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Four advanced tritordeum lines were studied and compared to two commercial varieties of tritordeum and wheat cultivars in yield and quality features, in Greece. For this purpose, a two-year experiment was established in the Greek territory. The field experiment was set up in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with blocks, with different lines and varieties. Head emergence was calculated based on Growing Degree Days (GDDs), which was significantly affected by the year. The significance of differences between treatments was estimated by using Fisher&rsquo, s least significant difference (LSD) test with significance level p = 0.05. The weight of 1000 seeds of the two commercial varieties differed from the equivalent weight of 1000 seeds of tritordeum lines, approximately 1 g. Yield was significantly affected by lines/varieties and year. Compared to tritordeum yield, wheat yield marked the highest values. This difference was almost 2 kg ha&minus, 1. Gluten content was significantly affected by lines/varieties. The highest gluten content was firstly noticed at wheat GENESIS (34.2%) variety and secondly at tritordeum Aucan (33.2%) variety. Protein was higher in tritordeum lines HT-1704 (15.5%), HT-1707 (15.1%) and Aucan variety (15.2%) during the first experimental year. Tritordeum seems to have significant adaptability to dry conditions in Greece and significant yields compared to the existing commercial varieties and bread wheat.

Aerial parts of Salvia sclarea L. were collected from natural populations of the outskirts of Camliyayla Plateau (Turkey). The essential oil was isolated with Clevenger type apparatus and analyzed ...

Background and Purpose: Valonia oak (Quercus ithaburensis subsp. macrolepis (Kotschy) Hedge & Yalt.) is an east Mediterranean endemic, xerothermic and deciduous tree of particular interest in forestry. There has been a growing demand lately to include the species in reforestations in Greece which also increased the interest to investigate its response to climate change. The main purpose of this research is to study valonia oak from a dendrochronological – dendroclimatological point of view within its Mediterranean distribution range. Materials and Methods: Sampling took place in characteristic valonia oak stands where cross sections or tree-cores were taken from 40 trees. The cross sections and the tree-cores were prepared and cross-dated using standard dendrochronological methods and tree-ring widths were measured to the nearest 0.001 mm using the Windendro software program. The ARSTAN program was used to standardize the tree-ring data and to calculate dendrochronological statistical parameters. The inter-annual variability of tree-ring width and the radial growth trend were examined. Finally, tree-ring widths to climate relationships were calculated by orthogonal regression in combination with the bootstrap procedure using master residual chronology and monthly precipitation, temperature data and scPDSI drought index, from October of the n-1 year up to November of the n year. Results: The master chronology of valonia oak trees in Western Greece reaches 365 years, with an average ring width of 0.89 mm and with mean sensitivity being 0.21. The variation of the tree-ring widths indicates the influence of climate and human intervention in the past. Tree-ring to climate relationships show that valonia oak growth is positively affected by precipitations in January and March and by drought reduction during June and July. Conclusions: Valonia oak in Western Greece is a species of great interest for dendrochronological and dendroclimatological studies due to the old age of the trees and the species response to climate variation. The climate factors that mostly affect its growth are winter and spring precipitation and summer drought.

As part of an attempt to identify the provenances and technology of pottery in Cypro-Geometric and Cypro-Archaic Bichrome styles at Tel Dor, Israel, the black and the red paint pigments and the ceramic body were analysed chemically by using a pXRF apparatus in a handheld configuration. This method enables analysis of the thin painted decoration directly on the surface of the vessels. As a comparison, we also analysed the fabric of the vessels, as well as comparative potential Cypriot pigment ores. The analyses reveal that the black paints consist of manganese-based pigments comprising manganese and iron. The red paints consist of iron-based pigments rich in iron and poor in manganese. In contrast, the ceramic body of the vessels is rich in silica and alumina and contains lesser concentrations of iron and only traces of manganese. The results demonstrate the utilization of Cypriot pigment ores (black umber and red ochre) for the painted decoration on these ceramics. Beyond the specific Tel Dor case, the results are intended to initiate a compositional data-base of pigments on East Mediterranean ceramics in the Bronze and Iron Ages. We argue that to serve this end the chemical data should be presented in detail, in order to enable future comparative studies.

This paper examines the potential of oxygen stable isotope composition of Sparidae (sea-bream) tooth enamel phosphate (δ 18 O P ) as an indicator of the habitat in which the fish were captured. The isotopic compositions of Sparidae molariform teeth recovered from the coastal site of Tel Dor (northern coast of Israel), from a sequence dated to the 12th–7th centuries BCE and from modern samples were studied. The δ 18 O P values of the archaeological specimens exhibited a wide range of values, varying between 21.3 and 25.2 ± 0.2‰. While δ 18 O P values from the teeth dated to the 12th–9th centuries BCE resembled typical East Mediterranean coastal water, some of the later teeth, dated to the 9th–7th centuries BCE, exhibited higher values. The later values indicate tooth enamel deposition in a hyper-saline environment similar to δ 18 O P values of Sparidae observed at Bardawil Lagoon (Southeastern Mediterranean coast, east of the Suez Canal, Egypt). Prior to this study all Sparidae fish recovered at Tel Dor were regarded as evidence of local fishing activity. The current results exhibit, for the first time, that some of the Sparids may have been exported from the Bardawil Lagoon. We discuss, however, an alternative scenario, namely, the possible existence of saline lagoons near Tel Dor in antiquity.

Lebanon, one of the most urbanised countries in the East Mediterranean region, is highly vulnerable to disastrous earthquakes. This vulnerability necessitates that Lebanese educational institutions play a proactive role in planning and preparing for future earthquakes. Students in various disciplines at Lebanese colleges (n=860) were surveyed to assess their preparedness for earthquakes and to determine how college programmes have affected students' preparedness level. The findings revealed a poor level of earthquake preparedness while multiple regression analysis showed that higher academic institutions have an insignificant contribution to the needed preparedness level of students. This article provides discussion of the findings and calls for the incorporation of earthquake preparedness knowledge and practices into college programmes across Lebanon.

