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Entrepreneurs discover, evaluate, and exploit opportunities, and the bioenergy industries are full of opportunities for both direct participation and support industries. Bioenergy entrepreneurs are not only motivated by the business aspects but also environmental and social welfare issues. These motivations have led to a robust industry of first-generation biofuel facilities with numerous companies in support. The next generation of biofuel facilities are moving slowly, as the risk is high and the market uncertain. Exploring the value chain will help expose the diversity of opportunities available in bioenergy. In many cases, the by-products and coproducts have potential for new and expanded markets. The future of bioenergy is bright, yet policy and competition from fossil fuel interests will challenge the industry for years to come.

This paper uses newly compiled data on Thai family businesses and their direct participation in politics to examine whether the political participation of family business yields private economic payoff. The paper finds that the political participation of family members is positively associated with the profitability of family businesses. Furthermore, this ‘political benefit’ is found to be particularly large when firms are connected to cabinet members. These results support the crony capitalism view that powerful business groups in Thailand have an incentive to directly hold influential public offices to influence economic policy in their favor.

The article summarizes my research on the royal preacher Jerónimo de Florencia, who, along with Paravicino, was the most renowned preacher during the reign of Philip III and part of that of Philip IV. This study provides information on his work, comprised fundamentally of his important funereal prayers, and the impact that it had on his epoch. The second part of the study analyzes his biography, influenced by his close ties to power, especially by his relationship with Philip III, whom he served as confident, and who has been attributed a very direct participation in crafting the clauses of the king’s last will and testament. Florencia’s privileged situation continued with the new king, Philip IV, as revealed by his being named confessor of the princes don Carlos and don Fernando, and by his inclusion as a member of the famous Reformation Council, among other honors. El artículo resume nuestras investigaciones sobre el predicador real Jerónimo de Florencia, el más destacado, juntamente con Paravicino, durante el reinado de Felipe III y parte del de Felipe IV. En él se da cuenta de su obra, constituida fundamentalmente por sus importantes oraciones fúnebres, y de la proyección que ésta tuvo en su época. La segunda parte del trabajo analiza su biografía determinada por su vinculación al poder, especialmente por su relación con Felipe III, de quien fue confidente y al que se atribuye una participación muy directa en la redacción de las mandas de su testamento. Con el nuevo rey Felipe IV, esta situación privilegiada se mantuvo como revela su nombramiento de confesor de los infantes don Carlos y don Fernando, y el formar parte de la famosa Junta de Reformación, entre otras.

I hear and I forget. I see and I remember. I do and I understand. —Confucius Relatively few infants require intervention in the delivery room; even fewer require full resuscitation with chest compressions and epinephrine. How then, do clinicians learn to manage such rare events? How do they teach others to respond effectively to such crises in the delivery room? These questions are being addressed via many novel approaches in neonatology, from mock codes to simulated deliveries. Educators are attempting to create experiences from which learners can build an internal database of skills, knowledge, and behaviors. ### Experiential Learning Defined According to several educational theorists in the 1980s, the nucleus of all learning lies in the way we process experience and critically reflect upon that experience. Educators spoke of learning as a cycle that begins with experience, continues with reflection, and later leads to action, which itself becomes a concrete experience for reflection. This model is consistent with constructivism theory, in which learning is a process of constructing meaning that is defined by the individual and dependent on the person’s knowledge base. Experience can be defined as the accumulation of knowledge or skill that results from direct participation in events or activities, that is, the content of direct observation or involvement in an event. For the purpose of this discussion, the following definition of experiential learning is used: A process through which a learner generates knowledge, skill, and value from direct experiences. ### Dewey and Learner-centered Education In contrast to traditional teacher-centered methods, in the 1930s, John Dewey introduced a competing paradigm in which the focus is learner-centered. Dewey argued that for learning to occur through experience, that experience must exhibit the two major principles of continuity and interaction. The principle of continuity implies that to each new experience, the learner brings meaning from past experiences and takes meaning …

Pediatric residents on block community rotations completed journals and exit interviews regarding their perceptions of the rotation. Three common themes present in residents’ responses were identified via qualitative analysis: enlightenment and attitude change, impact of direct participation, and rotation challenges. Advantages and disadvantages to block rotations in community pediatrics, and their relationship to learning child advocacy skills, are discussed. Finally, the use of journals as a tool to document systems-based practice competency is explored.

