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The purpose of this study wasto examine the role of cognitive factors, such as superstition, locus of control, decision-making and unrealistic optimism,on gambling.Eighty-six subjects participated in this study. They were divided into four groups: non-players, social players, problem gamblers, and pathological gamblers. Groups were formed on the basis of South Oaks Gambling Screen Scale. Results showed that pathological gamblers group obtained a high superstition index. With reference to unrealistic optimism, gambler groupbelieved that they had a better chance of success compared to non-gamblers. They also showed a higher impulsivity index in decision making than non-gamblers. This study supports the idea that cognitive factors such as superstition, unrealistic optimism, impulsivity and external locus of control are involved in gambling., Atti della Accademia Peloritana dei Pericolanti - Classe di Scienze Medico-Biologiche, Vol 105, No 2 (2017)

An alternative to conventional models that treat decisions as open-loop independent choices is presented. The alterative model is based on observations of work situations such as healthcare, where decisionmaking is more typically a closed-loop, dynamic, problem-solving process. The article suggests five important distinctions between the processes assumed by conventional models and the reality of decisionmaking in practice. It is suggested that the logic of abduction in the form of an adaptive, muddling through process is more consistent with the realities of practice in domains such as healthcare. The practical implication is that the design goal should not be to improve consistency with normative models of rationality, but to tune the representations guiding the muddling process to increase functional perspicacity.

International audience; Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination coverage in France has fallen substantially since 2010 and the onset of a media controversy on the subject of its safety and efficacy. In this article we examine how and why mothers agree or do not agree to HPV vaccination for their daughters. We draw on data from a survey of French mothers of girls within the HPV vaccination target population (11–14 years old). We used semi-structured interviews to examine their perceptions of this relatively new vaccine and how such perceptions were shaped by their past experiences of vaccines and health in general. We also talked to them about their sources of information, their level of trust in these sources, and how their perception of risk changed as they accessed different and often contradictory information. We found that mothers’fears of side effects and of ‘new’vaccines was one of the main reason why they either refused to get their daughters vaccinated or hesitated. Mothers told us that they consulted several different sources, tended to trust their doctors most, but still ques- tioned their recommendations. Although they presented the media and the Internet as untrustworthy, the information from those sources, whether gathered proactively or in passing, significantly influenced their decisions by introducing doubt or by prompting more information-seeking. In this article we show the dynamic nature of this decision- making process and we found that a substantial number of the mothers in our study said that they had been advised by at least one of their doctors not to have their daughter vaccinated.

This paper describes a study conducted to develop a method to facilitate more reliable determination of the rehabilitation priority order for water pipes by taking into account the pipes’ hydraulic importance. Existing methods use only the pipeline deterioration rate to determine the rehabilitation priority order. Accordingly, the deterioration rate under normal conditions and the hydraulic importance under abnormal conditions of water distribution pipelines were classified according to two different attributes. The deterioration rate of a water distribution pipeline was calculated in terms of the deterioration rate due to pipeline information factors and the deterioration rate resulting from the installation environment/external factors. The hydraulic importance of water distribution pipelines was calculated by considering the importance of a single pipe failure caused by water leakage or an accident and that of a multiple pipe failure caused by a disaster, such as an earthquake. These four attribute factors were employed in a multi-criteria decision-making process called a weighted utopian approach, developed in this study, that determines the final rehabilitation priority order for each pipeline. The study results indicate that the rehabilitation priority order can be determined more easily using this approach than with previously-developed methods and that the model developed is easier and more convenient to apply than existing rehabilitation priority order models that require a large amount of data, as well as complex failure probabilities and mathematical models.

O objetivo do estudo é investigar as decisões de investimento em alunos e egressos de um Programa de pós-graduação stricto sensu, na modalidade acadêmica, em contabilidade, de uma Instituição Federal de Ensino Superior (IFES) localizada na Região Sul do Brasil, quanto a continuar ou descontinuar o projeto de investimento, ou seja, pretende-se verificar a ocorrência do efeito sunk cost em relação ao estágio de formação acadêmica. As informações foram coletadas a partir da aplicação de um questionário constituindo de um dos cenários de decisão de investimento, proposto no experimento de Kwak e Moom (2010). Para análise dos dados utilizou-se o teste não-paramétrico Qui-Quadrado. Os dados foram tratados e analisados pelo software XLSTAT. A amostra, intencional, foi composta de 46 respondentes. Os resultados encontrados demonstram que a decisão de continuidade do projeto de investimento é predominante, tanto para Mestres quanto para Mestrandos, caracterizando a ocorrência do efeito sunk cost nos dois grupos. O teste realizado demonstrou que não há relação de dependência entre o estágio de formação dos respondentes e a percepção do efeito sunk cost nas decisões de investimentos. The study objective is to investigate investment decisions in students and graduates of a program of post-graduate studies in academic mode, in Accounting at a Federal Higher Education Institution (IFES) located in southern Brazil, related to continue or discontinue the investment project. It is intended to verify the occurrence of the sunk cost effect in relation to the stage of academic training. Information was collected from a questionnaire composed of one of the scenarios which required an investment decision, proposed by Kwak and Moom (2010) experiment. The nonparametric Chi-Square test was used for data analysis. The data were processed and analyzed by the software XLSTAT. The sample, intentionally, was consisted of 46 respondents. The results show that the decision of continuity of the investment project is predominant for both Masters as to master degree students, characterizing the occurrence of the sunk cost effect in both groups. The test carried out showed no dependency relationship between the formation stage of the respondents and the perception of the sunk cost effect on investment decisions.

High-voltage (hV) transmission grids are projects of societal importance that potentially have controversial social and environmental impacts. Former research shows that public opposition is sparked by the perception of negative local impacts and unjust concessionary processes. In this paper, we complement these perspectives by assessing the institutional practices of the regulatory agencies in dealing with scientific uncertainties. The regulatory agencies’ ‘ways of doing things’ are often designed to serve policy and management needs. A critical point is that the demarcation between scientifically based facts, values and assessments is often blurred in the decision-making process. This paper draws on two Norwegian case studies to investigate how the regulatory agencies dealt with (1) electromagnetic fields and health risks and (2) overhead lines versus sea cables. We argue that ambiguities and uncertainties that arise in the hV transmission line processes create‘trolls’, and we explore how the local inhabitants and affected stakeholders in the two cases responded to these and how it triggered further opposition. By investigating how and why trolls appear and are handled, we conclude by discussing how public opposition related to hV transmission grids may be reduced – Renewable energy planning; value assessments; public engagement; decisionmaking; monster; public issues; boundary objects

