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Males of the red locust, Nomadacris septemfasciata, allatectomized 3–11 days after the moult to the adult stage did not exhibit any sexual behaviour and remained in a state comparable to “adult diapause”, while all the sham-allatectomized controls exhibited distinct sexual behaviour. Implantations of four pairs of active corpora allata (originating from sexually mature males of Locusta migratoria migratorioides) into the allatectomized males of the red locust led to sexual behaviour; in contrast, all those allatectomized males in which sham-implantations (appropriate surgical treatment without actual implantation of corpora allata) were performed remained in “adult diapause” showing no sexual behaviour. Comparison of the results with other data revealed that in some species of Acridids the corpora allata completely control (in a direct or indirect manner) male sexual behaviour, while in other species of the same family this control is either incomplete or perhaps does not exist at all. The presence or absence of a complete endocrine control of male sexual behaviour may perhaps be correlated with the fact that the species involved has or has not the ability to undergo a state of “adult diapause”. Zusammenfassung DIE WIRKUNG DER CORPORA ALLATA AUF DAS SEXUALVERHALTEN UND DIE “ADULT-DIAPAUSE” BEI MANNCHEN DER ROTEN HEUSCHRECKE Mannchen der Roten Heuschrecke, Nomadacris septemfasciata, die 3–11 Tage nach der Hautung zur Imago allatektomiert worden waren, zeigten keinerlei sexuelle Aktivitat und verharrten in einem der “Adult-Diapause” vergleichbaren Zustand, wahrend alle scheinallatektomierten Kontrolltiere ausgepragtes Sexualverhalten aufwiesen. Implantationen von 4 Paar Corpora allata (aus geschlechtsreifen Mannchen von Locusta migratoria migratorioides stammend) in allatektomierte Mannchen der Roten Heuschrecke fuhrten zu Sexual verhalten; im Gegensatz dazu verharrten alle diejenigen allatektomierten Mannchen, bei welchen Schein-Implantationen durchgefuhrt wurden (entsprechende operative Behandlung ohne Implantation von Corpora allata) in “Adult-Diapause” und zeigten keine sexuelle Aktivitat. Vergleich der Ergebnisse mit anderen Daten lassen erkennen, das bei einigen Acridier-Arten die Corpora allata das mannliche Sexualverhalten (auf direkte oder indirekte Weise) beein-flussen, wahrend dieser Einflus bei anderen Arten der gleichen Familie entweder unvollstandig ist oder uberhaupt nicht auftritt. Vorkommen oder Fehlen einer vollstandigen endokrinen Kontrolle des mannlichen Sexualverhaltens mag vielleicht von dem Umstand abhangen, ob die betreffende Art die Fahigkeit hat, ein Stadium adulter Diapause zu durchlaufen oder nicht.

1. A volumetric macrorespirometer and gas analyzer are described. Procedures and precautions for their use are discussed.2. Determinations of respiratory rates and respiratory quotients before and after surgical removal of both sinus glands from the eyestalks of the land crab, Gecarcinus lateralis, indicated that, except in one respect, the crabs were fundamentally unaffected by the loss of organs which had been thought essential for maintenance of normal metabolism.3. The exception lay in an operated crab's eventual loss of its normal ability to vary the type and rate of metabolism. Indications of this loss were a constant respiratory quotient at the normal mean value and a low and relatively invariable respiratory rate. Fluctuations in rate of oxygen consumption and level of respiratory quotient were recorded from normal crabs.4. Eyestalkless crabs showed a sudden and pronounced alteration from normal respiratory rates and respiratory quotients, a change indicative of a pre-molt metabolism and culminati...

THE discovery of gonadotropic principles in pregnancy urine and in extracts of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland heralded great expectations in the therapy of ovarian failure. The responses of laboratory animals to these gonadotropins justified some of our early expectations. However, further observations in the laboratory and in the clinic have led to a maze of ideas and conclusions. This is particularly true in the therapeutic application of the gonadotropins that are available for gynecologic practice. The lack of uniformity in the results obtained from the clinical use of gonadotropins is due to several factors. In the first place, the physiology of human reproduction is not well understood. Although the general principles underlying the endocrine control of the sex cycle are known, there are many defects in our knowledge which must be removed before successful therapy can be developed. In the second place, the clinical problem of ovarian failure is still a crude entity, the etiology of which m...