The filing of patent applications by universities remains a debat- able issue in Europe more than 25 years after the Bayh Dole Act in the U.S.A. The European Commission and several national governments are currently exert- ing pressure on universities to take a more active part in the innovation process. The importance of university research as a source of technology is increasing in the knowledge economy, which is characterized by open innovation. The fund- ing of research may eventually be at stake. Patent applications are essential instru- ments in the knowledge-transfer process. They enable universities to reconcile their mission of disseminating knowledge with a direct participation in innova- tion. They contribute to the development of new products, to the funding of more collaborative research with industry, and to the creation of new compa- nies. This article offers guidelines for making the filing of patent applications by universities consistent or even synergistic with their other missions. Yet, despite all these considerations, the propensity of European universities to file patent applications is 5 times lower than in the U.S.A., which is also reflected in the other knowledge-transfer indicators. This article suggests two reasons for this lower propensity: the mindset of the mostly independent European universities based on the Humboldt model and the much less attractive European patent system for universities.

This article explores the relationships between financial participation and other forms of participation drawing on data collected from listed companies in Finland, Germany, the Netherlands and the UK. The authors provide evidence on two questions. First, does the presence of either direct or indirect participation predict the use of profit sharing and employee equity plans? Second, to what extent is employee participation in profit sharing and equity plans influenced by the presence of other forms of participation? Overall, the results provide little evidence of complementarity between financial participation and other forms of participation. There are also clear differences between types of financial participation. It is found that indirect participation has a weak relationship with use of profit sharing and participation in profit sharing plans. Direct participation is not associated with the use of equity plans or profit sharing but with participation in stock acquisition plans. Employee participation in plan design is strongly associated with participation in profit sharing and stock acquisition plans but not stock options.

Through the author's direct participation in the empowerment of the "foreign brides" and in a rural community, which are both stigmatized in the mainstream Taiwan society, this paper discusses the theories and methods of praxis-oriented research, and its implication to social studies. This paper illustrates how the concepts and techniques of the "theater of the oppressed" can be combined with "pedagogy of the oppressed" to break through the "culture of silence" of the oppressed, develop their critical awareness, and help the women organize themselves for social transformation. It is proposed that praxis-oriented research can achieve more sophisticated research results, because by actively involving oneself in the process of social transformation, the researcher can observe and examine much more directly the mechanisms of social construction and transformation. En examinant la participation directe de l'auteur a l'habilitation "des jeunes mariees etrangeres" et d'une communaute rurale qui sont toutes deux a stigmatise dans la societe traditionnelle de Taiwan, cet article discute les theories et les methodes de la recherche qui est praxis orientee, et son implication aux etudes sociales. Il illustre comment les concepts et les techniques du « theâtre des opprimes » peuvent etres combines avec la theorie de la « pedagogie des opprimes » pour traverser la « culture du silence » des opprimes, developper leur conscience critique, et les aider graduellement a s'organiser pour la transformation sociale. Je propose que la recherche orientee vers la praxis acheve les resultats plus sophistiques puisque, par engageant activement dans le processus de la transformation sociale, le scolaire peut observer et etudier beaucoup plus precisement les mecanismes de la construction et la transformation sociale. Al examinar la participacion directa del autor en la vigorizacion del status de las "novias extranjeras" en una comunidad rural, que no son aceptadas por la sociedad de Taiwan, este articulo analiza las teorias y los metodos de la investigacion orientada a la practica y sus implicaciones para los estudios sociales. El articulo ilustra como los conceptos y las tecnicas del "teatro de los oprimidos" pueden combinarse con la teoria de la "pedagogia de los oprimidos" para romper la "cultura del silencio" de los oprimidos, desarrollar su autoconciencia critica y ayudarles a organizarse para actuar. Se propone que la investigacion practica puede producir resultados mas sofisticados porque al involucrarse uno activamente en el proceso de transformacion social, el investigador puede observar y examinar mas directamente los mecanismos de construccion y transformacion social.

The UK was the first country to implement emissions trading as a policy instrument to reduce greenhouse gas emissions across the whole of the economy. The paper therefore commences with a description of the UK Emissions Trading Scheme and then continues with a discussion of incentives for UK companies to engage in emissions trading. It then outlines a case for research of companies' experiences of “direct participation” in the Scheme, and presents results obtained from case studies of a set of companies which are “direct participants”. These illustrate the impact of emissions trading on income generation as well as cost savings. The paper then concludes with the observation that emissions trading will take on increased importance with the introduction of the EU Emissions Trading Scheme and the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in 2005, and that further research is therefore required into energy and carbon costs and their possible influences on facilities location.

Investigations and prosecutions involving murdered and physically abused children are among the most serious and most complex faced by law enforcement professionals. These cases are complicated on legal, factual, medical, and scientific levels. Oftentimes, the evidence against the suspected perpetrator is solely circumstantial. Many of the problems inherent in these investigations can be overcome by prioritizing these cases. The local prosecutor's office can take the lead in ensuring justice by direct participation in the investigative phase and by ensuring continuity in the prosecution. In this article, I outline a model to ensure that this happens.