The 19th century was an era of increasing mechanization and globalization, which transformed maritime networks and shipbuilding in and beyond the Mediterranean. Shipwrecks offer valuable physical evidence of such maritime connectivity and evolving shipbuilding techniques but must be dated within a high-resolution timeframe to be synchronized with, and thereby enhance, historical records. We focus here on high-resolution dating of the Akko Tower Shipwreck, the remains of an Ottoman merchant brig found inside the harbor of Akko, Israel. We use dendrochronology, 14C wiggle-matching, and Bayesian chronological modeling to determine that the ship was likely constructed in the mid-1850s, and therefore called at Akko’s harbor after the town’s 1840 bombardment, a period of decline traditionally under-studied in Ottoman historical narratives. Using dendroprovenancing methods, we find that the ship’s hull used timbers from the Anatolian Black Sea region, although it was built in the French construction tradition, and used British metal rigging and fasteners, which reflect shifting Anglo-French influence and socioeconomic interconnections with the Ottoman Empire during the 19th century. The Akko Tower Shipwreck is the first shipwreck from Israel to be dendrochronologically dated and provenanced. Our results show how dendrochronology and Bayesian chronological modeling can be used successfully not only for high-precision dating, but also for untangling the shipbuilding processes and the socioeconomic networks that made ship construction possible. We also re-evaluate East Mediterranean oak sapwood datasets and develop an approximate new sapwood model that provides more robust estimates of felling dates for tree-ring analysis of this region’s oak wooden cultural heritage.

Turkey and Greece are again dragged into a new conflict in the East Mediterranean. Turkey and Greece vie for supremacy in the eastern Mediterranean. Turkey, for its part, indicated that Greece's claim to the territory would amount to a siege in the country by giving Greece a disproportionate amount of territory. This study aims to rethink the conflict between Greece and Turkey in the waters of the Mediterranean sea in the view of international maritime law. This study uses an empirical juridical approach. The Result of this research is Turkey does not ignore the Greece rights, Greece ignores the international law with its extended or excessive maritime claims. Greece tries to give full entitlement of the islands in Mediterranean and Agean. Whereas the effect Formula is applied by international courts.

Plastic debris has become a major threat to the marine environment and wildlife. Sea turtles are particularly vulnerable, and are known to ingest plastic debris globally; however, information from Greek waters is still absent. In this study, 36 stranded dead loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta) were collected from the Greek coastline area, and their gastrointestinal content was analysed for ingested plastic debris. Twenty-six individuals (72%) were found to have ingested plastic, with an average of 7.94 ± 3.85 (SE) plastic items per turtle. In total, 286 plastic items were counted and categorised by size, shape, colour, and polymer type. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry revealed that polypropylene and polyethylene were the dominant polymer plastic types found. Results indicated a variation in plastic ingestion amongst life stages of the loggerhead specimens. This study provides evidence of plastic ingestion by loggerhead turtles in Greek waters.

This paper explores the impact of natural ventilation on the indoor thermal environment through an extensive field survey of educational architecture in Cyprus performed both during the winter and summer periods. The study included seasonal indoor and outdoor monitoring of physical parameters, as well as a questionnaire-based survey. The study shows that the naturally ventilated spaces on the upper floor demonstrate operative temperature below the acceptable comfort zone during the winter period, while during the summer period, the findings show the vulnerability of the occupants to summertime temperatures. During the winter, a closed classroom shows the best results in terms of operative temperature; however, this conflicts with the air quality. During the summer, the case of cross-ventilation, both during the day and night, is the most efficient and operative way to passively cool educational premises. Moreover, the results of the subjective survey demonstrate that most students feel comfortable in both the winter and summer demonstrating high thermal tolerance. The results of the current study can be applied to inform strategies for the improvement of thermal comfort and reduction of energy use in educational buildings, as well as the design of new educational buildings.

Juniperus deltoides R.P.Adams is a prickly, evergreen shrub that grows in the East Mediterranean on dry hills and mountains. Needle-like leaves have a thick cuticular layer on the surface, which serves as the ultimate barrier for prevention of water loss. n-Alkanes comprise the biggest part of this hydrophobic wax mixture. These compounds are studied as chemophenetic characters due to their chemical and physiological stability, and strong genetic control. Six central Balkan populations were studied and compared to one eastern and one western. Fifteen n-alkanes were identified, with C33 being dominant in all samples. Univariate and multivariate statistical analyses separated western population from all central Balkan populations, while the eastern Balkan population showed high similarity with the central ones. Climatic, orographic and pedological characteristics of the studied localities were also taken into account.

From the organic extracts of five bacterial strains isolated from marine sediments collected in the East Mediterranean Sea, three new (15, 16, 31) and twenty-nine previously reported (1&ndash, 14, 17&ndash, 30, 32) metabolites bearing the 2,5-diketopiperazine skeleton were isolated. The structures of the chlorinated compounds 15, 16, and 31 were elucidated by extensive analysis of their spectroscopic data (NMR, MS, UV, IR). Compounds 15 and 16 were evaluated for their antifungal activity against Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger but were proven inactive. The relevant literature is supplemented with complete NMR assignments and revisions for the 29 previously reported compounds.

East Mediterranean Region has witnessed a large number of re-emerging pandemic infectious outbreaks. EM Region has been a region of great focus due to emerging economic losses and threats to human life. The COVID-19 viral outbreak weakened the global economy. EM Region comprised of 21 member countries and Palestine territory and all the countries share cultural and historical commonalities. They study used FTSE Med Index, a stock market performance indicator for EM Region and examined the impact of COVID-19 viral outbreak on stock market performance of EM Region by using an event study methodology through implication of market model and extreme value theory. Cumulative abnormal return approach is used to estimate the decline in stock returns during the event window of 30 days pandemic viral outbreak. The results showed significant negative cumulative abnormal returns, indicating a statistically significant effect of COVID-19 outbreak on stock market performance of EM Region.

During a recent survey, 29 earthworm species were collected from different parts of Turkey, 27 of which belong to the family Lumbricidae, one to Acanthodrilidae and one to Megascolecidae. Dendrobaena proved to be the most speciose genus with 12 recorded species including two species new to science, Dendrobaena pavliceki and Dendrobaena taurica spp. nov. In addition a third new species was also found belonging to the East Mediterranean genus Healyella: Healyella zicsii sp. nov. From the species recorded earlier for Turkey, D. fridericae uludagi Omodeo & Rota, 1991 and He. boluana Omodeo & Rota, 1989 were found for the first time since the original description. With these new records the number of earthworm species recorded for Turkey is raised to 84.

This paper summarizes the main results of the European project ELEMED namely the introduction of cold-ironing as an appealing alternative towards greener ports in the East Mediterranean corridor and second the establishment of the concept of applying hybrid-electric vessels to short-sea shipping cases. Moreover, the opportunities of turning the ports as smart energy hubs, where among others Renewable Energy Sources are deployed, is also discussed.

The taxonomy of the type section of the genus Seseli is revised based on newly obtained molecular data. The type species of the genus, Seseli tortuosum, is shown to be a polyphyletic taxon and is split into two species: the western Mediterranean S. tortuosum and the eastern Mediterranean S. arenarium. The Turkish endemics S. hartvigii, S. serpentinum and S. andronakii, and the Transcaucasian S. grandivittatum form a complex of closely related species together with S. arenarium. The results of the molecular analysis confirm the specific rank of S. corymbosum, S. phrygium and S. paphlagonicum and the status of S. gummiferum as distinct from either of these three. The latter species is strictly endemic to Crimea and does not occur in Turkey.