Evidence is presented for a feedback mechanism in Lucilia cuprina which regulates the total number and stage of development of the ovarian follicles in each ovariole. A new neurosecretory material is thought to be involved in the control of the development of squamous follicle cells over the nurse cells. The implication of this new system is considered with respect to generally recognized features of the endocrine control of vitellogenesis in muscoid diptera.

SUMMARY In an attempt to clarify the role of gonadal function in the release of anti-aggression pheromone into the urine of female mice, two experiments were carried out. Each involved recording the aggressiveness of 'fighter' male mice when presented with castrated male 'opponents' which had been treated either with urine from one of four categories of female donor mice, or with water. In the first series of experiments it was shown that the urine from oestrous and dioestrous mice contained similar amounts of anti-aggression activity. Both spaying and testosterone propionate (TP) injection of the female urine-donors abolished this activity. In a second series of experiments urine from spayed donors injected with TP greatly increased the aggression response to a level which exceeded that obtained with the urine of TP-treated intact mice. High doses of oestrogen resulted, in the spayed urine-donors, in an actual increase in aggression response. Both treatments increased clitoral gland weight, and it is concluded that androgen or high levels of oestrogen can stimulate the clitoral gland of the female, a possible consequence being a release of aggression-promoting pheromone. The aggression-inhibiting pheromone, which depends on the ovary for its release, is probably the product of some other tissue, as yet unidentified.

As an extension of investigations of the endocrine control of fasting metabolism (White and Dougherty, 1947; Szego and White, 1949; White, Hoberman and Szego, 1949), a study has been conducted of the role of the gonads in the mobilization of tissue constituents during fasting. This approach appeared of interest in view of the implication of androgenic hormones in net protein anabolism (cf., Kochakian and Murlin, 1935; Kenyon et al., 1944; Kochakian, 1946; White, 1948) together with the observation that it was possible to demonstrate relative protein retention under the influence of growth hormone during total inanition (Szego and White, 1949). Moreover, since it appears that gonadal hormones exert an influence upon the size and enzymic activity of specific organs (cf. Korenchevsky, 1939; Korenchevsky and Ross, 1940; Korenchevsky and Hall, 1941; Ross and Korenchevsky, 1941; Kochakian, 1946), it was of interest to localize further, if possible, certain of the metabolic influences

After castration, males of the mouth-breeding cichlid fish, Hemihaplochromis multicolor, lose their sexual and aggressive behavior but return to full activity a few days after an injection of testosterone. The behavior of females becomes completely masculinized after treatment with testosterone. Thus, the influence of androgens on male behavior of this cichlid is similar to that found in many other vertebrates. Data on the endocrine control of behavior in cichlid fish are scanty compared with the extensive knowledge of behavioral adaptations within this group. A discussion of the hypothetical role of eye-spots in the anal fin of mouth-breeding cichlids, and some data on the influence of androgens on the formation of color marks should caution against generalized conclusions on the relationship between hormone-dependent secondary sex characters and their role in the hormonal regulation of behavior. Similar considerations apply to color change and sexual behavior in protogynous wrasses. Present knowledge of the effects of exogenous testosterone does not agree with observations on the relations among spontaneous sexual transformation, changes of the livery, and different types of reproductive behavior.

The effects of total and partial unilateral ovariectomy and partial bilateral ovariectomy on subsequent follicular growth were studied in the lizard Anolis carolinensis . Operations were performed on animals with quiescent ovaries. Subsequent ovarian growth was stimulated by exposing the animals to continuous heat and light. Removal of the largest follicle from the larger or both ovaries resulted in smaller follicles growing at a greater than normal rate. Removal of the largest follicle from the smaller ovary and total removal of the smaller ovary did not affect subsequent follicular growth. These findings are discussed in relation to the process of follicular selection.