4-Iodofuran-2(5H)-ones were prepared, in moderate to high yields, by the facile iodolactonisation of ethyl 2,3-allenoates with I2 in aqueous MeCN by the direct participation of the carbonyl oxygen atom in the regioselective electrophilic addition of the allene moiety. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)

The fact that cattle herds in Brazil are in such good health and that the meat on the domestic and international markets is safe and of high quality is largely due to the campaign to combat foot and mouth disease and to the improvements that this campaign has made in the organisation of the Brazilian bovine production industry. Launched in 1965, the campaign set itself ambitious objectives, but thanks to the direct participation of producer organisations it received the necessary support and funding. The results are reflected in the growing number of states--fifteen to date--that are internationally recognised as free from foot and mouth disease with vaccination. Thanks to the active participation of producers and of the entire production chain in foot and mouth disease eradication efforts, Brazil has risen to become a leading player in the international beef trade.

This article describes a case study of a new venture by the children's theatre company Oily Cart to develop a participatory theatre piece for carers and their under-two-year-olds, entitled Clouds. Given what little is known about how to design and conduct arts events with this age phase, a case study offered the opportunity to identify features and factors which might then pertain to other, similar ventures. At a time of rapid expansion in arts opportunities for the very young, it is important to move beyond the usual evaluation procedures to research such arts occasions in more depth. The study adopted the usual case study design of collecting data from many, varied sources including documentation, observations of performances, interviews and direct participation. Although orientated by some initial guiding questions, the study remained open to foci as they emerged. In particular the reseacher became interested in the nature of the experience for the very young children and their carers. This, in turn, t...

The dynamics of the Disabler game are complex, not always recognizable, and less than easily manageable. Awareness of the game and a willingness to avoid direct participation can enhance injured worker rehabilitation and decrease costs associated with lost time and productivity. Not playing the Disabler game can make the role of the occupational health nurse more rewarding. The game requires the field upon which to play, and effectively supported DMPs can help eliminate those playing fields.

Auf der Grundlage archivierter Aufnahmebucher und Krankenakten von kindlichen und jugendlichen Patienten der "Kinderfachabteilung" in Gorden wurde in einer noch nicht abgeschlossenen empirischen Studie untersucht, ob und in welchem Umfang direkte oder indirekte Beteiligung von Kinderarzten an der "NS-Kindereuthanasie" (1939–1945) nachweisbar ist. Unter zunachst 448 streng selektierten Krankenakten war das unmittelbare Mitwirken von Kinderarzten 33-mal (7,4%) nachweisbar. Unter ihnen finden sich Universitatsprofessoren ebenso wie Klinikdirektoren, Assistenzarzte und niedergelassene Kinderarzte. Aus 167 informativen Krankenunterlagen geht hervor, dass 21-mal (12,6%) Verlegungen aus Kinderkliniken erfolgten. Es ist nicht ersichtlich, in welchem Umfang Kinderarzte als Betreuer von Kinderheimen oder als Vertreter des Offentlichen Gesundheitsdiensts in das Netz der "NS-Kindereuthanasie" eingebunden waren.

The present work proposes a learning methodology to identify process situations from measured data with a direct participation of the expert. The classification technique is based in LAMDA fuzzy method of conceptual clustering. The proposed tool has been developed in such a way that the learning phase (Supervised or not) is strongly associated with the expert knowledge. The application chosen for state identification and validation is the Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya fluidised bed gasifier selected as benchmark process in the CHEM European project.

The singular position of Montesquieu's political philosophy seems to raise the question: Isn't the opposition between republicanism and liberalism a largely artificial one? On the one hand, the description of the republican vivere civile in the Spirit of the Laws testifies to the important ties that exist between Montesquieu and the tradition of ‘civic humanism’. However, this apparent theoretical proximity between Montesquieu and the British Neo-Harringtonians ought not to be taken too far, obscuring the deep divergences that differentiate their respective positions, notably when it comes to the interpretation of history. Montesquieu's break from the republican tradition is exemplified by his rejection of its conception of freedom rooted in the citizens' necessary participation in power. But in the end, this does not enable us to conclude that he subscribes to a purely liberal theory. The British model shows that even if direct participation in the exercise of power is not necessary for the existence of ...