In the present study, samples were taken from two beaches of the Salamina Island. The results of microplastics characterization agree well with the predicted results based on the land uses both locally and from across the mainland. The first beach, Psili Ammos, is affected by increased anthropogenic and industrial activity. Based on the Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR) - Fourier Transform Infra-Red spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis mainly polyethylene (PE) fragments are observed than in the second beach, Kanakia. A high percentage of plastic pellets from industrial activity among fragments are found as well as the most fresh and the most degraded particles (based on the ester, keto, and vinyl indices). The second beach, Kanakia, has a high percentage of expanded polystyrene (EPS) particles suggesting an impact from fishing activities rather than industrial ones and all PE samples are found to be degraded suggesting that sources of non-fishing microplastic pollution are further away.

Kıbrıs Uyuşmazlığı yıllardır sürmektedir. Birleşmiş Milletler bu sorunu çözmek için çeşitli girişimlerde bulunmuş olmasına ragmen, bir sonuca varamamıştır. Bu bağlamda, Kuzey Kıbrıs Türk Cumhuriyetinde ve Kıbrıs Cumhuriyetinde cumhurbaşkanlarının değişimi, bu kısır döngünün değişebileceği yönünde umutları arttırmıştır. Son dönemlerde, KKTC ve Türkiye arasında su boru hattı projesi başlamıştır. Bunun dışında Doğu Akdenizin Levant havzasında hidrokarbon keşifleri yapılmıştır. Bu bölge Kıbrıs'ın münhasır ekonomik bölgesinin bir parçasıdır. Bu konjonktürü göz önünde bulundurarak, bu çalışmanın amacı, yapı/yapan teorik çerçeveyi kullanarak doğal kaynakların Kıbrıs sorunundaki rolünü analiz edip, bunların çözümdeki rolünü incelemektir. Aynı zamanda Türkiye'nin de rolü bu soruya dahil edilmiştir. Aktörlerin değişiminden sonra, su ve doğal gaz kaynaklarının paylaştırımı bu bağlamda iki aktör için teşvik sağlamaktadır, fakat bu kaynaklar geçmişten gelen sorunları çözmekte yeterli değildir. Aksine, kaynakları ilave bir engel haline gelmiştir. Cyprus Conflict has been persisting for many decades. Even though, the United Nations has made several attempts to solve the conflict, no solution has been reached. With the change of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus president and the change of the Republic of Cyprus president, hope started to rise that the vicious cycle of the conflict could be altered. Also, recently there has been a new water pipeline project between Turkey and Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus. Besides, there has also been recent hydrocarbon discoveries in the Levant basin, which is in the Eastern Mediterranean and covers the Exclusive Economic Zone of Cyprus. In such a nexus, by using the theoretical framework of structure/agency, the aim of the thesis is to research and analyze whether and in what ways resources (water and natural gas) can change the course of the Cypriot conflict and what is Turkey's role in this nexus. After the change of the presidents, resource allocation for water and natural gas provides an incentive for both actors to negotiate and resolve their conflict, but these are not enough to solve the issues that come from the past and create a hurdle in the mediation process today. 103

The Eastern Mediterranean region is among the regions which were predicted to become drier under IPCC climate scenarios. Here, we document a gradual reduction of rainfall and tree growth and the loss of rural springs during the last decades of the twentieth century. Years with severe drought are associated with very low tree growth (dendrochronology) and dry falling of springs as evidenced by interviews with local stakeholders. The paper discusses the consequences of accelerating drought on natural vegetation and agriculture and points at the interaction with fire dynamics and economy, both likely to enhance the drought effect.

Filya dönemi, Kıbrıs'ta yaşanan geniş kapsamlı ve Kalkolitik dönemle büyük farklılıklar gösteren ekonomik, teknolojik ve sosyal değişikliklerle karakterize edilmektedir. Bu yeni kültürün ürünleri diğerlerine nazaran o kadar farklıydı ki, Dikaios bu döneme ait seramik buluntularıyla ilk defa karşılaştığında onlara bulundukları yer olan Ovgos Vadisi'ndeki Filya Vasiliko mezarlığına ithafen `Filya` ismini verdi. Ne var ki, tartışma çoğunlukla nüfus hareketi, kültürel etkileşim veya yerel gelişmeler üzerine odaklandığı için bu geçiş sürecinin doğasını anlama çabası yetersiz kalmaktadır. Literatür sıkça Filya dönemine odaklanmakta ve Filya kültürünün ortaya çıkmasına yol açan değişimleri göz ardı etmektedir. Ada kültüründe yaşanan çarpıcı değişimleri ve ada sisteminde Bronz Çağ'ın ortaya çıkışını anlamak için, uzun vadeli ve daha kapsamlı bir bakış açısı kullanılmalıdır. Bu bağlamda bu tez Kıbrıs'ı bir ada kültürü olarak denizcilik perspektifinden ele alırken Filya döneminin metalürjik yönünü analiz etmekte ve adanın komşularıyla bağlantılı olarak yaşadığı değişimleri genel hatlarıyla incelemektedir. The Philia phase is characterized by whole-scale changes in the economy, technology and society of Cyprus, which mark a profound break with the Chalcolithic period on the island. The products of this new culture were so distinct from the rest, that when Dikaios encountered the ceramic finds from this period for the first time, he named them `Philia`, regarding the location of the finds in the cemetery of Philia Vasiliko at the Ovgos valley. However, the nature of this transition is still poorly understood since the discussion mainly revolves around population movement, cultural interaction, or local development. The literature often focuses specifically on the Philia period, disregarding the developments which led to the emergence of the Philia culture. In order to understand the intense changes of the island culture and emergence of the Bronze Age within in the island system, a broader viewpoint must be taken in a long-term temporal perspective. Therefore, this thesis will examine Cyprus as an island culture from the maritime outlook meanwhile analyzing the metallurgical aspect of the Philia Phase, which helps one follow the distinct changes that took place in the island in connection with its neighbors. 129