Глухова Вера Александровна, кандидат психологических наук, старший научный сотрудник Лаборатории психологии и психофизиологии стрессоустойчивости и креативности, Южно- Уральский государственный университет. 454080, г. Челябинск, проспект Ленина, 76. E-mail: glukhovava@susu.ru, gluhova-vera@mail.ru, ORCID: 0000-0002-8322-0302. Мальцева Алиса Сергеевна, кандидат психологических наук, доцент кафедры психологии развития и психологического консультирования, Южно-Уральский государственный университет. 454080, г. Челябинск, проспект Ленина, 76. E-mail: maltcevaas@susu.ru, alisena85@mail.ru, ORCID: 0000-0001-9315-9843. Колтунов Евгений Иванович, младший научный сотрудник Лаборатории психологии и психофизиологии стрессоустойчивости и креативности, Южно-Уральский государственный университет. 454080, г. Челябинск, проспект Ленина, 76. E-mail: aspiratingle@gmail.com, ORCID: 0000-0003-4836-7859. Халабов Анатолий Гарриевич, бакалавр психологии, специалист-эксперт отдела урегулирования задолженности и обеспечения процедур банкротства, инспекция Федеральной налоговой службы по Калининскому району г. Челябинска. 454084, г. Челябинск, ул. Тагильская, 60а. E-mail: Halabov174@yandex.ru, ORCID: 0000-0002-7878-762X. V.A. Gluhova1, glukhovava@susu.ru, gluhova-vera@mail.ru, ORCID: 0000-0002-8322-0302, A.S. Maltseva1, maltcevaas@susu.ru, alisena85@mail.ru, ORCID: 0000-0001-9315-9843, E.I. Koltynov1, aspiratingle@gmail.com; ORCID: 0000-0003-4836-7859, A.G. Halabov2, Halabov174@yandex.ru; ORCID: 0000-0002-7878-762X 1South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk, Russian Federation, 2Inspection of Federal Tax Service of Russia in Chelyabinsk, Kalininsky district, Chelyabinsk, Russian Federation Цель. Изучить особенности личностной агрессии и их взаимосвязей с параметрами принятия решений у здоровых спортсменов и спортсменов с ограниченными возможностями здоровья. Организация и методы. В исследовании участвовали 30 спортсменов Детско-юношеской спортивной школы «Каскад» в возрасте от 16 до 21 года и 30 спортсменов с ограниченными возможностями Челябинского областного реабилитационно- физкультурного центра инвалидов «Импульс» в возрасте от 20 до 25 лет. Применялись методики: «Личностная агрессия и конфликтность» Е.П. Ильина, П.А. Ковалева; «Личностные факторы принятия решений» Т.В. Корниловой. Результаты. Выявлены различия между группами здоровых спортсменов и спортсменов с ограниченными возможностями по показателям агрессии: обидчивость (U = 334,5, p < 0,05), неуступчивость (U = 347, p < 0,05), нетерпимость (U = 298, p < 0,05) и негативная агрессия (U = 300, p < 0,05) выше у здоровых спортсменов; бескомпромиссность (U = 99, p < 0,01) – выше у спортсменов с ограниченными возможностями. В факторной структуре агрессивности у спортсменов с ограниченными возможностями выделен специфичный фактор, включающий оппозицию показателей «бескомпромиссность» и «обидчивость». У здоровых спортсменов выявлены взаимосвязи показателей принятия решений и уровня агрессии: обратная взаимосвязь между показателями рациональности и напористости (rs = –0,40, p < 0,05) и положительные взаимосвязи показателя готовности к риску со вспыльчивостью (rs = 0,38, p < 0,05) и конфликтностью (rs = 0,37, p < 0,05). У спортсменов с ограниченными возможностями здоровья выявлены отличные от здоровых спортсменов прямые взаимосвязи показателей принятия решений и агрессии – между показателями готовности к риску с неуступчивостью (rs = 0,39, p < 0,05) и позитивной агрессивностью (rs = 0,41, p < 0,05). Заключение. В условиях неопределенности здоровые спортсмены выбирают стратегию защиты через конфликтное поведение, спортсмены с ограниченными возможностями здоровья – стратегию атаки, независимо от ожидаемого итога, без ориентации на внешние оценки. Aim. The purpose of this research is to analyze the peculiarities of personal aggression and its correlation with the parameters of decision-making in disabled and able-bodied athletes. Materials and Methods. We studied 30 athletes from the sports school “Kaskad” aged 16–21 and 30 athletes from the sports rehabilitation center “Impulse” aged 20–25. During our study, we used the following methodic: “Personal aggression and tendency to conflict” by E.P. Il'in, P.A. Kovalev and “Personal factors of decision-making” by T.V. Kornilova. Results. We found out significant differences between disabled and able-bodied athletes. In relation to aggression parameters, the results show the higher level of Susceptibility (U = 334.5, p < 0.05), Intractability (U = 347, p < 0.05), Intolerance (U = 298, p < 0.05) and Negative Aggression (U = 300, p < 0.05) in able-bodied athletes, while the higher level of Refusal to compromise (U = 99, p < 0.01) is typical for disabled athletes. In the factor structure of disabled athletes’ aggressiveness, we revealed a specific factor that includes the opposition of such parameters as Refusal to compromise and Susceptibility. In able-bodied athletes, we discovered correlations between the decisionmaking and level of aggression: we found out inverse correlation between Rationality and Assertiveness (rs = –0.40, p < 0.05), direct correlation between Risk-taking and Temper (rs = 0.38, p < 0.05) and between Risk-taking and Tendency to conflict (rs = 0.37, p < 0.05). We found out different correlations between the decision-making and levels of aggression in disabled athletes in comparison with able-bodied athletes: we revealed direct correlations between Risk-taking and Intractability (rs = 0.39, p

In areas where lifeguard services operate, less than 6% of all rescued persons need medical\ud attention and require CPR. In contrast, among areas where no lifeguard services are provided almost 30%\ud require CPR. This difference indicates in importance of the lifeguard. Lifeguard work requires effective problem\ud identification, diagnostic strategies and management decisions to be made in high-risk environments, where time\ud is of the essence. The purpose of this investigation was to assess all variables involved in lifeguard work related\ud to a water rescue, and how the information obtained could inform lifeguard training and therefore performance.\ud Methods: By using the drowning timeline, the authors explored all variables involved in a single rescue event\ud by inviting 12 lifeguards to complete a survey of their professional role using a three-round Delphi survey\ud technique. The total potential number of decisions for each phase and sub-phases, the number of variables, the\ud probability of a single event repeating, the duration of each sub-phase and amount of variables demanded per\ud minute were measured. Each sub-phase was presented as predominantly rational (if less than 1 variable per/min)\ud or intuitive (if more than 1/min). \ud Results: The variables identified in sub-phases were: “preparation to work” (8\ud variables and 0.0001 variables/min) and “prevent” (22 variables; 0.03 variables/min); these sub-phases were\ud predominately considered to lead to rational decisions. The variables identified during “rescue” (27 variables\ud and 2.7 variables/min) and “first-aid” (7 variables and 1.7 variables) were predominantly considered intuitive\ud processes. \ud Conclusion: This study demonstrates the complexity of a decision-making process during the quick,\ud physically and mentally stressful moments of rescuing someone. The authors propose better decision-making\ud processes can be achieved by reducing the time interval between identification of a problem and making a\ud decision. Understanding this complex mechanism may allow more efficient training resulting, in faster and more\ud reliable decision-makers, with the overall benefit of more lives saved