Dismutation of CF 2 Cl 2 on differently pretreated alumina samples and the role of surface acidity in this reaction were investigated in the temperature range of 200–350 °C and at a CF 2 Cl 2 partial pressure of 0.025 atm. Our results support a reaction mechanism involving the direct participation of the surface in halogenating the reacting CF 2 Cl 2 molecule without any need for this reaction to occur in a concerted manner. Surface acidity was found to enhance the activation process of alumina and to suppress its deactivation at low temperatures and at low CF 2 Cl 2 partial pressures.

Efficient Brisbane was a household energy and resource-efficiency education campaign conducted by the Brisbane City Council (BCC) between November 2000 and April 2001. Council distributed a voucher book to 360,000 households incorporating 18 incentives for products and services in the areas of energy efficiency, water conservation, waste minimisation and transport. The vouchers appealed to self-interest and environmental conscience, mixing information with enticements in an approach which sought to influence the attitudes and behaviour of a small proportion of a large population. Council worked with six partner agencies, using an expression of interest process to obtain the direct participation of over 40 companies. 2319 vouchers were redeemed, yielding estimated direct greenhouse savings of 1110 tonnes per year. An estimated 45,200 tonnes per year of additional abatement occurred through education, with community concern about greenhouse increasing by 11 per cent. Householders’ recall of the voucher book...

Public sector reform has focussed attention on how different models of change can contribute to organizational metamorphosis. Traditional “top down” approaches are unlikely to achieve the necessary change. Instead, using a case study of an Irish public sector organization, this article argues that direct participation, involving frontline staff, can play a key role in ensuring acceptance of change and in creating the conditions for employees to make effective contributions to their organization. Direct participation plays a vital role in employee development. However, it also places demands on organizations to adopt a more facilitative and supportive style of management and to put in place mechanisms that will ensure that participation becomes an integral part of the work process.

Children’s participation in cityplanning and design has enjoy ed increased interest among policymakers, designers, and researchers. This activitybuilds on a well-established bodyof research and practice that suggests that urban environments are best planned with the direct participation of children and youth. We believe that this work has reached a stage of maturityin need of critical re£ection and review so that it can be more eiective in the future. This paper presents a historical and critical review of children’s participation in cityplanning and design. Past participatoryeiorts with children are discussed as seven realms or approaches to their child participation. We characterize these realms as advocacy, romantic, needs, learning, rights, institutionalization, and proactive. We propose a seventh, proactive realm as a more integrative and eiective wayto involve children in design and planning. Utilizing the authors’ own projects as brief case studies as well as research of others, bene¢ts as well as limits to participation are identi¢ed. Special emphasis is placed on developing critical theorythat can be used in future research and practice. # 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd

This articles begins by tracing the changes in trade union attitudes to financial participation, which have generally become more favourable. A number of national case studies are considered. Having reviewed the possible advantages, the author cautions against a number of risks in extending such schemes. In particular care must be taken to avoid them acting as substitutes for direct participation by workers and their representatives in managing the companies in which they work, worker representatives must be consulted and schemes must be inclusive and not serve to exacerbate income differentials or income insecurity.

The disparity by judges in decisions led to the inability of people facing criminal offenses. Laws are not grounded to small communities, the judicious use of a crime in Indonesia as well as the strength of spider webs in which only able to ensnare minor crimes, but are not able to touch the major crimes that occurred in Indonesia. This study uses normative juridical. The results of this study found that completion ordinary crime patterned petty can be reached with a restorative justice approach, so it can focus on the direct participation of the offender, victim and community.

Demokracja bezpośrednia jest postrzegana jako komplementarna forma sprawowania władzy względem demokracji przedstawicielskiej. Z założenia ma rekompensować niedostatki demokracji pośredniej, a także gwarantować bezpośredni udział obywateli w sprawowaniu władzy. Jedną z instytucji demokracji bezpośredniej, gwarantowaną w konstytucjach i innych aktach prawnych Litwy, Łotwy i Estonii, jest referendum ogólnokrajowe. Pomimo podobnych doświadczeń historycznych i zbieżnych rozwiązań przyjętych w systemach politycznych referendum ogólnokrajowe spełnia inne funkcje. Jest to pochodną problemów społecznych i politycznych tych państw, jak również kształtu sceny politycznej.