Bu calisma 2012-2016 yillarinda Nigde ve Kahramanmaras illerinde meyve ve orman agaclarinda sorun olan yari parazit bitki turlerinin, konukculari ve simptomlarini belirlemek icin yapilmistir. Bu yari parazit bitkiler konukcularin dallarinda cimlendigi yerde siskinliklere neden oldugu gibi surgun uclarindan geriye dogru kurumalara da neden olmaktadir. Ayrica kayisi ve badem gibi bazi konukcularda agaclarin tamamen kurumasina neden oldugu gozlenmistir. Nigde ilinde; meyve ve park agaci turlerinde yapilan okseotu surveyi neticesinde bu agaclarda yari parazit yasayan Viscum album turune ait alt turun Viscum album ssp. album oldugu belirlenmistir . Alic, ahlat, Ankara armudu, badem, elma, erik, kayisi, visne, akasya, kanada kavagi ve sogut agaclarinda Viscum album ssp. album ’a rastlanmistir. Diger okse otu turleri, Viscum album ssp. abietis Toros goknari ve Toros sedirinde, Viscum album subsp. austriacum ise karacamda gorulmustur . Kahramanmaras ilinde; Ardic okseotu ( Arceuthobium oxycedri); kucuk kozalakli katran ardic ( Juniperus oxycedrus subsp. oxycedrus) , boylu ardic ( Juniperus excelsa) ve andizda ( Juniperus drupacea), mese okseotu ( Loranthus europaeus) sacli mese ( Quercus cerris) ve mazi mesesinde ( Q. infectoria), Goknar okseotu ( Viscum album subsp. abietis ) Toros goknari ( Abies cilicica subsp. cilicica) ve Toros sedirinde ( Cedrus libani ) ayrica cam okseotu ( V. album subsp. austriacum ) kara camda ( Pinus nigra subsp. pallasiana ) gorulmus diger yandan Kahramanmaras’ta Viscum album ssp. a lbum’ a hic bir konukcuda rastlanmamistir.

Historical records and genetic analyses indicate that Latin Americans trace their ancestry mainly to the intermixing (admixture) of Native Americans, Europeans and Sub-Saharan Africans. Using novel haplotype-based methods, here we infer sub-continental ancestry in over 6,500 Latin Americans and evaluate the impact of regional ancestry variation on physical appearance. We find that Native American ancestry components in Latin Americans correspond geographically to the present-day genetic structure of Native groups, and that sources of non-Native ancestry, and admixture timings, match documented migratory flows. We also detect South/East Mediterranean ancestry across Latin America, probably stemming mostly from the clandestine colonial migration of Christian converts of non-European origin (Conversos). Furthermore, we find that ancestry related to highland (Central Andean) versus lowland (Mapuche) Natives is associated with variation in facial features, particularly nose morphology, and detect significant differences in allele frequencies between these groups at loci previously associated with nose morphology in this sample., Latin Americans trace their ancestry to the admixture of Native Americans, Europeans and Sub-Saharan Africans. Here, the authors develop a novel haplotype-based approach and analyse over 6,500 Latin Americans to infer the geographically-detailed genetic structure of this population.

Bu çalışmada kavram, algı ve kapsam boyutlarıyla güvenlik, özellikle enerji anlayışı ve bu anlayıştaki değişim, Doğu Akdeniz'deki yeni keşfedilen enerji kaynakları ve bu kaynakların bölge ülkelerine, Türkiye ve İsrail arasındaki ilişkilere etkileri incelenmektedir. Bölge ülkelerinin Doğu Akdeniz havzasındaki politikalarının ele alındığı bu çalışmanın esas odağını ve kapsamını 2000'li yılların sonunda tespit edilen doğal gaz kaynaklarının İsrail üzerinden Türkiye'ye aktarılması ve bundan doğan olası futuristik senaryolar oluşturmaktadır. Bu sebeple çalışmada bölge ülkelerinin İsrail'le ilişkileri ve enerji kapmasındaki yaşanacak gelişmelerin bölgeye etkisinden bahsedilmektedir. Çalışmada İsrail açıklarında tespit edilen enerji kaynaklarının dünya pazarlarına aktarılması için en uygun rotanın Türkiye üzerinden geçen rota olduğunu göstermek amaçlanmaktadır. Bu çerçevede de Türkiye üzerinden geçebilecek boru hattının diğer olası rotalardan daha avantajlı olduğu incelenmektedir. Çalışmanın sonucunda Türkiye'den geçebilecek boru hattının her iki ülkeye pek çok fayda sağlayacağı ve Türkiye'yi yakın gelecekte enerji hub'ına dönüştürebileceği sonucuna varılmaktadır. It was attempted to analyze both perception of the security specially energy security and the changes that occuredand the impact of the energy resources that discovered in Eastern Mediterranean also, its influence to Turkey-Israel relations. The main idea of thesis is to indicate the energy politics of the Eastern Mediterranean countries and to show the transfer of the natural gas from Israel to Turkey that was invented in the 2000's and the futuristic scenerios of this collaboration. Hence, it is attempted to reveal the energy relations of thecountries of the region and the influence onthis affairs. It is aimed to indicate that the most feasable route for the Israeli gas for export, is the one through Turkey. From this point of view, it was tried to analyze the advantages of the pipeline that may pass from Turkey. As a conlusion, it was examined that the natural gas route from Turkey to Israel will provide benefits to both countries. Besides this collaboration may turn Turkey into an energy hub. 152

In this study, it is aimed to analysis of the economic efficiency of the small-scale coastal fishing activities operating on the Eastern Mediterranean coast of Turkey. In this context, face-to-face surveys were conducted with small-scale fishermen during the 2016-2017 fishing season and so these fisherman’s input usage, total revenue structures and socio-economic and demographic characteristics were determined. Data Envelopment Analysis method was applied to determine the economic efficiency levels of small-scale fisheries and extreme levels of input use was demonstrated. In addition, a Tobit Regression Model was applied to detect the factors causing the inefficiency of these small-scale fishers. The results of the analysis reveal that the average economic efficiency levels of the small-scale fishermen operating in the research area under the variable return to scale are 0.64. According to the results, it is possible to realize the same output performance when the fishers’ use of inputs is reduced by 36.1%. The main inputs leading to inefficiency in the output performance of small-scale fishers are determined as vessel maintenance expenditures (15.4%), fishing gear repair or purchase expenditures (12.3%) and labour costs (12%). In addition, Tobit Analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between the economic efficiency results and the socio-economic and demographic situation of small-scale fishermen. According to this, household size, working hours and vessel ownership factors causes economic inefficiency on the focused fishermen. © 2018, Bononia University Press. All rights reserved.

