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Traditional food displayed and sold in the traditional market Gang Baru Semarang does not mean as the way to meet the basic need for people living nearby the location. These foods may also function to fulfill spiritual manifestation of people that buy and use the food for celebrating festival, feast and ritual tradition. This article aims to explain the naming system, function and the symbol behind the various kinds of food in this market. The data were collected by observing the activity conducted the buyer and the seller . The writer also interviewd some of them to get additional information related to values and norms that make people serve tese foods. The results show that the naming system applied is based on the ingredient, shape and also the way they peoduce the food. Besides, these foods and cakes are also servede as media for performing a ritual traditionon for Chinese ethnic. Behind the name, there are some symbolic meaning which is believed as the manifestation of their belief to the values inhertited from their anchestors. The symbol is represented through the shape, the color and the number. Each of them pictures how this community see food and snack sold in traditional market located in Gang Baru Semarang..

This chapter discusses Arthur Purnell’s architectural practice in Melbourne after he returned to Australia in 1910. It looks at a number of buildings that he designed in Melbourne which were influenced by his ten years in China. Some were designed for Chinese clients; some contained Chinese-style elements; and some had Chinese names. This chapter also talks about Purnell’s off-again on-again marriage with his wife Jane. It refers to his partnerships with architects George Beaver in Melbourne and Claude Chambers and Max Fizelle in Sydney. And it discusses two public exhibitions and one student design project that were based on Purnell’s buildings in Canton and Melbourne.

Immigrant minorities play a continual role in transforming the built environment of Western Australia. Changing immigrant minorities have transformed suburban Northbridge from Little Megisti, Little Italy and Little Saigon to a failed Chinatown today. Often competing immigrant entrepreneurs and ethnic community groups fight for political favour to influence the changing face of Northbridge. In regional centre Freemantle, the Fishermen’s Monument that was constructed to celebrate the pioneering role of Greeks, Italian, Portuguese immigrants in establishing the fishing industry is contested by these very groups. In regional Kalgoorlie, the ethnic clubs provided a social oasis for minority immigrant families. In rural Katanning, Malay immigrants who are Sunni Muslims constructed the Katanning Mosque which serves other minority immigrants living in the area.

How have minority immigrant communities transformed the built environment in NSW, Australia’s most populous and most cosmopolitan state? Sydney’s Chinatown over the past 100 years is the urban lens to explore issues such as the authenticity and legitimacy of the iconography of Chinatown’s dragons, lanterns and pagoda buildings and contradictory political processes that underly Chinatowns transformation today. Port Kembla, a steel town where many minority immigrants, particularly those from Macedonia, settled, provides regional city insights. Griffith is a rural town that has been transformed into a regional centre by Italian immigrant entrepreneurs who played a key role in developing the wine industry, opened restaurants and social clubs and built the Italian Museum. More recently, Sikhs continue the transformation of Griffith through the Gurdwara Singh Saba that opened in 1993 and the annual Sikh sports festival that they hold.

I am sitting in the Tianjin Garden on Spring Street. It borders the eastern entrance of Chinatown and acclaims the connection between Melbourne and one of its six sister cities, Tianjin.

The Chinese are currently the largest Asian national minority in Canada. Tthey make up about thirty percent of the total population of Vancouer. The Chinese have played an important role in the history of British Columbia. The first Chinese arrived on the shores of British Columbia in the first half of the 19th century. A significant increase of new Chinese immigrants comes with the construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway, which was built primarily thanks to hard work of Chinese workers. After completion of the railroad, a large proportion of immigrants settled in Vancouver, which in the early 20th century became the city with the largest Chinatown in Canada. However, the Chinese encountered resentment from Canadian society, which considered them to be representatives of the inferior race, and part of the white public even demanded their deportation and a total ban on the entry of new Chinese immigrants. However, the Chinese community came together and concentrated in Chinatowns. But, they constantly faced stereotypes from Canadian society. Various organizations and associations also began to emerge and they tried in any way to help the Chinese community. The Chinese Benevolent Association has become one of the most important organizations. This bachelor's thesis will therefore focus primarily...