espanolEsta investigacion de caracter cualitativo se fundamento en la participacion directa del proyecto de elaboracion y ejecucion de los Proyectos Ambientales Escolares (PRAES) en las instituciones educativas rurales del municipio de Sibate, asi como en el analisis de los documentos 065 de 2009 y 041 de 2010; en donde se busco promover el desarrollo de la Educacion Ambiental, conocimientos, actitudes, aptitudes y participacion, desde el analisis de fortalezas y debilidades de los (PRAES). Se logro evidenciar en los Proyectos Ambientales Escolares (PRAES) ejecutados en el municipio de Sibate que se brindo a la comunidad educativa garantias para un empoderamiento sobre su territorio, identificando las causas y consecuencias de la problematica ambiental, ademas consolida escenarios de reflexion y cambio en la vision ambiental. EnglishThis qualitative research was based on the direct participation of the project of preparation and implementation of School Environmental Projects (PRAES) in rural schools in Sibate town and on the analyses of documents 065 2009 and 041 2010, where it aimed at promoting the development of environmental education, knowledge, attitudes, aptitudes and participation, from the analyses of strengths and weaknesses of the school environmental projects(PRAES). It was possible to demonstrate in the School Environmental Projects (PRAES)that were implemented in Sibate town that guarantees for an empowerment over their territory was provided to the educational community by identifying the causes and consequences of environmental problems, In addition to consolidating reflection scenarios and changing the environmental overview.

O objetivo do presente artigo é apresentar o instituto da cogestão como um instrumento que permitirá à empresa efetivamente cumprir sua função social. Para tanto surge a problemática de como a cogestão deve ser trabalhada para que atinja a finalidade almejada. Desta forma tem-se como hipótese a necessária participação dos trabalhadores nas decisões importantes da empresa de maneira mais direta, facilitando a institucionalização da sua função social. Reconhece-se que não é tarefa nada fácil, pois não faz parte da cultura empresarial brasileira ter os trabalhadores como partícipes de suas decisões e até mesmo de suas gestões. Portanto tal tema tem especial relevância quando se trata de estabelecer cada vez mais um equilíbrio na relação de trabalho, fundada basicamente na subordinação. Para o desenvolvimento da presente pesquisa utilizou-se o método dedutivo, pautado na técnica de pesquisa bibliográfica.

Resumo: O objetivo do presente artigo e correlacionar a atividade do Poder Judiciario e a nocao de Muller sobre o povo enquanto “instância de atribuicao de legitimidade”, abordando a necessidade da intermediacao da figura do amicus curiae como entidade responsavel pela manutencao do vinculo democratico que deve existir entre eles e que ganhou projecao com a edicao do novo codigo de processo civil brasileiro de 2015. A ideia de que toda manifestacao de poder estatal advem do povo, torna-o uma verdadeira instância na qual todos os poderes constituidos do Estado buscam legitimidade existencial. E com base nessa visao compreensiva que o Judiciario deve ser analisado no exercicio de sua funcao e, na impossibilidade fatica de participacao direta do povo no processo de decisao judicial (quando nao figurarem como parte processual), nada mais coerente que a intervencao social se de mediante entidades que possam externar essa mesma vontade e/ou interesse, quando necessario para a manutencao da legitimidade do comportamento decisorio do Judiciario. Adotando-se a pesquisa teorica e, valendo-se do metodo dedutivo, chegou-se a conclusao de que a democratizacao do comportamento do Judiciario tem como pressuposto a sua continua integracao decisoria por entidades tecnicas, aptas a suprir a impossibilidade da presenca direta dos cidadaos no processo decisorio judicial, na maioria das vezes, garantindo-lhe maior solidez decisoria e maiores chances de legitimidade social. Palavras-chave: Amicus curiae. Democratizacao. Friedrich Muller. Legitimidade. Povo. Processo civil brasileiro. Abstract: The purpose of this article is to correlate the activity of the Judiciary and Muller’s notion about the people as an “instance of attribution of legitimacy”, addressing the need for the intermediation of the amicus curiae as the entity responsible for maintaining the democratic bond that must exist Among them and that has gained projection with the edition of the new code of Brazilian civil process of 2015. The idea that all manifestation of state power comes from the people, makes it a true instance in which all the constituted powers of the State seek existential legitimacy. It is from this understanding base that the Judiciary must be analyzed in the exercise of its function and, in the factual impossibility of direct participation of the people in the judicial decision process (when they do not appear as a procedural part), nothing more coherent than social intervention is given Through entities that may express the same will and / or interest, when necessary to maintain the legitimacy of the decision-making behavior of the Judiciary. Adopting the theoretical research and using the deductive method, it was concluded that the democratization of the Judiciary’s behavior presupposes its continuous integration by technical entities, able to overcome the impossibility of direct presence of citizens In the judicial decision-making process, most of the time, guaranteeing greater decisional solidity and greater chances of social legitimacy. Keywords: Amicus curiae. Brazilian civil process. Democratization. Friedrich Muller.Legitimacy. People

We present Picco, a tiny situated display for drawings and simple animations, which are created on a dedicated tablet app. Picco was designed to support playful messaging in the workplace through a glanceable desktop device that would place minimal demands on users. Two studies of the device at work demonstrated how crafting was an expression of intimacy when the device was used to connect the workplace to the home, and a way of demonstrating skill and humor to a broad audience when messages were sent amongst co-workers. However, the level of skill needed to produce these messages became a barrier to entry for some co-workers. Our findings suggest that visible ownership of a situated device, which can be personalized in other ways, can underpin a secondary level of participation that is crucial in supporting a sense of involvement when the level of crafting required can stifle more direct participation.