Enerji, devletlerin ulusal çıkarları ve birbirleriyle olan ilişkilerinde çoğunlukla önemli bir politika alanı olmuştur. Enerji kaynakları rezervlerinin bulunması, çıkarılması ve taşınması gibi alanla ilgili teknik konular, uluslararası ilişkiler disiplini içerisinde devletlerin politika yapım süreçlerinde etkili olmuştur. Enerji kaynaklarına sahip olan devletler, bu ‘nimeti’ bir araç olarak ithalatçı devletlere karşı kullanmış, ithalatçı devletler de bu dezavantajlı durumlarını ortadan kaldırmak için alternatif yöntemler izlemiştir. Bu durum, günümüzde de artarak devam etmektedir. Özellikle küreselleşmenin ve teknolojinin artan hızı sayesinde devletler, enerji jeopolitiğinde etkili olmak için her zaman çıkarlarını ‘maksimize’ etmek için çalışmışlardır. Enerjinin uluslararası ilişkilerdeki yukarıda belirtilen etkisi, konuyla ilgili çalışma yapmak konusunda en önemli faktör olmuştur. Bu anlamda çalışmanın hipotezi; Avrupa Birliği’nin enerji politikasına ve güvenliğine Doğu Akdeniz hidrokarbon kaynaklarının nasıl bir katkıda bulunabileceği ve oluşan/oluşacak durumun Kıbrıs Sorunu’nun çözümü için kolaylaştırıcı bir rol oynayıp oynayamayacağının belirlenmesidir. Çalışmanın hipotezinin oluşturulmasında; incelenecek alanla ilgili literatür çalışması yapılmak suretiyle, konuyla ilgili yapılmış olan yayınlar incelenmiştir. Literatür çalışması sonucunda daha önce konuyla ilgili yayınlarda detaylı şekilde incelenmeyen Kıbrıs Sorunu’nun çözümünde Doğu Akdeniz hidrokarbon kaynaklarının rolünün belirlenmesi hedefine odaklanarak, konunun hem iç politika hem de dış politika bağlamında değerlendirilmesi şeklinde bir yaklaşım benimsenmiştir. Ayrıca çalışmayla ilgili çalışan ve yayınları olan akademisyenler ile uzmanlarla kişisel görüşmeler yapılmıştır. Çalışmanın ilk bölümünde; çalışmanın dış politika yaklaşımı ‘Doğu Akdeniz hidrokarbon kaynaklarının önemi’ başlığı altında Avrupa Birliği’nin enerji ihtiyacının tespitedilmesine çalışılmıştır. Böylece Avrupa Birliği’nin enerji alanındaki durumu belirlenmiş, bu bağlamda Doğu Akdeniz coğrafyasının Birlik enerji politikasına nasıl bir katkıda bulunabileceği Doğu Akdeniz ülkelerinden bazılarının (İsrail, Mısır, Lübnan, Güney Kıbrıs) hidrokarbon kaynakları incelenmesiyle yapılmıştır. Belirtilen ülkeler dışındaki bölgeülkelerinin hidrokarbon kaynakları konusundaki görüşleri de bölüm içerisinde dolaylı olarak belirtilmiştir. Avrupa Birliği’nin enerji ihtiyacı ile Doğu Akdeniz hidrokarbon kaynakları arasındaki bağlantıyı sağlamak için Kıbrıs’ın enerji geçiş noktası kullanılarak, enerji kaynaklarının Avrupa Birliği’ne taşınması için gerekli olan koşullar, yapılan yatırım projeleri değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışmanın ikinci bölümünde; Kıbrıs Sorunu, çalışmanın iç politika yaklaşımı olarakdeğerlendirilmiştir. Bölümde; Kıbrıs Sorunu’nun tarihsel sürecine kısaca değinilerek, sorunun günümüze kadar gelen süreci incelenmiştir. Kıbrıs müzakerelerinde mevcut görüşmeler dönemi, Kıbrıs ve çevresindeki hidrokarbon kaynaklarının keşfedilmesi ve çıkarılması süreçlerinin yaşandığı bir dönem olarak, sorunun çözümünde enerjinin nasıl bir rol oynayabileceği üzerine anlatımlara yer vermektedir. Bu nedenle bölümde Güney Kıbrıs ile Türkiye arasında Avrupa Birliği üyelik süreci içerisinde yaşanan gelişmelerin, tarafların hidrokarbon kaynakları konusunda yaşadıkları MEB ve kıta sahanlığı sorunları üzerine etkileri de yer almıştır. Çalışmanın son bölümünde; ilk iki bölümde incelenmeye çalışılan Avrupa Birliği enerji ihtiyacı özelinde Avrupa Birliği enerji güvenliğinin Doğu Akdeniz hidrokarbon kaynakları sağlanmasının nasıl olacağı, Kıbrıs Sorunu’nun enerji için kolaylaştırıcı olup olamayacağı üzrine değerlendirmeler yapılmıştır. --------------------Energy has often been an important policy area for states' national interests and their interrelationships. Technical issues related to the discovery, extraction and relocation of reserves of energy resources have been influential in the policy-making processes of states within the discipline of international relations. States with energy sources have used this 'blessing' as an instrument against importer states, and importer states have followed alternative methods to remove these disadvantages. This situation continues to increase today. Especially thanks to the increasing pace of globalization and technology, the states have always tried to 'maximize' their interests to be effective in energy geopolitics. The above-mentioned effect of energy on international relations has been the mostimportant factor in studying the subject. The hypothesis of working in this sense; The European Union's energy policy and security is to determine how the Eastern Mediterranean hydrocarbon resources can make a contribution and whether the situation that is to be formed will play an enabling role for the solution of the Cyprus Problem. In creating the hypothesis of work; literature studies on the field to be examined have been carried out and publications on the subject have been examined. As a result of the literature review, an approach has been adopted, focusing on the objective of determining the role of the Eastern Mediterranean hydrocarbon resources in the solution of the Cyprus Problem, which has not been examined in detail in previous publications, and evaluating it in both domestic and foreign policy contexts. In addition, personal interviews were held with the academicians and experts who are working and publishing related to the work. In the first part of the study; the foreign policy approach of the study was undertaken to determine the energy needs of the European Union under the heading 'The importance of Eastern Mediterranean hydrocarbon resources'. Thus, the situation of the European Union inthe energy field has been determined, and how the Eastern Mediterranean geography can contribute to the Union energy policy has been examined by examining the hydrocarbon resources of some of the Eastern Mediterranean countries (Israel, Egypt, Lebanon, Southern Cyprus). The opinions of the countries other than the mentioned countries on the hydrocarbon resources are mentioned indirectly in the chapter. In order to ensure the connection between the European Union's energy needs and the Eastern Mediterranean hydrocarbon resources, theinvestment requirements for the transfer of energy resources to the European Union were assessed using the energy transfer point of Cyprus. In the second part of the study; the Cyprus Problem is considered as a domestic policy approach to working. In chapter; by briefly addressing the historical process of the Cyprus Problem, the process of the problem up to the day is examined. The current negotiations period in Cyprus negotiations includes a discussion of how energy can play a role in the solution of the problem, as a period in which the exploration and extraction processes of hydrocarbon resources in Cyprus and its environment are experienced. Therefore sectionbetween Cyprus and Turkey of developments in the European Union accession process, part of hydrocarbon resources In the last part of the study; the European Union's energy needs to be examined in the first two chapters are based on how the European Union energy security will provide Eastern Mediterranean hydrocarbon resources and how the Cyprus problem will be helpful for energy.

