ranges from 9 to 2 000 t.km2.year1. Results also show that there is a high sediment flux temporal variation, where Suspended Sediment Concentration (SSC) response immediately to runoff during water discharge peaks. Annual analysis between runoff and SSY shows a correlation ranging from 0 < r < 0.9 (p < 0.05) along the Pacific. Space and temporal SSF variability in Peru are dramatically increased during extreme events (mega El Niño 1982-83 and 1997-98). Sediment flows increase from10 to 30 times the historical annual average. Finally, factors which control SSY are not fully, so further study on this topic will be undertaken in the future. Quantify and understand the SSY in a sensitive mountain catchment is a challenge; nevertheless, identify the main factors which control erosion and their relevance is even more. The Tablachaca (3132 km²) and the Santa (6815 km²) are two mountains rivers basin geographically adjacent. Those showed similar statistical daily rainfall and discharge variability, however, large differences in specific suspended-sediment yield (SSY). Instantaneous water discharge, hourly MES, topography (SRTM 90 x90m ), land use (Landsat 7), precipitation (SRTM , 3B43 -7V) and lithology were recognized for the entire Santa River basin in order to investigate which factors control the SY. Results show that the SSY of the Tablachaca river basin is one of the highest at continental-scale. On the other hand, relationship between SY and the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) was no observed; nonetheless, during the mega El Niño (e.g.; 1982-1983, 1997-98) the Santa River basin was highly sensitive. Finally, mining activity in specific lithologies was identified as the major factor that controls the high SSY of the Tablachaca (2204 t km2 yr−1), which is four times greater than the Santa’s SSY. These results show that the analysis of control factors of regional SSY at the Andes scale should be done carefully. Indeed, spatial data at kilometric scale and also daily water discharge and SSC time series are needed to define the main erosion factors along the entire Andean range. Tesis
- Published
- 2014
171. Modelado hidrológico distribuido de la cuenca amazónica peruana utilizando precipitación obtenida por satélite
- Author
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Zubieta Barragán, Ricardo and Espinoza, Jhan Carlo
- Subjects
purl.org/pe-repo/ocde/ford#1.05.09 [http] ,purl.org/pe-repo/ocde/ford#1.05.11 [http] ,Amazonas ,Modelo hidrológico ,Cuencas ,Caudales - Abstract
La utilización de precipitación estimada por satélite como entrada a modelos hidrológicos es una alternativa atractiva en regiones con datos limitados o falta de datos observados. Estos datos ha sido utilizados principalmente en los estudios hidrológicos de la cuenca Amazónica Brasileña. En esta tesis, la precipitación estimada por satélite fue empleada en la evaluación de un modelado lluvia - escorrentía. Tres productos de precipitación deducidos de los datos satelitales (TMPA V7, CMORPH y PERSIANN) se utilizaron como datos forzantes para las simulaciones de caudales diarios usando el modelo hidrológico de cuencas de gran escala MGB – IPH, para el período 2003-2009. Se emplearon datos de caudales diarios de 13 estaciones hidrométricas provenientes del observatorio ORE-HYBAM. Los resultados de este estudio sugieren que el producto TMPA V7 es más representativo que los otros y se puede utilizar como entrada para un modelado hidrológico lluvia-escorrentía sobre la cuenca amazónica peruana. Sin embargo, los análisis indican un efecto contrario en las subcuencas situadas entre las regiones del norte y sur de la cuenca amazónica peruana, en especial para capturar la fase y magnitud de los eventos extremos. Esto demuestra la dificultad de representar hidrogramas observados en regiones cercanas a la línea ecuatorial con precipitaciones estimadas de satélite, que se caracteriza por una débil variabilidad estacional. UNALM, IGP Tesis
- Published
- 2013
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