ALTHOUGH much significant information on hormones in poultry appears in the literature, especially since the series of estrogen papers by Lorenz (1943, 1945 a b), no effort has been made by the author to describe the historical development and application of hormones in nutrition prior to Nalbandov’s (1953) review concerning the endocrine control of physiological functions. Literature reviews of papers on endocrines since 1953 have adequately acknowledged earlier reports and included references to controversies where such occurred. Moreover, even in the paucity of recent papers, there is reflected a considerable variety of interest in hormones and methodology defying generalization which has done little to abate conflicting data or to show the interdependent efforts of nutritionists and physiologists. The following papers, although discretely meritorious, illustrate the continuing incongruity of this fertile area of research: Nitrogen Retention. Eaton et al. (1955) studied 5–7 week old male chicks injected with growth hormone…

Oxygen consumption of fat-body tissues was measured in vitro. Basal metabolism of fat body from egg-maturing females was relatively high, whereas that from pregnant females was rather low. Addition of homogenated corpora cardiaca stimulated respiratory metabolism of fat body from both egg-maturing and pregnant females. However, in the few cases in which the basal metabolism of the tissues from pregnant females was high the addition of corpora cardiaca inhibited respiration. The agents that influence respiratory metabolism are intrinsic to the corpora cardiaca since glands isolated for up to several months still contained the active principles. The corpora cardiaca are thus independent endocrine organs. Corpora, cardiaca from pregnant females apparently stimulate respiration more than do those from egg-maturing females. Observations of fat body respiration subsequent to various operations suggest that active corpora allata stimulate the production of biologically active substances by the corpora cardiaca, whereas the brain checks, via nervous pathways, their release from these glands.

RECENT literature contains several reports concerning the mechanism involved in the endocrine control of melanogenesis in man (1–5). All recent observers emphasize a relationship between adrenal cortical steroids and the melanophore hormone (MH, intermedin, and other terms) of the pituitary gland. It is postulated that the adrenal cortical steroids exert an inhibiting influence on the release or formation of MH. In conditions with decreased or absent adrenal cortical function, excessive amounts of MH are presumably formed and released into the blood stream, resulting in excessive melanogenesis. This concept is supported by the observation that MH is present in the blood of patients with a variety of clinical disorders characterized by intensive melanosis. However, the significance of these observations, since they are based on bio-assay of blcod or urinary MH, is not known with certainty. Animal experimentation has not always revealed results consistent with the foregoing concept of MH control by adrenal ...

[Etude de l'effet des injections d'extraits des differentes parties du systeme nerveux sur les chromatophores blancs d'Uca annulipes. Pour les extraits prepares a l'eau de mer, ceux de pedoncules oculaires, de ganglions optiques, de la glande du sinus et du ganglion supraoesophagien provoquaient la dispersion des pigments blancs; les extraits de pedoncules oculaires, de ganglions optiques, de connectifs circumoesophagiens, et, a un degre de beaucoup moindre, ceux du ganglion thoracique et du ganglion supraoesophagien, avaient un effet de concentration des pigments blancs. Dans les tissus nerveux prepares dans l'acetone, deux hormones etaient presentes dans toutes les parties du systeme nerveux. Les fractions solubles dans l'acetone avaient une activite de concentration des pigments blancs, les fractions non-solubles une activite de dispersion., Etude de l'effet des injections d'extraits des differentes parties du systeme nerveux sur les chromatophores blancs d'Uca annulipes. Pour les extraits prepares a l'eau de mer, ceux de pedoncules oculaires, de ganglions optiques, de la glande du sinus et du ganglion supraoesophagien provoquaient la dispersion des pigments blancs; les extraits de pedoncules oculaires, de ganglions optiques, de connectifs circumoesophagiens, et, a un degre de beaucoup moindre, ceux du ganglion thoracique et du ganglion supraoesophagien, avaient un effet de concentration des pigments blancs. Dans les tissus nerveux prepares dans l'acetone, deux hormones etaient presentes dans toutes les parties du systeme nerveux. Les fractions solubles dans l'acetone avaient une activite de concentration des pigments blancs, les fractions non-solubles une activite de dispersion.]

The course of moulting of Periplaneta americana larvae of which the prothoracic glands were exstirpated, was investigated in 2 succeeding series. It could be proved that all animals underwent 1 or 2 moulting processes inspite of the absence of the moulting gland. These results demonstrate that the generally accepted classical schema of the endocrine control of the insect moulting must be renewed.