Decisions are made daily in organizations, both large and small. Earlier research shows that human behavior is affected by the physical environment and so our interest in whether organizations use office design as a strategic tool for increasing performance and productivity of their employees and furthermore how the basis for the decisions looks like, was woken. The purpose of this study is to examine what managers base their decisions on regarding office design and compare those decisions with existing theories of decision making and the current research on how various office environments impacts on individual staff performance. The empirical study is based on a comparative analysis since the underlying idea of our study was to see if the results differ in different organizations, depending on the managers' starting points for their decisions regarding office design. Semi- structured interviews were chosen as research method in the interviews. The results of the study shows that managers do have knowledge of office design and its impact on employee performance and productivity, but they do not use office design as a strategic tool. Managers decisions regarding office design originates from different backgrounds, depends on the size of the organization, business activity and different qualifications.

From 2013 through 2017, the Australian national breast cancer screening programme is gradually inviting women aged 70–74 years to attend screening, following a policy decision to extend invitations to older women. We estimate the benefits and harms of the new package of biennial screening from age 50–74 compared with the previous programme of screening from age 50–69. Using a Markov model, we applied estimates of the relative risk reduction for breast cancer mortality and the risk of overdiagnosis from the Independent UK Panel on Breast Cancer Screening review to Australian breast cancer incidence and mortality data. We estimated screening specific outcomes (recalls for further imaging, biopsies, false positives, and interval cancer rates) from data published by BreastScreen Australia. When compared with stopping at age 69, screening 1,000 women to age 74 is likely to avert one more breast cancer death, with an additional 78 women receiving a false positive result and another 28 women diagnosed with breast cancer, of whom eight will be overdiagnosed and overtreated. The extra 5 years of screening results in approximately 7 more overdiagnosed cancers to avert one more breast cancer death. Thus extending screening mammography in Australia to older women results in a less favourable harm to benefit ratio than stopping at age 69. Supporting informed decision making for this age group should be a public health priority.

Este artigo apresenta como a tecnologia de informação pode auxiliar na análise econômica e financeira em uma organização, favorecendo a apreciação dos resultados e de seu desempenho, com vistas à garantia da eficiência e da celeridade desse processo, e oferecendo, ainda, visibilidade das demonstrações financeiras para gestores e sócios. Também analisa como a contabilidade gerencial auxilia as micro e pequenas empresas no processo de planejamento e controle, focalizando a estrutura e o funcionamento dos elementos fundamentais para análise das demonstrações financeiras no apoio à decisão. This article shows how information technology can assist in the economic and financial analysis inside an organization, benefiting the results assessment and its performance, in order to ensure the efficiency and haste of this process, and also offers visibility of the financial statements for managers and partners. Further, how the management accounting helps micro and small business in the process of control and scheduling, focusing on structure and operation of fundamental elements for financial statements analysis to support decisions.

Late adolescence (i.e., the age-group between 16 and 20 years) is characterized by significant changes in neurological and cognitive processes, behavioral and social functioning, and relational and physical contexts as the individual moves toward adulthood. In this age-group, major role transitions affect almost every aspect of life. Moreover, brain development continues-and with it the development of cognitive functions, working memory, emotional and behavioral self-regulation, and decisionmaking. The adolescent's social and emotional development also continues to evolve, affecting interactions with parents, siblings, peers, and first romantic relationships. All of these changes impact drinking behavior during late adolescence, and, in fact, alcohol use, binge drinking, and heavy drinking are particularly prevalent in youth ages 16-20. Determining the common trajectories of drinking behavior in this age-group is important for understanding how adolescent alcohol use helps shape adult outcomes and for identifying risk and protective factors. It also is important to study the short- and long-term consequences of adolescent alcohol use and abuse, including alcohol's effects on the developing adolescent brain and accomplishment of important developmental tasks of this age.

Am I really sure? This is a question not only scientists ask themselves but practically everybody every day. A recent study provides behavioral evidence supporting the view that one’s subjective confidence in a decision (i.e., feeling sure that a decision is correct) is represented in a task-independent format. Previous neuroimaging studies identified neural correlates of decision confidence but whether or not these are task-dependent remains unclear. Here, combining two perceptual decision tasks with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we provide neural evidence for a task-independent representation of degrees of subjective certainty (i.e., a neural representation of subjective certainty that remains constant across two visual tasks). Importantly, due to the constant stimulus-intensity used this result is independent of task-difficulty and stimulus properties. Our data provide strong evidence for a generic mechanism underlying the computation of subjective perceptual certainty in vision.

The multiplicity of challenges of a globalized and competitive reality of industrial processes has driven the development of several instruments to the essential synchronization of the quality management system within the organizational processes. In this context, this paper presents the instrument called PDCA cycle that, if implemented effectively in the industrial process, operates on improving decision-making for its broad applicability, versatility and relevance as an aid in finding solutions to the challenges that the management quality faces and enables the identification of factors that interfere and / or facilitate the dynamics of the strategic vision through the quality management system and its control in order to meet business and market demands. This is a research / action that drew upon questionnaires, interviews, direct observation and data collection through technical visits carried on as a case study. The PDCA cycle in this paper was used as a tool for evaluation and diagnosed discontinuities in the company's production process under study pointing inconsistency between the input and the output. Furthermore, the identification of the problem has been delayed due to miscommunication between the sectors involved in the production process which has hindered the decision-making for solving the critical point., Cite as: ACRQ Albuquerque et al. "EVALUATION OF THE APPLICATION OF THE PDCA CYCLE (PLAN-DO-CHECK-ACT)IN DECISION-MAKING IN INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES". In: REVIEW OF RESEARCH, Vol. 4, Issue 12/September 2015, pp. 1-16.