Roman Polanski’s Chinatown (1974) presents one of film’s most memorable failed heroes, Jake Giddes. Because of its grim ending, critics tend to conclude that it is an existential noir or a reflection on Polanski’s life and times, his escape from the Holocaust as a child, the death of his wife Sharon Tate, or political events such as Watergate and Vietnam. By examining the film as through the genre of tragedy, Giddes becomes a tragic, not failed, hero, a character who can show us how to suffer nobly.

According to Lefebvre's analysis, urbanisation is not only an expansion of urban footprint but, in a broader sense, the radical socio-spatial transformation of society. The cultural setting and its physical manifestation creating distinctive identities within a city are transformed by rapid urbanisation and gentrification. The effects will be analysed in three terms of simultaneous sociocultural-spatial changes; cultural displacement, physical transformation of neighbourhoods, and change in cultural identities. The paper intends to hypothesise whether cultural displacement and altering cultural identities by gentrification and rapid urbanisation will signify gentrified homogenised cities in the future. The paper investigates aspects of multiculturalism and inter-culturalism to mitigate the challenges in sustaining multicultural places in cities. It tries to find the complementary approach of both to generate harmonious multicultural diversities and socio-economic sustainability, keeping the cultural identities intact. One of the examples of rapid urbanisation and gentrification challenging multicultural aspects and altering cultural identities lies in the core of the cultural capital of India, Kolkata in Tangra, Chinatown. The cultural identity of India's only existing Chinatown is changing from 2 to 3 storey live-work based multicultural communities to 30 floors high-rise homogenous gentrified enclaves displacing the diverse cultural communities from the core of the city.

This study expands on Ortner's practice-based theory of “serious games” by interpreting artifacts through a continuum of intention: pragmatism and play. Decisions and actions are defined as pragmatic according to their desired outcome, while play, in contrast, is an attitude or disposition toward the action itself. Both pragmatism and play are examined in this study of dining-related material culture (ceramic tablewares) from a nineteenth-century Chinatown. The research reveals that Chinatown residents varied considerably in their approach to dining, some using the full complement of British- and American-produced earthenwares associated with Victorian-era genteel dining, whereas others primarily used porcelain vessels congruent with dining conventions in southern China. Other households blended the two types of ceramics, typically using Chinese porcelain vessels for individual table settings and British- and American-produced earthenwares for serving vessels. Chinese porcelains were typically purchased in matched sets; in contrast, British and American earthenwares were acquired piece by piece, contributing aesthetic variety to Chinatown table settings. Together, these findings indicate that most Chinatown households were establishing their own “house rules” that redefined dining through new practices. The continuum of intention represented by pragmatism and play affords an integrated methodology for bridging functional/economic and cultural/symbolic interpretive frameworks in archaeology.

Concerning to city branding, the role of brand image is very important for visitors to remember the tourism destination. The destination brand image can identify by 5 elements of city image, namely path, edge, node, district, and landmark. Semarang Chinatown is one of the historical tourism sites in Semarang that can represent the Semarang's city branding as a "variety of culture" with various cultures and interactions. The aim of this research is to identify the Semarang's City Branding (variety of culture) through destination brand image that revealed by 5 elements of city image. Research methods are carried out in two stages. The first step analysis was described the image of Chinatown area using the descriptive qualitative method. The second step was tried to find the correlation between image of the Chinatown area and the Semarang city branding. Descriptive comparative technique used to compare between the existing and the trend of Chinatown development with theory image of the city. The result of this reserach is identification destination brand image based on 5 elements of the city image. The first element is path with character toponym of alley based on its history as well as the special function as trading area, namely the Gang Baru as traditional market path and Gang Warung as semicircular market path. The second element is edge that shown by the form of Kali Semarang and Gang Beteng which has a history of Chinatown development as centre trade zone in Semarang at the past until now. The third element is node that can be seen from every pagoda located at Chinatown junction (skewers location) because of the fengshui that is embraced by Chinatown communities and it is believed that the location of pagoda can protect against evil and crime. The fourth and fifth elements are districts and landmarks that represented by the Semawis Market and pagoda as the Confucian temple. As a conclusion, Semarang Chinatown's destination brand image as a historical and cultural tourism area of China is memorable and has a strong character.