The effects of hypothalamic hemi-islands on ovarian compensatory hypertrophy (OCH) were determined in prepubertal female rats. In animals with hypothalamic hemi-islands on the left side, OCH was blocked in rats hemi-ovariectomized on the ipsi- but not the contralateral side. A potential asymmetrical involvement of the hypothalamus in OCH was suggested by the further observation that this phenonmenon could not be demonstrated in rats given hypothalamic hemi-islands on the right side and hemiovariectomized on the ipsi- or contralateral side. These data suggest that in addition to a possible direct neural contribution to endocrine feedback, the two-halves of the hypothalamus may differ in terms of their sensitivity to various components of endocrine control.

Allatectomized females of Leucophaea maderae (F.) do not accept courting males as readily as do normal females. It is concluded that normally the female's receptivity to courting males is influenced by the corpora allata.

Experimental evidence conclusively indicates that the epididymis is under endocrine control and plays an active role in the process of spermatic maturation.

This chapter will review what is known about the factors which regulate the onset and maintenance of maternal behavior among nonprimate mammals. Maternal behavior is an outgrowth of the endocrinological processes which regulate pregnancy and parturition; therefore, in order to understand the factors which govern its onset, it is necessary to study the endocrine control of pregnancy in each species. In addition, many of the procedures used to investigate the onset of maternal behavior (e.g., hormone administration, hysterectomy, caesarean-section delivery, prostaglandin administration, ovariectomy, etc.) alter the normal course of pregnancy in specified ways that can only be understood with reference to the normal endocrine control of pregnancy.

Endocrine control of the teleost reproductive cycle and its relation to external factors: salmonid and cyprinid models

Since chemotherapy was introduced into the treatment of malignant tumours, cytostatically induced amenorrhoea has been repeatedly described as an undesirable endocrine side effect in sexually mature women.

Early recognition that hormones were major regulators of body function has made studies of aging on endocrine control mechanisms attractive to gerontologists. Age alterations in reproductive control systems are well documented. A better understanding of aging changes in the reproductive control system of both man and other species should not only aid in the identification of appropriate animal models to use in the study of aging effects on human physiological systems, but also allow development of clinical procedures which could restore certain endocrine functions and improve the quality of life with advancing age.

The incidence of sexual behavior increased after an injection of arginine-8 vasotocin or arginine-8 vasopressin into intact male newts (Taricha granulosa). Administration of arginine vasopressin to males that were castrated 35 days earlier enhanced sexual behaviors in only those males implanted with androgen.

Hormones influence renal function by both extrarenal and intrarenal mechanisms. Extrarenal mechanisms include the effects through systemic hemodynamic and neural pathways, whereas intrarenal mechanisms can be largely divided into the effects on intrarenal hemodynamics and those on tubular transport epithelia. Neurohypophysial hormones and the renin-angiotensin system appear to act primarily on systemic and preglomerularvasculature in primitive vertebrates, while direct tubular action appears to have evolved at a later stage of phylogeny. Although aldosterone is an essential hormone for fluid mineral balance in mammals, the action of mineralocorticoids on tubular Na transport has not been established in nonmammalian tetrapods. In bony fishes in hyperosmotic environments, cortisol accelerates active Na extrusion from the gill. In contrast, prolactin is important for maintaining low osmotic water permeability of the transport epithelia in fishes in hypoosmotic media. Thus, both function and site of hormone action appear to have changed during the evolution of vertebrates interacting with changing environments, and in response to the demands from other bodily functions. Furthermore, evolution of interactions, at the cellular level, between systemic and locally formed hormones such as prostaglandins, kinins, and perhaps angiotensin may have developed more elaborate controlling systems of renal handling of solutes and water.