Consumers’ participation in regulatory decision-making in infrastructure sectors can be critical to ensure effective regulatory governance. Providing avenues for enabling consumers’ voice in the regulatory process expands the information base available to regulators in their decision-making, and is critical for ensuring sustainability of policy and regulatory decisions. However, in the reform process of many developing countries’ power sectors, the primary focus has been on the sector’s technical aspects, with inadequate effort to improve the experience of consumers, whether through better quality of service or by ensuring their participation in the regulatory process. This shortfall has often undermined the public’s understanding of and demand for reforms, often reflected in political reversal of key policy decisions. This paper examines the level and quality of consumer participation and protection in five states in India through a review of documents, surveys of consumers, and detailed interviews with key stakeholders. As mandated by law, all states have established standards of performance regulations and set up grievance redressal mechanisms; however, these bodies have not reached the desired level of effectiveness. Similarly, although provisions for consumer participation in regulatory proceedings exist, their adoption is often symbolic and without substantive and deliberative participation. Drawing on analysis of the Indian experience and international best practices, the paper recommends a paradigm shift in pursuing enhanced consumer satisfaction and voice in regulatory decision-making as a central objective of power reforms.

International audience; The purpose of this article is to focus on policy failure as a concept that stakeholders use. Our article will first address how researchers define failure to explore some different dimensions of the concept. Second, we will highlight the political and subjective dimension relative to how policymakers use the concept of failure as critical judgement. Last, we will show that while failure is a critical judgement, it should not be overlooked by researchers seeking to understand the policy process. In this article, we argue that stakeholders’ production and use of critical judgement play a fundamental role in policymaking.

Goal-directed decision making in biological systems is broadly based on associations between conditional and unconditional stimuli. This can be further classified as classical conditioning (correlation-based learning) and operant conditioning (reward-based learning). A number of computational and experimental studies have well established the role of the basal ganglia in reward-based learning, where as the cerebellum plays an important role in developing specific conditioned responses. Although viewed as distinct learning systems, recent animal experiments point toward their complementary role in behavioral learning, and also show the existence of substantial two-way communication between these two brain structures. Based on this notion of co-operative learning, in this paper we hypothesize that the basal ganglia and cerebellar learning systems work in parallel and interact with each other. We envision that such an interaction is influenced by reward modulated heterosynaptic plasticity (RMHP) rule at the thalamus, guiding the overall goal directed behavior. Using a recurrent neural network actor-critic model of the basal ganglia and a feed-forward correlation-based learning model of the cerebellum, we demonstrate that the RMHP rule can effectively balance the outcomes of the two learning systems. This is tested using simulated environments of increasing complexity with a four-wheeled robot in a foraging task in both static and dynamic configurations. Although modeled with a simplified level of biological abstraction, we clearly demonstrate that such a RMHP induced combinatorial learning mechanism, leads to stabler and faster learning of goal-directed behaviors, in comparison to the individual systems. Thus, in this paper we provide a computational model for adaptive combination of the basal ganglia and cerebellum learning systems by way of neuromodulated plasticity for goal-directed decision making in biological and bio-mimetic organisms. Open-Access-Publikationsfonds 2014 peerReviewed

For the 2014-2020 programming period, the Government of Romania (GoR) is considering a new approach proposed by the European Commission (EC) - Community-Led Local Development (CLLD). CLLD comes with a unique set of challenges. These include making sure that the process is truly inclusive, community-led, transparent, and focused on peer-to-peer learning across communities and other stakeholders. The GoR should carefully weigh potential benefits and risks of applying the CLLD approach and put in place an adequate implementation framework with sufficient risk mitigating measures before pursuing CLLD. The World Bank undertook this advisory activity to help the GoR put in place an implementation framework for CLLD in Romania, should it want to go ahead with this approach. It includes a proposed definition of urban marginalized communities, the population group that the GoR wants to target by CLLD. The definition is based on a review of the Romanian literature on (urban) marginalization and on qualitative research in ten cities. It also includes guidelines for CLLD implementation based on EC guidance, extensive field work, and an assessment of lessons learned of similar programs in Romania and elsewhere. Moreover, detailed maps of urban marginalized areas across Romania are presented. These are based on a set of indicators, for which data are available in the 2011 Population and Housing Census dataset. Six conceptual pilots have been prepared that are based on simulated CLLD processes and can serve as examples for municipalities/NGOs that could be applying for EU funding through the CLLD approach, during the 2014-2020 programming period. This extensive summary brochure presents a synopsis of all findings and messages across the outputs produced under this activity.

International audience; This article explores the applicability of heuristic rules into the decision-making processes involved in design practices. For this purpose, the research focuses on the development of a methodology that seeks to facilitate the introduction of heuristics into particular stages of the design process, such as conceptualization and architecture definition, thus triggering creativity in problem solving. This will enable a more diverse concept generation and a more detailed product development process.