Bu doktora tez çalışmasında Sasani imparatoru Hüsrev Anuşirvan ile Doğu Roma imparatoru Iustinianus'un paralel hayatları (bioi paralleloi) ve Doğu Akdeniz politikaları mercek altına alınarak söz konusu iki imparatorun emperyal ideolojileri karşılaştırılmaktadır. Adaletiyle kendi dönemi ve kendisinden sonraki dönemleri etkisi altında bırakan Hüsrev ile çağdaşı Iustinianus'un benzer ve farklı yönleri ele alınmakta ve VI. yüzyılın tam bir resmi ortaya çıkarılmaya çalışılmaktadır.Çalışmada birincil kaynaklar bakımından VI. yüzyıl kapsamında özellikle Hüsrev ve Iustinianus'a ilişkin antik kaynaklar (Romalı, Ermeni, Süryani, Arap/İslam tarihçilerinin eserleri) epigrafik belgeler ve arkeolojik bulgular tespit edilerek edisyon kritikleri kullanılmış ve elde edinilen veriler modern literatür dikkate alınarak teze işlenmiştir.Her iki imparatorunda seleflerinden devraldıkları imparatorlukların çöküş içerisinde olması ve her ikisinin de imparatorluğu refaha çıkarmak için bir dizi reform gerçekleştirmesi ve birbirlerinin aynadaki yansımaları olmaları çalışmanın ana konusunu teşkil etmektedir. Bu amaçla Hüsrev Anuşirvan ile Iustinianus'un paralel hayatları doğumlarından ölümlerine kadar – soyları, eğitimleri, gençlik yılları, erdemleri, kusurları, başarıları (askeri/siyasi) – titizlikle karşılaştırılmakta ve Doğu Roma İmparatorluğu ile Sasani İmparatorluğu'nun dış politikalarında esas etken olan unsurlar tespit edilerek VI. yüzyıl Doğu Akdeniz'inin siyasi tarihinin şekillenmesinde iki imparatorluğun oynadığı rol üzerinde durulmaktadır. In this doctoral dissertation, the parallel lives (bioi paralleloi) of Khosrow Anushiruwan, the Sassanid emperor, and Justinian, the Eastern Roman emperor were examined along with their Eastern Mediterranean policy; and the imperial ideologies of the two emperors were compared. Study deals with the similarities and differences between the two comtemporary emperors; Khosrow, who influenced both his own and the following periods with his justice, and Justinian, through a complete picture of the VI. century AD.The primary sources of the study are the ancient sources (works of Roman, Armenian Syriac, Arabic/Islamic historiographers), epigraphical documents, archaeological finds; the critical editions of which are used together with the related modern literature.The main points of the study are that both empires which the aforemenioned emperors inherited from their predecessors, were collapsing at that time; both emperors carried out a series of reforms in order to reach prosperity; and the two were the reflections of each other in the mirror. Thus, the study compares and contrasts the lives –from the birth till death– families, educations, early years, virtues, imperfections and military and political achievements of the two emperors; identifies the essential factors in the foreign policies of both Eastern Roman Empire and the Sassanid Empire; and focuses on the roles of the two empires in the formation of the political history of the Eastern Mediterranean throughout the VI. century. 239

Bu çalışmada, Seleukos kralı III. Antiokhos'un Küçükasya politi-kalarıüzerinde durulmuş; Antiokhos'un tüm Doğu Akdeniz'deki politikalarıiçerisinde Küçükasya'nın önemi ve payı saptanmaya çalışılmış ve bubağlamda Kral'ın Küçükasya politikaları detaylıca incelenerek, bir kronolojiyebağlanmıştır.Bu çalışma için, ilk önce antik edebiyat, ardından epigrafik kaynaklarve son olarak da modern literatür taranmıştır. Çalışmada öncelikleIII. Antiokhos'un ilişki kurduğu Küçükasya kentleri tek tek incelenmişve Antiokhos'un ve yönettiği devletin bu kentlerle ilişkisi saptanmayaçalışılmıştır. Ardından `Tarihsel Değerlendirme` bölümündesöz konusu kentler bir araya getirilerek, III. Antiokhos'un Küçükasyapolitikaları, genel politikaları içerisinde kronolojik olarak incelenmiştir.Sonuç olarak, III. Antiokhos'un Küçükasya'ya verdiği yüksekönem ve ileriye dönük planları saptanmış ve bu politikalarının başarıyaulaşıp ulaşamadığı değerlendirilmiştir. In this study, Seleucus king Antiochos' III policy on the Asia Minor wasemphasized; Antiochos's attempts to determine the prevalence andshare of all of the policies in the Eastern Mediterranean have been tiedto a chronology, in which the King's Asia Minor politics are examined indetail.For this work, ancient literature, then epigraphic sources, andfinally modern literature were searched. Firstly in the study The citiesof Asia Minor, where Antiochos III had interrelated, were examined oneby one and Antiokhos and the state governed tried to determined relationswith these cities. Then, in the section of `Historical Assessment`,the cities were brought together and III. The politics of Antiokhos' AsiaMinor has been examined chronologically within the general politics.As a result, Antiochos' III high importance to Asia Minor and itsfuture plans have been determined, and it has been evaluated whetherthese policies can be achieved. 113

A series of major natural gas discoveries and the prospect of substantial hydrocarbon resources waiting to be tapped beneath the Eastern Mediterranean waters have sparked major international interest. If developed in a timely and successful way, current and future discoveries may significantly change the energy picture of the region. Exploitation and export of these resources will require overcoming numerous challenges with geopolitical implications. As a matter of fact, being perhaps the only common denominator, energy will increasingly become a main component of the geostrategic struggle in the East Mediterranean and its surroundings.

In this chapter, we present four high-altitude (> 1500 m) ice caves from Greece; (a) the Chionotrypa cave on Falakro Mountain, (b) the Chionotrypa cave on Mount Olympus, (c) the Provatina cave on Tymfi Mountain, and (d) the Skud cave on the Lefka Ori mountain range in western Crete. These caves are developed vertically and preserve thick ice deposits that resulted from the seasonal accumulation of snow. These shafts suffer the effect of different climatic patterns which are then imprinted on their ice deposits, and therefore they can reveal significant data concerning the abrupt past changes in atmospheric teleconnection patterns. Furthermore, we attempt a short literature review on the present-day climatic conditions. Finally, we highlight the importance of paleoclimatic studies on the ice deposits for the broader area of the east Mediterranean.