While people are and will remain central to the conduct of warfare, in this chapter looks at their evolving roles. After explaining the notions of combatant and civilian, and the distinctions between them, the circumstances in which civilians lose protected status are clarified as much as contemporary controversies over the direct participation in hostilities notion permit. The legal position of other categories of individual, e.g. contractors’ employees, mercenaries, persons involved in non-international armed conflicts and those who use force outside armed conflict is considered. The classes of person that are protected under the law of armed conflict and under domestic and human rights law are set forth and the legal implications of civilian involvement in modern forms of warfare, including cyber operations, remotely piloted and autonomous attack operations and outer space warfare, are considered. Does the notion of direct participation stand up to the challenges these novel methods seem likely to pose?

This work of research and development seeks to present a proposal of digital mediation for direct public participation during electoral periods. The proposal includes a conceptual and functional model and the corresponding proof of concept –a web application named iLeger. In summary, this application supports collaborative interactions such as questions, answers, suggestions, ratings, comments and live debates, and was specifically designed to gather, in a single neutral deliberative and regulated space, the main stakeholders in an electoral campaign, fostering multidirectional communication (synchronous and asynchronous) and sharing between them. This chapter also includes the results obtained from the use of the iLeger platform in the electoral campaign for the Portuguese Parliamentary and Local Elections held in 2009, the 2010 election of the Head of the Portuguese Medical Association and the Presidential and Parliamentary Elections held in 2011 in Portugal. The developing effort was conducted taking into account an Agile strategy which is briefly reported in the development process.

El presente trabajo analiza la función de un sector del artesanado en el desarrollo y la consolidación de las comunidades pañeras del interior valenciano durante la segunda mitad del siglo XV. Tomando como referencia las comarcas del interior-sur del País Valenciano (la Vall d’Albaida, l’Alcoià y el Comtat, con pequeñas ciudades pañeras como Ontinyent, Alcoi y, especialmente, Cocentaina, donde centraremos nuestro estudio), se analiza cómo un pequeño grupo de artesanos tendía a centralizar y gestionar la actividad textil local mediante su participación directa en el mercado de la lana, tintes y aceite, también mediante el control de las fases de acabado del paño (tundido, abatanado, tintado) y de la misma comercialización de los tejidos sin la intervención de un capital mercantil ajeno a la producción. Mediante el estudio de un ejemplo, el del pelaire contestano Bernat Martí, y a través de la metodologia prosopográfica, ilustramos esta acción coordinadora y gestora del capital industrial local y de su paso progresivo hacia la esfera mercantil. This article studies the role of a group of craftsmen in the development and consolidation of the woolen towns of the southern interior of Valencia during the second half of the fifteenth century. In certain towns of this area (Vall d’Albaida, Alcoià and el Comtat, and other smaller towns such as Ontinyent, Bocairent, Alcoi and specifically Cocentaina which will be the focus of this study) a small group of craftsmen were able to centralize management of textile activities through direct participation in the wool, dye and oil market. They also controlled the different phases of processing of the cloth (shearing, fulling, and dyeing) as well as the sale of the textiles without the intervention of merchant capital from outside of the sector. With the example of Bernat Martí, woolen carder from Cocentaina, and using a prosopographical methodology, it is possible to study their coordinated action and management of local industrial capital and its progressive shift towards the field of commerce.

Recent years have witnessed numerous expert-driven projects to set forth the law. Examples include the International Committee of the Red Cross’s Customary International Humanitarian Law Study, its Interpretive Guidance on the Notion of Direct Participation in Hostilities, and International Manuals on such subjects as the law relating to armed conflicts at sea, the International Law relating to Air and Missile Warfare and Cyber Warfare. Appreciating that the ICRC texts were not produced or described as Manuals, all of the listed texts reflect expert interpretation of fragmented, obscure or as yet unarticulated law. Chapter 3 takes each of the listed texts in turn, looks at the status in law that they claim and seem to have, notes the importance of each, given the complexities and gaps in the treaty law of armed conflict that we currently have and reflects on whether the generation of such Manuals is a desirable development.