Al mercat globalitzat d’avui en dia la falta de coneixement sobre la distribució dels impactes entre els estats dificulta el disseny de polítiques efectives per la reducció, a escala global, de la degradació ambiental. L'objectiu d’aquesta tesi consisteix en la combinació de models macroeconòmics amb l’optimització multi-objectiu per facilitar la quantificació de càrregues ambientals, la distribució equitativa de responsabilitats i el disseny de polítiques públiques eficaces i sostenibles. Per aquest motiu aquí es proposen mètodes quantitatius basats en models input-output ampliats al medi ambient per estudiar la contribució de les nacions a les pressions ambientals globals, mitjançant l’estudi del cicle de vida dels productes que es consumeixen mundialment; les càrregues ambientals relacionades amb el comerç i l'equitat amb que es distribueixen els impactes. Els resultats poden ajudar a dissenyar polítiques eficaces per assegurar una justa assignació de responsabilitats. A més a més, aquesta tesi proposa un enfocament d'optimització multi-objectiu sistemàtic per minimitzar els impactes ambientals i, simultàniament, maximitzar la producció d’una economia. El model de programació lineal bi-criteri identifica els sectors clau que contribueixen significativament a l'impacte ambiental i que presenten una baixa producció econòmica. Els resultats mostren que amb les tecnologies existents i mitjançant un control adequat de la demanda dels sectors, els impactes ambientals es podrien reduir en major proporció que la producció econòmica. D’altra banda, aquesta tesi proposa un mètode basat en programació lineal per facilitar la presa de decisions en estudis ambientals de forma inversa. És a dir, donat un conjunt de solucions, aquest mètode obté els límits inferiors i superiors dels intervals dins dels quals els pesos de cada indicadors han de caure, de forma que l'alternativa seleccionada sigui òptima. D'aquesta manera, les persones encarregades de prendre decisions no estan obligades a proporcionar els pesos amb antelació, el que podria donar lloc a resultats esbiaixats., En el mercado globalizado actual, la falta de conocimiento sobre cómo se distribuyen los impactos entre las naciones dificulta el diseño de políticas efectivas para la reducción, a escala global, de la degradación ambiental. El objetivo de esta tesis es combinar modelos macroeconómicos y optimización multiobjetivo para facilitar la cuantificación de cargas ambientales, la distribución equitativa de responsabilidades, y el diseño de políticas públicas eficaces que mejoren la sostenibilidad. Para ello, en esta tesis se proponen métodos cuantitativos basados en modelos input-output extendidos al medio ambiente para estudiar la contribución de las naciones a la presión ambiental global mediante el análisis del ciclo de vida de los productos que se consumen mundialmente, las cargas ambientales relacionadas con el comercio, y la equidad con que se distribuyen los impactos. Los hallazgos pueden ayudar a diseñar políticas eficaces para asegurar una asignación justa de responsabilidades. Además esta tesis propone un enfoque de optimización multiobjetivo sistemático para minimizar simultáneamente los impactos ambientales y maximizar la producción de una economía. El modelo de programación lineal bicriterio identifica los sectores clave que contribuyen significativamente al impacto y presentan una baja producción económica. Los resultados muestran que con las tecnologías existentes y controlando adecuadamente la demanda de ciertos sectores, los impactos ambientales podrían disminuir en mayor proporción que la producción económica. Además, esta tesis propone un método basado en programación lineal para facilitar la toma de decisiones ambientales mediante un análisis inverso. Es decir, dado un conjunto de soluciones, el método desarrollado busca los límites inferior y superior de los intervalos dentro de los cuales los pesos de cada indicador deben caer para que la alternativa seleccionada sea la óptima. De este modo, las personas encargadas de tomar decisiones no están obligadas a proporcionar los pesos de antemano, lo que podría conducir a resultados sesgados., In today’s globalized market, the lack of knowledge about how the impacts distribute among nations hinders the design of effective policies for reducing the environmental degradation at a global scale. The aim of this thesis is to combine macroeconomic models with multi-objective optimization to facilitate the quantification of environmental loads, the fair allocation of responsibilities, and the design of effective public policies aiming at sustainability. To these end here we propose quantitative methods based on environmentally extended input-output models to study the contribution of nations to the global environmental pressures by examining the life cycle of products consumed worldwide; the trade-embodied environmental loads; and the equity with which impacts are distributed. Findings may help to design effective policies ensuring a fair allocation of responsibilities. This thesis also proposes a systematic multi-objective optimization approach for simultaneously minimizing the environmental impacts and maximizing the output of an economy. The bi-criteria linear programming model identifies key sectors with significant impact contribution and low output. Results show that, with the existing technologies, the environmental impacts could be lowered in higher proportion than the economic output by controlling adequately the demand of sectors. Moreover, this thesis proposes a method based on linear-programming to facilitate decision-making in environmental studies in an inverse manner. That is, given a set of solutions, this method finds the lower and upper limits of the intervals within which the weights to be attached to the indicators must fall, so that the selected alternative becomes optimal. Thereby, decision makers are not required to provide weights beforehand that could lead to biased results.

Titel: Samordning vid implementering av miljömål – en beskrivning om hur implementering av miljömål kan samordnas vid nybyggnation i ett kommunalt fastighetsbolag Författare: Louise Fernholm och Antonia Harrison Handledare: Jan-Olof Müller Uppsatsnivå: Kandidatuppsats - företagsekonomi Seminarium: 2014-05-20 Syfte: Denna studie syftar till att beskriva och analysera hur samordning kan se ut vid implementering av miljömål i en kommun, med fokus på nybyggnationer av offentliga fastigheter. Vi har studerat hur aktörer på olika nivåer inom Varbergs kommun ser på implementeringen av miljömål. Studien syftar vidare till att se om det finns en koppling mellan samordningsmekanismer, styrning och målfokuserad investeringsverksamhet. Bakgrund: Kommunen är inte en vinstdrivande organisation, så beslutsprocessen kring mål blir därmed mer komplex jämfört med den privata marknaden. Svenska kommuner står för ca 15 % av fastighetsbeståndet, vilket är en betydande andel. Fastighetssektorn har därmed stor påverkan på miljön. EU har satt upp hårdare miljökrav, vad gäller den offentliga verksamheten. Från år 2019 skall det endast byggas nära nollenergihus, detta faktum göra att det kommer ske en omställning vad beträffar hårdare energikrav vid nybyggnationer. Frågeställning: Hur ser samordningen ut i Varbergs kommun vid implementering av miljömål vid nybyggnationer? Metod: Denna studie är av kvalitativ karaktär, med ett hermeneutiskt synsätt. Därmed har tolkande varit en central utgångspunkt. Studien har en abduktiv ansats och ses utifrån ett perspektiv vad gäller implementering av miljömål. Empirisk data har samlats in genom, personliga intervjuer med tjänstemän på olika organisatoriska nivåer i Varbergs kommun. Resultat och reflektioner: Det studien påvisar är att samordningen präglas av en hög grad av decentralisering i dagsläget. Det ser vi genom valet av att decentralisera organisationen ut till bolag. Vi ser även detta genom att kommunen väljer att decentralisera implementeringen ut på byggprojektledarna som har stort inflytande över nybyggnationsprocessen. Vi ser att utformning och framtagning av de kommande miljömålen är centralt när organisationen arbetar för att skapa medvetenhet i miljömålsarbetet. Studien visar att i en decentraliserad organisation är det viktigt att arbeta normbildande, vilket vi ser att kommunen gör genom styrdokument och delaktighet. Studiens resultat visar att organisationens miljömålsarbete går mot att bli mer standardiserad. Vår bedömning är att kommunen arbetar utefter NPM och ”Professionalism”. Nyckelord: Samordning, miljömål, implementering, Fastigheter, kommuner, beslutsprocess. Abstract Title: Coordination in the implementation of environmental objectives - a description of how the implementation of environmental goals can be coordinated for new construction in a municipal property Authors: Louise Fernholm and Antonia Harrison Advisors: Jan-Olof Müller Course: Bachelor Thesis - Business Administration Seminar date: 2014-05-20 Purpose: This study aims to describe and analyze how coordination can look at the implementation of environmental objectives in a municipality, with a focus on new construction of public buildings. We have studied how actors at different levels within the municipality of Varberg looks at the implementation of environmental goals. The study also aims to see if there is a link between coordination mechanisms, governance and goal focused investment. Background: The municipality is not a profit making organization, so the decision process goals thus becomes more complex compared to the private market. Swedish municipalities, accounting for about 15% of the property portfolio, which is a significant percentage. The property sector has considerable impact on the environment. The EU has set tough environmental regulations, with regard to public affairs. From the year 2019 it shall only be built near zero, this fact do that it will be an adjustment as far as tighter energy standards in new construction. Questions of interest: How does the coordination in Varberg Municipality look, in the implementation of environmental goals in new constructions? Methodology: This study is qualitative in nature, with a hermeneutic approach. Thus, interpretive has been a central point. The study has an abductive and viewed from a perspective in terms of implementation of environmental goals. Empirical data were collected through personal interviews with officials at various organizational levels in Varberg Municipality. Conclusion: The study demonstrates that coordination is characterized by a high degree of decentralization in the current situation. We see that by choosing to decentralize the organization out to companies and by decentralize implementation on construction projects leaders who have great influence over the new buildings process. We see that the creation and design of the next environmental objectives is a key organization working to create awareness in environmental work. The study shows that in a decentralized organization, it is important with standards, which we see by regulatory documents and participation. Our results demonstrate that the organization's objectives and work is moving towards becoming more standardized. Keywords: Coordination, objectives, implementation, Real Estate, municipality, decisionmaking.