Dünyanın, ispatlanmış en büyük hidrokarbon yataklarını bölgesinde barındıran Ortadoğu ve enerji tüketiminde küresel anlamda ilk sırada yer alan Avrupa Birliği ülkeleri arasında bir köprü ve geçiş güzergâhı oluşturan Doğu Akdeniz Bölgesi, son yıllarda keşfedilen hidrokarbon rezervleri ile gündemin ön sıralarında yer almıştır. Doğu Akdeniz, stratejik öneme sahip bir deniz olmasından dolayı, yeni dönemde enerji havzası olmaya adaydır. Bu bölgeyi daha önemli hale getiren yeni enerji kaynakları Avrupa'nın Rusya'ya bağımlılığının azaltmış olabilecektir. Doğu Akdeniz'in uluslararası enerji sektörünün önemli bir parçası olması ve jeopolitiğinin artması, münhasır hakların paylaşımında ciddi diplomatik çaba gerektirmektedir. Doğu Akdeniz'deki yeni doğalgaz kaynakları Türk Dış Politikasında Türkiye'nin önemini uluslararası siyasal sistemde artırmış ve Türk Dış Politikasına olumlu yönde etki etmiştir. Soğuk Savaş sonrası dönemde, değişen bölgesel ve küresel durum bu çerçevede bölgede son yıllarda gelişen süreçler, dünyadaki enerji haritasını derinden değiştirmiştir. Bu yeni harita içerisinde Türkiye'nin yeri son derece önemli bir hale gelmiştir. Doğu Akdeniz'i, uluslararası enerji sektörü ve jeopolitiğin odak noktalarından biri haline getirmiştir. Doğu Akdeniz havzasındaki enerji tablosunu olduğu gibi bölgesel dinamikleri de değiştirmesi beklenmektedir. Bu bağlamda Doğu Akdeniz'deki enerji kaynaklarının paylaşılmasına yönelik işbirliği ihtiyacını da gündeme getirmiştir. Anahtar Kelime: Doğu Akdeniz, Enerji Kaynakları, jeopolitik, Türkiye. Hosting in the world's proven largest hydrocarbon deposits of the Middle East and the energy consumption of a bridge between the fırst place in the countries of the European Union globally and transit route for forming the Eastern Mediterranean, Region, the agenda of the discovered hydrocarbon reserves in recent yearswas placed in the front. Eastern Mediterranean, because it is not a sea with strategic importance, it is easy to become an energy basin in the new period. New energy sources that make this region more important will reduce Europe's dependence on Russia. The Eastern Mediterranean is an important part of the international energy sector and the increase of geopolitics requires serious diplomatic efforts to share exculusive rights. New natural gas resources in the Eastern Mediterranean have positively impacted the Turkish Foreign Policy. The changing regional and cultural situation in the post-Cold War period has deeply changed the process of developing the energy map in the World, over recent years in this region. Turkey's place in this new map has become an extremely important. Has made the eastern Mediterranean one of the focal points of the international energy sector and geopolitics. İt is expected to change in the regional dynamics as it is the energy table in the Eastern Mediterranean basin in this context, the need for a business association to share energy resources in the Eastern Mediterranean has been brought to the agenda. Key words: Eastern Mediterranean, Energy Resources, geopolitics, Turkey. 181

Dünya nüfusunun artması, enerjiye olan ihtiyaçları da sürekli arttırmaktadır. Artan enerji talebi enerji güvenliği tanımlamalarının yapılmasına neden olmuştur ve uluslararası ilişkiler literatürüne girmesini sağlamıştır. Sadece askeri boyutta yapılan güvenlik tanımlamaları, içerisine enerji güvenliği kavramını da dahil ederek genişleme sürecine girmiştir. Bu nedenle enerji güvenliğini tanımlamak ve anlamak öncelikle enerji tanımlamasıyla olmuştur. Enerji, insanlığın yaşamını kaliteli sürdürmesini sağlayan buna bağlı olarak dünya savaşlarının, devletlerin birbirleriyle çatışma halinde olması ve işgallerin yaşanması demektir. Buna bağlı olarak enerji kavramı, devletlerin küresel politikalardaki rollerini kullanma kabiliyetidir. Enerjiyi elinde bulunduran devletler küresel ekonomilerde aktif rol oynamaktadır. Enerjiden kaynaklı devletler arasında yaşanan çatışma ortamları, onları enerji güvenliği politikalarına yönelmesine neden olmuştur. Enerji güvenliği, enerjinin ülkeye yetmesi, güvenilir olması, zamanında ulaşılması, temiz ve kaynakların çeşitliliği, yerli kaynakların kullanılması, kesintisiz ve kaliteli bir enerji olarak tanımlanmıştır. Yapılan bu enerji güvenliği tanımlamasını son dönemlerde Doğu Akdeniz enerji keşiflerinin gündeme gelmesiyle daha sık kullanılmaya başlandığı görülmektedir. Enerji güvenliği üzerine yapılan tartışmalar; Doğu Akdeniz Bölgesi'nin yeni enerji keşiflerinin olması bölge devletlerinin ve küresel aktörlerin yüzünü bu alana çevirmesine neden olmuştur. Tezin konusu olan ; Doğu Akdeniz enerji güvenliği bu açıdan önem arz etmektedir. Bölgedeki enerji keşifleri , yeni keşfedilen kaynaklar ve tahmini rezervlerin ortaya çıkışıyla birlikte Doğu Akdeniz Bölgesi tarihten bugüne gelen önemine yeni bir boyut kazandırmıştır. Kıyıdaş ülkelerin bölgedeki rolü bu açıdan çok önemlidir. Bölgede var olan Türkiye, İsrail, Kıbrıs ve Mısır gibi Doğu Akdeniz'e sınırı olan ve enerji kaynaklarının bu bölgelerin münhasır ekonomik bölgelerinde bulunması bu devletlerin enerji görünümlerini değiştirmiştir. Bu devletlerin hem enerji güvenliğine hem de enerji politikalarına yönelmesini sağlamıştır. Bu nedenle Doğu Akdeniz'deki enerji güvenliği kavramı Türkiye, İsrail, Kıbrıs ve Mısır ülkelerinin enerji politikaları bağlamında irdelenecektir. Araştırmalar yapılırken literatür taraması yöntemine başvurulacak, kitaplardan, makalelerden ve internet kaynaklarından faydalanılacaktır. The increase in the world population is constantly increasing the need for energy. Increasing energy demand has led to the definition of energy security, and international relations have made it into the literature. Security definitions made only at the military dimension have entered the enlargement process, including the concept of energy security. For this reason, defining and recognizing energy security has primarily come from the definition of energy. Energy means that world wars, states are in conflict with each other and occupations are in accord with this, which makes it possible to maintain the quality of human life. Accordingly, the concept of energy is capable of using the roles of states in global politics. Energies have an active role in global economies. The climate of conflict between the energetic states has led them to turn towards energy security policies. It is defined as energy security, power to the country, reliability, timely access, clean and diversified resources, the use of domestic resources, and uninterrupted and quality energy. The identification of this energy security has been started to be used more recently by the coming of Eastern Mediterranean energy discoveries. Discussions on energy security; The fact that the Eastern Mediterranean Region has new energy discoveries has caused the face of the region's states and global actors to turn into this area. The subject of the dissertation; Eastern Mediterranean energy security is important in this respect. With the emergence of energy discoveries, newly explored resources and estimated reserves in the region, the East Mediterranean Region has given a new dimension to its historical significance. The role of the coastal states in the region is very important in this respect. The presence of energy resources in the exclusive economic zones of these regions, which bordered the eastern Mediterranean, such as Turkey, Israel, Cyprus and Egypt, which existed in the region, changed the energy patterns of these states. It has enabled these states to move towards energy security and energy policies. For this reason, the concept of energy security in the Eastern Mediterranean will be examined in the context of Turkey, Israel, Cyprus and Egypt. When researches are conducted, literature review will be done, books, articles and internet sources will benefit. 146