In their introduction to the previous edition, Thorburn et al. (1977) stated: “We now recognize that in late pregnancy a train of events is initiated that ultimately results in the delivery of the fetus. However, we still do not know exactly how and where the train starts, or exactly how it exerts its ultimate action on the myometrial cell.” Little has changed in the last decade to increase our understanding of these events. Although the initiation of parturition is generally understood, the precise trigger for labor is still unknown. In addition, labor is complicated by different mechanisms in different species. For example, the onset of labor in rats and rabbits is rapid: uterine contractions become intense immediately before delivery, and the newborn are expelled rapidly. In humans, monkeys, and guinea pigs, labor develops slowly and is protracted. Schofield (1968) suggested that in species with a large fetus relative to the mother, a more protracted delivery may be an advantage. In the human and monkey, uterine motility evolves gradually during the last trimester of pregnancy, and actual labor often precedes delivery by many hours. It is possible that different mechanisms are at play in rapid-onset and protracted-onset types of labor.

Many biological processes operate under strict paracrine and endocrine control and aberrations in these regulatory mechanisms can result in the development of disease. For decades this fundamental realization has provided the intellectual infrastructure for the design and development of several classes of pharmacological agents that have subsequently demonstrated efficacy against a spectrum of important human diseases, including diabetes, heart disease, autoimmune disorders and asthma. As our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the complex etiology of each of these diseases becomes more sophisticated, new opportunities for pharmacological intervention steadily emerge. Although investigations into the hormonal1 regulation of tumorigenesis have been extensive and enjoyed a degree of diagnostic and clinical success (especially for breast carcinoma) (1,2), parallel studies on the metastatic spread of malignant tumors have received much less attention, particularly at the molecular level. If more effective therapeutic strategies are to be developed against disseminated malignant disease, then new biochemical approaches are needed to identify novel pharmacological targets unique to metastatic tumor cells.

Publisher Summary Neural reorganization that accompanies insect metamorphosis requires two types of control mechanisms. First, individual cells must be induced to express their internal developmental programs at the proper time. Second, on a more rapid time scale, new circuits must become functional at the appropriate time in the animal's life. The latter is especially important because the new circuits are incorporated into a functioning nervous system and must not disrupt ongoing behavior. This chapter summarizes work on these control mechanisms. Most of the work described was performed on the tobacco hawkmoth, Manduca sexta. Its life cycle serves as a representative example in the chapter, although the details vary in different holometabolous insects. The evidence that endocrine signals are important for inducing and regulating metamorphic changes is provided. Insect metamorphosis is controlled by two hormones: the steroid 20-hydroxyecdysone (20-HE) and the sesquiterpenoid juvenile hormone (JH). The hormones 20-HE and JH also determine the developmental fates of individual neurons.

SUMMARYThe lactose synthetase activity of homogenates and particulate fractions prepared from the udders of goats killed at various stages of pregnancy were determined. Both components of the enzyme, galactosyltransferase and α-lactalbumin, became detectable about half way through the gestation period, at the time when rapid proliferation of mammary epithelial tissue commences. Throughout the second half of pregnancy the udder possessed a high level of lactose synthetase activity though the lactose content of the tissue did not increase. These findings are discussed in relation to the endocrine control of lactogenesis in the goat and possible mechanisms for the induction of milk production at parturition.

In order to discover whether the embryonic chick hypophysis acts upon lung maturation directly or via its corticotrophic activity, immature lung primordia were grafted into young hosts, either alone or associated with functional adrenals or pituitaries. When lung primordia were grafted alone, type II pneumocytes did not differentiate. Their differentiation was restored when lung primordia were grafted in association with either adrenals or pituitaries. This last result, which was also obtained in vitro, shows that the hypophysis is able, by itself, to promote the maturation of respiratory epithelium.

The vagina is a sensitive indicator of age-related alterations in the endocrine milieu, but also exhibits age-associated changes that may not be under direct endocrine control (Hafez, 1975, 1977; Hafez et al., 1975; Hafez and Evans, 1978; Jaszczak and Hafez, 1980).