Insuring long term stability of power supply is the reason why planning of technological development in the energy sector has become a question of great importance for governments worldwide. This is also the reason why the number of national and international energy foresight exercises, based on combining forward-looking, policy-making and participative approaches to bringing long-term considerations into decision-making, is constantly increasing. This paper presented a multilevel analysis of using foresight principle in consideration of possible options for energy supply future.

Sustained economic growth and structural change has been a feature of the Sri Lankan economy over the past decade, despite armed internal conflict and the global financial crisis. This has transformed the skills requirements of the workforce. The country is following an ambitious development plan, published under the title ‘Mahinda Chintana,'aiming to become a regional hub in strategic economic areas and to transform itself into an efficiency driven middle income economy. As a result, the demand for skills is likely to accelerate. Unfortunately, despite high achievements in general education, major skills gaps and mismatches in the labor market remain that constrain firm and worker productivity. The government of Sri Lanka recognizes the critical importance of developing a skilled labor force for achieving the country's development goals, and it is committed to building a high quality, market demand driven, and responsive workforce development (WfD) system. The strategic directions for WfD are outlined in both ‘Mahinda Chintana' and the National Human Resources and Employment Policy. The WfD sector wide strategy is being developed by the Ministry of Finance and Planning and other relevant line ministries to operationalize these strategic directions. The SABER WfD diagnostic tool presents a great opportunity to enrich the policy dialogue on WfD in Sri Lanka, helping the government of Sri Lanka identify key bottlenecks and set priorities in the WfD process.

El objetivo de este proyecto es conocer y utilizar herramientas que permitan dar solución a problemas de optimización de recursos y así obtener la óptima solución a través del uso de programación lineal realizando un modelamiento matemático, por consiguiente es una herramienta para la toma de decisiones a nivel empresarial. Se diseñara un modelo matemático por medio de Solver Excel que permita la rápida y efectiva localización de los lugares más óptimos, para la ubicación de una nueva empresa con actividad económica comercialización de productos tecnológicos The objective of this project is to understand and use tools that allow to solve optimization problems and obtain resources optimal solution through the use of linear programming performing a mathematical modeling consequently is a tool for decision-making at business. They design a mathematical model using Excel Solver for the timely and effective location of the most optimal location for a new company with activity economic commercialization of technological products Ingeniero de Producción

Ett mycket debatterat ämne är pensionsområdet. IASB har genom IAS19 gjort ett försök att harmonisera redovisningen inom detta område, trots detta uppkommer det nationella så väl som internationella skillnader. Det huvudsakliga problemet för bolag är att framställa en rättvis diskonteringsränta vid nuvärdesberäkning av deras pensionsskuld. Detta har medfört att de flesta bolag, på grund av kunskapsbrist i ämnet, valt att hyra in denna expertis från en aktuariekonsult. Syftet med denna uppsats är att ur ett beslutsteoretiskt perspektiv beskriva hur aktuariekonsulten resonerar och agerar kring valet avföretags aktuariella antaganden. Det som legat till grund för denna studie är teori och regler utifrån IFRS/IAS 19 samtidigt som valda delar utifrån beslutsteori varit i fokus. För att få svar på vår frågeställning har vi valt att utföra sex intervjuer, fyra med aktuariekonsulter och två med redovisningsansvariga på börsnoterade bolag. Utgångspunkten för ansatsen har tagits från det abduktiva synsättet eftersom en växelverkan mellan teori och empiri genomförts. Denna uppsats har påvisat att konsulterna inte såg sig själva sombeslutsfattare utan intog en mer stöttande roll. Dialogen och förhållningssättet från aktuariekonsult till kund om nödvändig data varen viktig del i beslutsprocessen. Det visade sig även att yrkesheder har en vital betydelse för aktuariekonsulten i deras arbete och i beslutsprocessen., A much debated topic is the area of pensions. IASB has by IAS 19 made an attempt to harmonize the accounting, although this raises national as well as international differences. The main problem for companies is to produce a fair discount rate in calculating the present value of a pension liability. This has resulted that most companies, due to lack of knowledge on the subject, has decided to hire this expertise from an actuary consultant. The purpose of this paper is within a decision theory perspective, describing how actuary consultant reasons and acts on the choice of corporate actuarial assumptions. To get an answer to our question, we have chosen to perform six interviews, four with actuary consultants and two with the chief accountants for listed companies. The starting point of the approach has been taken by an abductive approach as it is an interaction between theory and empirical implementation. The basis for this study is the theory and rules based on IFRS/IAS 19, while selected parts have been based on decision theory which has been in focus. This thesis has proven the consultants did not see themselves as decisionmakers but took a more supportive role. The data was an important part in the decision process, therefore dialogue and the approach actuary consultants made towards the client played a significant role. This thesis has also shown professional integrity has a vital influence on actuary consultants in their work and in the decision-making process.

El presente documento constituye un estudio de caso que se desarrolló de acuerdo a los lineamientos planteados en el Plan Nacional de Desarrollo 2010 – 2014 “Prosperidad para todos”, en la que el Gobierno define que se deben otorgar 1.000.000 de soluciones de vivienda a nivel nacional en este periodo presidencial, de las cuales 254.920 soluciones son responsabilidad del Fondo Nacional del Ahorro. Por lo tanto, se analizan las estrategias que ha venido desarrollando el FNA con el propósito de proponer alternativas que permitan a la alta dirección de la entidad tomar decisiones coherentes con los modelos de promoción de vivienda, los cuales han estado alineados con el cumplimiento de los objetivos definidos por el Gobierno Nacional en el eje central de vivienda. This paper is a case study that was conducted according to the guidelines outlined in the National Development Plan 2010 - 2014 "Prosperidad para todos", which the government defines to be accorded 1,000,000 housing solutions national level in this presidential period, of which 254.920 solutions are the responsibility of the Fondo Nacional del Ahorro. Therefore, analyzes the strategies that have been developed for the purpose FNA to propose alternatives to the senior management of the organization make decisions consistent with the housing development models, which have been aligned with the achievement of the objectives defined by the National Government in the housing central axis.