The purpose of this article is to analyze recent developments in industrial democracy (worker participation in management) in a comparative perspective. To give the article focus, the period from the mid-1980s onward is selected for analysis, and four countries (United States, Germany, United Kingdom, and Australia) are targeted for systematic examination. Developments in both indirect and direct participation are explained on the basis of elements in the models that we present. Three particularly strong conclusions emerge. First, there are clearly a number of common forces that have affected developments in each country, but the precise forms of participation that have emerged vary in many key respects. Second, organizational changes at the level of the firm appear to be particularly important in the recent period. And finally, the very complex patterns that are observable reinforce our theoretical arguments of the importance of a complex multivariate approach.

Far forward life-saving surgical care is the mission of an army forward surgical team (FST). Trauma skill maintenance is necessary to complete that mission. A new program has been developed for FST training using the resources of a Level 1 trauma center. We sought to compare the experience of FST surgeons at a major urban trauma center with the yearly trauma experience at an army Level 2 trauma center.General surgeons of the 250th FST prospectively tabulated data for trauma patients during a September 1999 unit deployment to Ben Taub Hospital (Houston, Texas). Data collected included nature and location of injury, hospital admission, and surgical intervention. During 1999, similar data were collected at Madigan Army Medical Center (MAMC) (Ft. Lewis, Washington), home station of the 250th and Level 2 trauma center since November 1998.The FST general surgeons observed 319 injuries. Of those injured, 104 were admitted and 19 underwent urgent operation. Direct participation by FST general surgeons in the operative procedures varied. In 1999, MAMC general surgeons treated 455 trauma victims in direct supervision of Army general surgery residents. Madigan Army Medical Center general surgeons admitted 304 and urgently operated on 57 trauma patients, while 107 patients were transferred to another institution for definitive management of orthopedic and nonoperative neurosurgical injuries.CONCLUSIONS:The volume of trauma surgical cases at MAMC during 1999 was 3 times that seen in the 1-month rotation at Ben Taub. General surgeons performed more trauma and abdominal surgery at MAMC with significantly more direct involvement in patient care and operative procedures. The experience of the 250th FST does not justify trauma sustainment deployments for surgeons from military trauma centers.

Former Soviet Central Asia has inherited severe environmental problems from the Soviet Union, alongside a range of social and political structures and poor economic performance. Subsequent political developments have been highly varied, ranging from the development of relatively open societies to highly authoritarian. A large number of environmental NGOs have been formed in all five republics, some from the Soviet period, but mostly in the independent republics. These have received some support from western institutions. However, while they are successful in undertaking a range of activities, they are often fragmented and have short-term planning and limited impacts of governments. Environmental NGO activity is complicated by the presence of ‘quasi’-NGOs with official government support and, in some cases, by the direct participation of NGOs in election processes. Environmental NGOs play an important role in developing a more sustainable society in Central Asia, not least in promoting the concepts of civil society. However, their future development should not necessarily be viewed within western models of NGOs. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment

This article draws on empirical data from the EPOC survey of employee participation in Europe and other data sources to examine cross-nationally the extent of four main forms of participation: collective bargaining, direct participation, indirect (or representative) participation and financial participation. It has been argued that these, taken together, constitute the four `pillars' of a European model. The article concludes by considering whether such a European model of participation already exists in practice in the European Union; or if not, whether there is a trend towards such a model.

Students' opinions about the opportunities and the implications of VR in instruction were investigated by administering a questionnaire to humanities and engineering undergraduates. The questionnaire invited participants to rate a series of statements concerning motivation and emotion, skills, cognitive styles, benefits and learning outcomes associated with the use of VR in education. The representation which emerged was internally consistent and articulated into specific dimensions. It was not affected by gender, by the previous use of VR software, or by the knowledge of the main topics concerning the introduction of IT in instruction. Also the direct participation in a training session based on an immersive VR experience did not influence such a representation, which was partially modulated by the kind of course attended by students.

Nos últimos 50 anos, consolidou-se no Brasil uma moderna indústria da comunicação de massas, que é o principal veículo de informação (e entretenimento) de dezenas de milhões de pessoas. Além do impacto cumulativo a longo prazo sobre as representações de mundo de seus consumidores, a mídia foi partícipe direta e importante de episódios de nossa história política. No entanto, as narrativas do período mal tocam nos meios de comunicação. O presente trabalho analisa esta ausên-cia (nas obras de autores como Skidmore, Costa Couto e Fausto) e discute porque historiadores e cientistas políticos ainda se sentem desconfortáveis com a influência política da mídia. In the last 50 years, a modern communication industry has consolidated itself in Brazil. It provides tens of millions of people with information and entertainment. The media have cumulative, long-term impact on their consumers’ worldviews, but also had important direct participation in events of recent Brazilian political History. However, the accounts of the periodsca rcely touch the media. This article analyses such absence (in the works of authors as Skidmore, Costa Couto, and Fausto) and examines why historians and political scientists still feel uncomfortable with the political influence of the media.