As more insight has been gained into the remarkable ability of bacteria such as Escherichia coli to adapt to varying nutritional states, antibiotics, and foreign environments, one might ask what evolutionary advantage can accrue to a multicellular organism. Increasingly, it seems that the advantages for larger many-celled eukaryotes probably lies in environmental niches that bacteria cannot efficiently fill. The problems imposed by multicellularity are numerous; perhaps the most important of the special features required for efficiency and survival is sensitive and precise intraorganismic control systems. I will discuss in broad context the development of these control systems in metazoa. Clearly, control systems must enhance an organism's chances for survival by making responses to fundamental needs accurate and coordinated. These elementary needs may be generally divided into (1) the ability to adapt to changes in nutrition, including periods of starvation; (2) the ability to survive a large variety of other unfavorable or stressful situations; and (3) the ability to reproduce successfully. In many vertebrates this will include provision for care and rearing of the young. The control systems involved in bacteria are largely genetic. A genetic mechanism has considerable logic to it, since information for the synthesis of all the necessary enzymes can be coded into a single DNA molecule. Then the exigencies of the environment can trigger directly the utilization or cessation of utilization of the requisite information by physical covering or uncovering of the specific portions of DNA involved. Since there is only one cell and one DNA molecule,«this is an efficient control device. In multicellular organisms the problem of control evidently becomes more difficult. All cells have the same DNA, but the efficiency of mul

There exists a critical period for the development of cervicovaginal lesions in both mice and humans exposed neonatally and antenatally to sex hormones. Mammary glands from year-old female BALB/c mice exposed neonatally to 20 micrograms estradiol for 5 days commencing at 1 day of age showed the most mammary abnormalities, significantly greater than in controls (P less than 0.005). The incidence of abnormalities declined when treatment was begun after Day 1. Treatments begun after Day 3 did not result in this structural pattern. Mice ovariectomized after treatment all had inactive mammary glands with no abnormalities. There is a critical exposure period for the later occurrence of mammary gland abnormalities. However, the aberrant secretory state which accompanies these mammary gland alterations may be a consequence of permanent alteration in ovarian function or its endocrine control.

Le dimorphisme sexuel dans la taille de la tete est due a une inhibition precoce de la croissance de la tete par les androgenes testiculaires.

Reserves of respiratory fuels in insect flight muscles are usually only sufficient to meet energy requirements at the initiation of flight, and are too small to sustain prolonged flight activity. The flight muscles must thus take up fuels from the haemolymph. In locusts, the carbohydrate content of the haemolymph is greater than that stored in the tissues, but the opposite is true for the fat reserves (see Goldsworthy 1983). Hormones play an important role in coordinating the supply and utilisation of fuels during sustained flight in locusts, and this will be the major theme of this review.

Hair does not exist as an isolated structure: it is part of the total pilosebaceous unit. All of the components of the pilosebaceous unit are under endocrine control and, therefore, must be discussed together.

Preface Part I. Experimental Studies of Growth M. H. Snow, V. French, H. D. Moiser and F. R. Ruddle: Part II. Nutrition, Growth and Body Composition R. G. Whitehead, A. A. Paul, E. A. Ahmed, P. J. J. Sauer, P. S. W. Davies and M. A. Preece: Part III. Growth and Tissue Factors D. R. Clemmons, H. W. Busby, L. E. Underwood, P. de Pagter-Holthuizen, M. Jansen, W. Bovenberg, J. L. van den Brande, J. S. Sussenbach, P. J. Hill and V. R. Sara: Part IV. Endocrine Control of Growth and Maturation M. O. Thorner, M. L. Vance, A. D. Rogol, R. M. Blizzaed, G. Klingensmith, J. Najjar, C. G. Brook, P. Smith, S. Reichlin, J. Rivier, W. Vale, R. Stanhope, J. Muller, C. T. Nielsen and N. E. Skakkeb'k: Index.

Although circadian oscillations may be generated at or below the cellular level, their behavioral expression in multicellular animals depends on neural and endocrine processes. This is true in the nontrivial sense that is implied by the fact that neural and endocrine structures have been identified that themselves oscillate, in a few cases independently of the rest of the organism. The nervous and endocrine systems are therefore not simply the output side of a circadian system, the interesting properties of which reside elsewhere, but rather contain the circadian system—its input sensors, its oscillators, and much of its output machinery. It would indeed be surprising if that were not the case. On the other hand, it is no longer necessary to accept that statement as a reasonable assumption. We have good evidence that it is true and can proceed to make it explicit by working out its details (Menaker, Taka-hashi, and Eskin, 1978). More importantly, we can begin to investigate the material basis of circadian organization and to search for general principles.