For the 2014-2020 programming period, the Government of Romania (GoR) is considering a new approach presented by the European Commission (EC) - community-led local development (CLLD). Through CLLD, empowered communities have the opportunity to directly shape and own the process of local development, during all stages of EU - funded interventions, from concept design through implementation. If Romania ultimately pursues CLLD, the critical task facing the government is to design an optimal implementation framework for the new approach - this is precisely the focus and scope of the current integrated intervention tool (IIT). The preparation of this IIT entailed a number of steps, including extensive field work to define relevant subtypes of urban marginalized communities and to review past experiences with urban integration in Romania. This summary covers multiple sections, in line with the key chapters of the main IIT report. It first reviews CLLD's main features and best practice principles at the EU level. It focuses on Romania, making some recommendations for where CLLD can apply and what it will require in terms of coordinating different sources of funding. It also covers the main six stages of operationalizing CLLD in Romania, as follows: launch: preparations through capacity building and information campaigns; call for expressions of interest regarding the potential submission of local integration strategies (LISs); mobilization of the community for the establishment of local action groups (LAG) and development of LIS by each LAG; selection of strategies to be financed; implementation of LISs approved for financing, including selection and implementation of individual projects under these strategies; and phase-out activities and evaluation.

El objetivo de este artículo es determinar mediante la Teoría de restricciones, las mejores opciones de producción y despacho de productos, con las cuales los gerentes pueden tomar las mejores decisiones orientadas a maximizar las utilidades de la empresa Cementos Andino S.A - Venezuela, en la cual se desarrolló la metodología del decálogo, de tal forma que los Trúput obtenidos en los casos planteados como opción de mejora, son el reflejo de los conceptos que enmarcan su aplicación. Los resultados obtenidos a partir del caso nos llevan a concluir que la Teoría de restricciones permite al gerente tomar decisiones más coherentes con los procesos productivos, pues ponen en consideración la administración de los recursos cuello de botella, lo cual facilita la maximización de las utilidades. The aim of this paper is determined by the theory of constraints, the best options for production and delivery of products with which managers can make better decisions aimed at maximizing the profits of the company Cementos Andino SA - Venezuela, where developed the methodology of the decalogue, so that the THROUGHPUT obtained in cases brought as upgrade option, reflect the concepts that frame your application. The results obtained from the case lead us to conclude that the theory of constraints allows the manager to make decisions consistent with the production process, as put into consideration the resource management bottleneck, which facilitates the maximization of profits. Especialista en Gerencia Procesos y Calidad

Ownership of development goals and priorities by local stakeholders is widely viewed as a critical factor impacting development effectiveness and achievement of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The 2008 Accra Agenda for Action identifies the concept as one of inclusive ownership, involving parliaments, local authorities and civil society organizations (CSOs), as well as governments. The importance and challenges of building such broad-based ownership across society were a key discussion topic at the Fourth High Level Forum on Aid Effectiveness in November 2011 at Busan. This study aims to generate deeper operational knowledge on what can be done to foster inclusive ownership; its initial findings were presented at Busan. This study involves a retrospective review of a small sample of cases. From these cases it is possible to demonstrate that inclusive ownership, when considered in terms of the operational dimensions examined in the study, can improve as a result of strategic capacity development efforts. It also shows how using an analytic lens such as the CDRF, in particular for the assessment of intermediate results of capacity development, helps to deconstruct the change process in a given case and suggest some operational lessons. Further learning is warranted on how inclusive ownership can be fostered through the design and delivery of capacity development initiatives. Collaboration among and across global communities concerned with ownership and capacity development would enable this work to draw on wider development experiences and generate deeper knowledge on how capacity development can support transformative change.

En este artículo resumimos la evolución de la teoría económica sobre la toma de decisiones bajo incertidumbre. Tras una breve introducción a la Teoría de la Utilidad Esperada, nos referimos a comportamientos paradójicos que obligaron a los economistas a adoptar teorías menos simplistas que permitieran explicar un mayor abanico de fenómenos. La mayor complejidad conlleva una descripción multidimensional de las actitudes humanas frente al riesgo económico. Sin embargo, las mediciones de la actitud frente al riesgo utilizadas por los economistas continúan siendo, en su mayoría, unidimensionales. In this article we summarise the development of the economic theory about decision-making under uncertainty. After a brief introduction to Expected Utility Theory, we go on to refer to paradoxical behaviours that forced economists to adopt new, less simplistic theories that enabled them to account for a wider range of phenomena. Greater complexity entails a multidimensional description of human attitudes when faced with economic risk. However, most of the measurements of the attitude to risk used by economists are still one-dimensional.

From the methodological foundations underlying the formative process in Physiotherapy and considering the tasks of the physiotherapist at Nucleus of Support for Family Health (NSFHs), attempted to identify the points of separation between training and use of the physiotherapist workforce in primary health care in João Pessoa/PB. The study is justified by the need to enhance educational processes in Physiotherapy, in order to be compatible with the requirements of their professional practice, particularly in primary health care level. This is an exploratory-descriptive and inferential study which included both quantitative and qualitative approaches. Data were analyzed from the Hypothesis Test, used as method of decision making, and the empirical material obtained through semi-structural interviews and evaluated through the techniques of Discuss Analysis. The data analysis showed, with statistical evidences, distances between the students and teachers who say, in the process physiotherapist formation in higher education institutions surveyed, as well as differences between those who attest physiotherapist and managers in relation to the work process in NSFHs of Sanitary Districts of the city. The discovery of these distances indicates the existence of gap in the training process of Physiotherapy in João Pessoa, in which prevail methodological bases guided by traditional pedagogical approaches, unsuitable to the comprehension of the reality of services offered by Family Health Strategy. It was also highlighted weaknesses in the work process of NSFHs physiotherapists, who find it difficult to carry out the tasks of their specific core through the demands of the Matrix Support in João Pessoa. It was concluded that it is necessary a reformulation of methodological bases that make up educational plans related to Collective Health at the institutions which offer the course of Physiotherapy in João Pessoa, as well as a better use of the workforce of the physiotherapist with the NSFHs, aiming at a redefinition of the practices of this professional at the areas of Primary Health. Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES A partir das bases metodológicas que subjazem ao processo formativo em Fisioterapia e considerando as atribuições do fisioterapeuta nos Núcleos de Apoio à Saúde da Família (NASFs), buscou-se identificar os pontos de distanciamento entre a formação e a utilização da força de trabalho do fisioterapeuta na Atenção Básica à saúde em João Pessoa/PB. O estudo justifica-se pela necessidade de aprimorar os processos de formação em Fisioterapia, de modo a compatibilizá-los com os requerimentos de sua prática profissional, particularmente no nível primário de atenção à saúde. Trata-se de um estudo exploratório-descritivo e inferencial que comportou, simultaneamente, abordagens quantitativas e qualitativas. Os dados foram analisados a partir do Teste de Hipótese, utilizado como método de tomada de decisão, sendo o material empírico obtido através de entrevistas semi-estruturadas e avaliado por meio da técnica da Análise de Discurso. A análise dos dados revelou, com evidências estatísticas, distanciamentos entre o que afirmam estudantes e professores, no processo de formação do fisioterapeuta nas instituições de ensino superior pesquisadas, bem como divergências entre o que atestam fisioterapeutas e gestores em relação ao processo de trabalho nos NASFs dos Distrito s Sanitários do município. A constatação destes distanciamentos sinaliza a existência de lacunas no processo formativo da Fisioterapia em João Pessoa, em que predominam bases metodológicas norteadas por abordagens pedagógicas tradicionais, pouco adequadas à compreensão da realidade dos serviços oferecidos pela Estratégia de Saúde da Família. Também foram evidenciadas fragilidades no processo de trabalho dos fisioterapeutas dos NASFs, que encontram dificuldade para exercer as atribuições do seu núcleo específico em meio às exigências do Apoio Matricial em João Pessoa. Concluiu-se ser necessária uma reformulação das bases metodológicas que compõem os planos de ensino relacionados à Saúde Coletiva nas instituições que oferecem o curso de Fisioterapia em João Pessoa, bem como uma melhor utilização da força de trabalho do fisioterapeuta junto aos NASFs, visando a uma redefinição das práticas deste profissional nos espaços da Atenção Básica à saúde.