The occurrence of the alien Charybdis (Gonioinfradens) paucidentatus is reported from Santorini Island after repeated underwater surveys carried out in 2014-2015. The findings constitute the first record of an Indo-Pacific brachyuran in the south-central Aegean Sea, showing the successful expansion of this portunid recently introduced into the eastern Mediterranean Sea.

As part of the Mediterranean region, Greece has a high mean temperature. Consequently, the amount of toxic gas emissions from intensive hog farming operations (IHFOs) is greater than that from equivalents in northern Europe and USA. This study evaluated the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of people who live near IHFOs in central and southern Greece. The collected data from 72-item self-report questionnaires, obtained from 377 residents in vicinity with three IHFOs, have been analyzed. The experimental group consisted of 209 people living within 3 km from IHFOs (near IHFOs), while the control group consisted of 168 people living more than 3 km but less than 5 km away from IHFOs (far IHFOs). There was a statistically significant difference between experimental and control groups in the following: wheezing (26.9 vs. 7.8 %), night-time awakenings due to dyspnea (24.5 vs. 7.2 %), night-time awakenings due to coughing (41.6 vs. 16.8 %), and night or day coughing for at least 3 months per year (42.5 vs. 17.3 %). Subjects living near IHFOs had increased odds for suffering from wheezing, night-time awakenings due to dyspnea, night-time awakenings due to coughing, and night or day coughing for at least 3 months per year. Our research verified that IHFOs adversely affect respiratory and mental health as well as the quality of life of nearby residents.

Till 16th century, the city of Izmir that located around a sheltered bay surrounded by rivers, valleys and mountains was a small town with an economy based on farming activities. In the 17th century, in accordance with the large trade volume of the Mediterranean era, the city had become an important port not only in Ottoman lands but also in the east Mediterranean. As a result of its importance for the region and for the commerce network, the city attracted attention of travellers from the 16th century with an increasing frequency in the 17th century. The travellers who visited the city had shared their experiences related to the geography, topography, economy and socio-cultural life of Izmir through their notes, paintings and the photographs. In this context, this paper aims to rediscover the city of Izmir through the experiences of the travellers. As the data related to the 19th century of the city is much more varied such as travel notes, engravings, maps and photographs, the study focuses on the 19th century. With the aim of rediscovering the culture-space relations of the city through the observations and expressions of the travellers, the physical and socio-cultural formation of the city will be examined while the differential perceptions and comments will be evaluated through a comparative study.

Cruise lines seek for new markets in order to accommodate the growing demand for cruise tourism. In this context, East Mediterranean and Black Sea ports would be alternatives to the current cruise destinations in the West-Med region. However, the Black Sea and East Mediterranean regions currently do not have a hub port (or homeport) functioning as a gateway for cruise passengers. Based on existing cultural and social attractions, Turkey and Istanbul would be a potential candidate on serving as a homeport for the region. This paper first explores the general determinants and conditions to serve as a cruise homeport from micro, meso and macro perspectives. It assesses the potential of cruise development in Istanbul based upon the findings of in-depth interviews with cruise industry experts and local stakeholders. Furthermore, a port portfolio analysis of a range of selected regional ports in the period 2006-2011 is executed, and coupled to insights from the expert and stakeholder interview panel. As a result, the paper offers first insights into the potential application of port portfolio analysis for cruise ports, as well as policy and managerial recommendations for cruise industry stakeholders within the Eastern Mediterranean Region, with regard to the development of a homeport.

The application of treated animal wastewater generated in concentrated animal feeding operations on surface soil (within farm borders) leads to degradation of groundwater. Effects of an intensive hog farming operation, located at a Mediterranean limestone soil coastal area, on groundwater were investigated. Treated animal wastewater was discharged on a small plot (~10.8 ha) with a geologic fault. Samples were taken from seven groundwater monitoring wells close to the farm. A significant increase of K+, Na+, Cl−, PO4 3−-P, Ca2+ and Mg2+ concentrations was found in monitoring wells which are affected by the subsurface flow of groundwater. Concentrations of Fe3+/Fe2+, Mn2+, Cu2+, Zn2+ and Ni2+ in all groundwater monitoring wells were extremely low. During the winter, significant increases in concentrations of K+ and PO4 3−-P were noted and attributed to high precipitation, which assisted in the leaching of K and P to groundwater.

Environmental history, the study of the interaction of nature and society, is a research field that has only recently been applied to Mamlūk studies. It seeks to elucidate all aspects of relations between humans and their physical surroundings: agriculture, subsistence and water management, as well as the discourse about nature and coping of governors and communities with ecological hazards and catastrophes. Since it is anachronistic to use national unites and contemporary borders, this approach is particularly suitable to the study of pre-modern states, lands and societies, like the Mamlūk Bilād al-Shām. This paper aims first to map the field and the present state of the art. Its second goal is to delineate potential working theses and research topics that would guide further environmental studies. These investigations would bolster the study of history of rural and urban communities in the east Mediterranean and Near Eastern zone during a quarter of a millennium (1250–1517).

The Later Middle Paleolithic lithic archaeological record for the East Mediterranean Levant has been invoked to support competing and contradictory models for the evolutionary relationships between Homo sapiens and Homo neanderthalensis. The lithic evidence has not helped paleoanthropology achieve a conclusive resolution about this issue because archaeologists continue to structure inter-assemblage lithic variability in terms of stone tool industries such as the “Mousterian”. This paper explores the problems that named stone tool industries (or “NASTIES”) cause for Paleolithic archaeology, and it explores alternatives to them.