The development of the historic area in Medan Labuhan requires hotels that meet the standards of domestic and foreign tourists. Tourism development is noteworthy because tourism services include the leading sector in the national economy. As an effort to develop new tourism area, Cultural Heritage Area in Medan Labuhan is a historical tourism area that has the potential to be visited by tourists both domestic and foreign tourists. For this thesis proposed design “Hotel Resort in Chinatown Medan Labuhan Area.” So the resort hotel design approach uses the theme of Vernacular Architecture because the location of the design has an intense relationship with the Heritage Buildings especially Taopekong building. This thing is to reinvigorate the identity of this Chinatown Region like its heyday by making a resort hotel that blends with the old building. The research method used is ethnography method with qualitative data collection. Data collection was obtained from the literature study, field survey, comparative study, and group discussion. So Hotel Resort is the best solution to develop Medan Labuhan Area. With the facilities provided are old building store area, function room, bar & lounge, restaurant, cafe, swimming pool, playground, artificial lake & cottages.

This study presents the results of ancient DNA (aDNA) analysis of a bear paw bone recovered from the Market Street Chinatown, a 19th-century Chinese community in San Jose, California. This analysis reveals that this bone derived from a Brown Bear (Ursus arctos) sharing genetic markers found only in Brown Bear populations living in southwestern Alberta and southeastern British Columbia, Canada. These data indicate regional trade of bear paws in 19th-century western North America, and they challenge previous archaeological models of Chinese diaspora food supply that primarily emphasize local and international food sources at the expense of regional trade. These results show that aDNA analysis can make important contributions to understanding the trade of wild animal products such as bear paws. Further, this study demonstrates the potential for historical archaeological analyses to contribute new knowledge about the trade of animals to the understanding of recent, well-documented time periods.

Locational perspective plays an important role in nurturing and shaping ethnic economies. Be it Little Italy, Little Portugal or Chinatown; ethnic economic ventures fabricate the neighbourhood spaces by creating sincere impression on existing urban landscapes. The Chinese enclaves in Kolkata are a unique case to study because of the existence of a pair of Chinese lived spaces in different portions of the city with their distinctive characters. The old Chinese lived space/enclave was established at the heart of the city bearing cosmopolitan notion of shared community domains while the newer one has been constructed at the city’s periphery with restricted, fortified Hakka entrepreneurial activities. The chain of successive migration by Cantonese, Hakka and Hubeinese Chinese helped the community to build a strong co-ethnic network of occupations. Later, the changing socio-economic and political circumstances made these clustered enterprises spread across the city. The present paper deals with aspects of sectoral specialisation and spatial dynamics of ethnic Chinese economic spaces of Kolkata by applying both qualitative and quantitative methods.

Purpose: Healthcare utilization and health-seeking behaviors of Chinese American immigrant women may be influenced by longstanding cultural perspectives of family roles and relationships. An understanding of Chinese immigrant women's perceptions of family social support in health and how these beliefs manifest in healthcare utilization and help-seeking behaviors is critical to the development of culturally appropriate health interventions. Focusing on a sample of Chinese women in Chicago's Chinatown, this qualitative study seeks to describe women's attitudes and beliefs about spouse and adult children's involvement in women's health and healthcare. Methods: We conducted six focus groups among 56 Chinese-speaking adult women in Chicago's Chinatown between July and August 2014. Focus groups were transcribed, coded, and analyzed for emergent themes. Results: Women reported that their adult children supported their health and healthcare utilization by helping them overcome language and transportation barriers, making and supporting decisions, and providing informational and instrumental support related to diet and nutrition. Women viewed these supports with mixed expectations of filial piety, alongside preferences to limit dependency and help-seeking because of concern and emotional distress regarding burdening adult children. Women's expectations of the spouse involvement in their healthcare were low and were shaped by avoidance of family conflict. Conclusion: Findings inform opportunities for the development of culturally appropriate interventions to enhance Chinese immigrant women's health and healthcare. These include patient navigation/community health worker programs to promote self-management of healthcare and family-centered strategies for enhancing family social support structures and reducing family conflict.