Este estudio realiza un análisis de la presencia del problema de la conciliación familiar y laboral en la agenda parlamentaria del Congreso de los Diputados en la VI, VII y VIII legislatura (1996-2008). Después de recopilar y contabilizar todas las iniciativas con menciones al tema, se narra la historia política de la cuestión. A continuación, y para valorar su importancia relativa, por meses, años y legislaturas, se computa la razón entre las iniciativas con menciones al conflicto familiar y laboral y el resto de iniciativas. Además, y con el fin de determinar los promotores del tema, se calcular la probabilidad de haberlo mencionado siendo diputado o diputada y siendo gobierno u oposición («odds ratio» [OR] intervalo de confianza [IC] del 95% y significación estadística [método Mantel-Haenszel]). Se concluye que en España, en la VI y VII legislatura, se genera tímidamente un ciclo de atención política sobre el conflicto familiar y laboral y su solución (la conciliación), que se reenfoca totalmente en la VIII hacia «la conciliación para la igualdad» (momento de más visibilidad parlamentaria del tema). A partir de 2008, el interés parlamentario decae. This study describes the formulation and decision-making process related to the Spanish Parliament on the reconciliation between work and family. In this article, all the parliamentary initiatives by Deputies on this issue in the VI, VII and VIII Legislatures (1996-2008) are content analysed. After reporting the treatment of the subject, the ratio of work and family reconciliation initiatives compared to other issues is calculated by months, years and legislatures. An analysis is also done of who proposes reconciliation initiatives, whether they belong to the government or the opposition, or if they are male or female («odds ratio» [OR] confidence interval [CI] of 95% and statistically significant [Mantel-Haenszel method)]. We conclude that in Spain, in the VI and VII legislatures, a cycle of political attention on the difficulty of the reconciliation between work and family began. During the VIII legislature, the concept was refocused on «conciliation for equality» (and was the moment of the highest parliamentary visibility on the issue). However, from 2008 on, parliamentary interest in this issue declines. Este artículo forma parte del proyecto I+D: «La construcción social del problema del conflicto familia-trabajo. Análisis mediático, político y de la realidad» que ha sido financiado por el Instituto de la Mujer en su convocatoria 2007/2010. Marta Martín Llaguno fue IP y Cristina Guirao investigadora.

This report argues that the practice of disaster risk management (DRM) is a defining characteristic of resilient societies, and should therefore be integrated, or 'mainstreamed', into all aspects of development. The report will inform the Development Committee at the annual meetings 2012, and support discussion at the Sendai dialogue, a special event co-organized by the Government of Japan and the World Bank as part of the Annual Meetings program. This event will engage delegates on the importance of mainstreaming DRM, drawing upon the lessons from the great East Japan earthquake and tsunami of 2011, and other disasters. This paper includes the following headings: disasters and development: an alarming trend; disaster risk management in action; national policies and planning; International Development Cooperation; disaster risk management at the World Bank; the way forward: priorities and opportunities; and glossary and references.

Video-linked lectures allow healthcare students across multiple sites, and between university and hospital bases, to come together for the purposes of shared teaching. Recording and streaming video-linked lectures allows students to view them at a later date and provides an additional resource to support student learning. As part of a UK Higher Education Academy-funded Pathfinder project, this study explored medical students’ perceptions of video-linked lectures and video-streaming, and their impact on learning. The methodology involved semi-structured interviews with 20 undergraduate medical students across four sites and five year groups. Several key themes emerged from the analysis. Students generally preferred live lectures at the home site and saw interaction between sites as a major challenge. Students reported that their attendance at live lectures was not affected by the availability of streamed lectures and tended to be influenced more by the topic and speaker than the technical arrangements. These findings will inform other educators interested in employing similar video technologies in their teaching. Keywords: video-linked lecture; video-streaming; student perceptions; decisionmaking; cross-campus teaching DOI: 10.1080/09687761003657622

What happens when the state's vision and expanding reach bring it into contact with traditional value systems and governance structures? In what circumstances can the distribution of resources in a fragile society prevent-or exacerbate-conflict within and between communities? How do state expansion and public spending impact upon societal expectations of the state and state legitimacy? This report examines these questions through the lens of access, claiming, and decision making in government-sponsored community development programs. The findings illustrate the hurdles faced by government and development actors operating in pluralistic societies, and provide input on how local governance and decision making might be incorporated to enrich programming. This report aims to provide the government of Timor-Leste, particularly those responsible for decentralization, community development, and local governance planning, with information to inform their determination of an appropriate mix of models for local development. The relative priority the government will ultimately give to these different models, partly a trade-off between speed and depth, will impact on the way in which development and local governance are understood and taken on board by rural communities. This report finds that the achievement of the dual goals of state legitimacy and sustainable, effective local development hinges in large part on the willingness of state officials (and the donors that support them) to engage productively with communities and locally legitimate customary systems of authority.