This paper seeks to elucidate the phenomenon of employee direct participation (EDP) in contemporary Britain and Australia. EDP encompasses a range of practices, which involve some degree of communication and consultation between management and employees or delegation of responsibility for tasks. We utilize workplace and employee data from the 1995 Australian Workplace Industrial Relations Survey (AWIRS95) and the 1998 (British) Workplace Employee Relations Survey (WERS98) to assess the extent of usage of various forms of EDP in Britain and Australia. In addition, we assess the extent to which such practices are associated with enhanced employee discretion at work. The results indicate that EDP is widespread in both Britain and Australia, but that it is not associated with enhanced employee discretion.

The enantioselectivity exerted by a new series of chiral catalysts containing N,O-heterocycles of different sizes has been checked in the addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde, which was used as a model reaction. The catalysts were derived from natural amino acids, following a relatively simple procedure, and in several cases excellent ee values were obtained. The results were complementary since ee's ranged from 98% (R) to 94% (S) excesses of the final 1-phenylpropan-1-ol. Molecular mechanics calculations suggested that the production of the R alcohol may be explained by a mechanism similar to that described by Noyori, in which ZnEt2 interacts solely with the N–C–C–OH fragment, whereas the formation of the S enantiomer needed the direct participation of the lateral chain of the parent amino acid and the N,O-heterocycle.

The problem of adaptation to peaceful civilian life and the rehabilitation of former combat soldiers is timely. A considerable number of young people who have experienced the consequences of direct participation in armed conflict are returning to society, and in a certain sense these people determine, and will continue to determine, the complexion of our society as they undertake various types of occupational, social, family, and other sorts of activity. What type of influence will these people wield, and how should society relate to them? Which features distinguish the socialization of this category of young people, and on what do these characteristics depend?

Psychiatric educators must prepare to teach in an era in which funding for education is more difficult to obtain, all forms of treatment are shorter, patients are discharged from the hospital while they are still acutely ill, the burden of paperwork and other administrative tasks is greater, psychiatrists provide less psychotherapy, and residents are no longer able to play a primary role in the treatment of patients covered by third-party payment schemes. A surcharge on a national insurance plan could make up for funding deficits, but this is not likely to occur in the near future. A more realistic model involves billing for services of faculty who integrate direct participation in patient care with teaching and better definitions of the role that residents can play in modern patient care. Overage from clinical activities driven by faculty may provide sufficient funding for resident services that provide an opportunity for longitudinal patient experiences. Strategies for political action and for better collaborations with primary care faculty are discussed.

Despite the wealth of literature on HRM and employee involvement, now there has been a remarkable lack of large-scale survey evidence on the diffusion employee involvement in work organizations in Europe. This gap in large-scale survey evidence on the diffusion of direct employee participation has now been filled representative sample of workplaces in ten major European Union countries which commissioned by the European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions in Dublin (the EPOC project). It is by far the most comprehensive overview of the implementation and effects of direct employee participation of its kind. The paper shows that, on the basis of the EPOC survey results, there appears to considerable gap between the rhetoric and reality of direct participation. The paper shows that while the incidence of different forms of direct participation was widespread ten countries, the scope, in terms of number of issues involved and the number of given to employees, was relatively limite...

First paragraphs: Each time I watch the Growing Local trilogy of short films, my heart feels like I've chosen the wrong profession. The early-morning-mist beauty of these films makes one yearn for more direct participation with farms, farmers, and the business of providing real food to real people. For many people, the public face of local food is their local farmers markets: the hands ingrained with dirt stacking a bountiful rainbow of vegetables and fruit on tables shaded by the ubiquitous pop-up canopy. The Growing Local films showcase some of the other faces of local food: the retiring dairy farmer struggling with how to transfer the farm to his son; the accidental butcher providing fair middle-man services to his meat-producing neighbors; the young couple who feel they were born in the wrong time, creating a vibrant hub for local food and community....

The interplay between external and internal reality and its analysis is of the essence of psychoanalysis and therefore group analysis. The war situation in the former Yugoslavia offered the authors of this article the opportunity to observe the situation in group analysis at close quarters and by direct participation. By documenting the particular experiences of two patients, one drafted into the war the other the `overdependent emigre', the article focuses on the interplay of the psychopathology of the group members and the group at a certain stage of its development, with the external reality which confronts one or the other of the group members and its influence on the group processes.