Large-scale immigration to the US from Asian and Latin American countries has garnered much scholarly attention on immigrants’ economic integration. To enhance their economic prospects, newly arrived immigrants with limited English skills who face discrimination may rely on other immigrants with shared national origins to form businesses and find jobs. Ethnic enclave economy model describes a mutually beneficial relationship between coethnic employers and employees that relies on shared ethnicity and ethnic solidarity. However, employers are increasingly hiring non-coethnics, indicating a change in the ethnic economy and questions the role of ethnic solidarity. This study examines the consequences of hiring non-coethnic labor by focusing on Chinese and Latino employees in Chinese-owned restaurants in Los Angeles. Drawing on interviews and ethnographic fieldwork, this study examines the reasons for hiring Latinos, the role of ethnic solidarity in job allocation and pay practices, and how Chinese employers manage the two groups of workers. In general, this study finds that despite sharing ethnic solidarity with employers, Chinese workers experience worse treatment than non-coethnics via complaint management, off-the-clock violations, and wage theft. In contrast, Latino workers do not share ethnic solidarity with their employers, but still receive more favorable treatment because Chinese employers are concerned that Latino workers will use institutional means to file formal complaints and report labor violations. This study’s findings contribute to a larger discussion about whether the obligations associated with ethnic solidarity outweigh the benefits and whether ethnic enclave employment provides pathways for upward mobility among coethnics.

Archaeobotanical and zooarchaeological remains from Market Street Chinatown, San Jose, California, show that 19th century Chinese migrants ate a varied diet of fruits, vegetables, grains, meat, poultry, and fish. Most of the migrants came from southern China, an area with a well-developed Cantonese cuisine. This article explores how cookbooks can help us interpret the dishes, meals, and activities represented by the remains. 20th-century English-language Chinese cookbooks present guidelines related to meal planning, ingredients, flavours, cooking methods, and dining customs. These culinary principals cannot be applied uncritically to the Market Street Chinatown assemblage. But they help us connect remains from trash pits to food on the table and help us compensate for uneven data stemming from the differential preservation of various plant and animal taxa. Cookbooks indicate that grains are severely underrepresented in the macrofloral record at the site, as are vegetables compared to meat. Recipes show how ingredients could be combined and prepared, and suggest how Euro-American foods were adopted, providing an understanding of daily cooking and dining in 19th century California Chinatowns.

This study aims to find out the strategy to develop the Chinatown area of Kapasan Surabaya as tourism destination using the SWOT analysis tools. The strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of Kapasan as one of the oldest tourism attraction in Surabaya will be analyzed comprehensively. From the study, it is expected to obtain strategic formula to develop the Chinatown area of Kapasan to be well known tourist attraction by local and international visitors.

This narrative inquiry examines the way learning, culture and context shape the knowledge, identity and social interactions of teacher, Shi Tan. Through using broadening, burrowing, storying-restorying and fictionalization, the work chronicles how Shi, a child of Chinese immigrants, forms her ‘stories to live by’ over time. Early tensions surface between her parents' traditional lifestyle and what she came to know in the American context. Weekends in Chinatown, Chinese Saturday School, and summers in Asia reinforced the plotlines Shi's parents carried with them from their homeland. Concurrently, Shi's American public school and university experiences instilled in her different modes of knowing and being. A pivotal change occurred when Shi participated in a China Study Abroad trip alongside mostly White educators. While visiting Chinese schools and universities and interacting with Chinese locals, Shi's understanding of herself deepened. She questioned why the trip became a liminal space where she storied and restoried her knowledge and identity differently. The significance of this research lies in its narrative rendering of identity; its unearthing of social complexities lived in cross-cultural communities; it's lifelike characterization of how minority teachers/students navigate familial, social and cultural situations; and its advancement of knowledge that increases learning.

This article explores a series of images at the Foguangshan He Hua Temple in Chinatown Amsterdam, the Netherlands. It considers images in the temple’s halls and on its websites, and it investigates the spectacle of He Hua’s activities, to understand how these images contribute to debates on Chinese transnational experience. What are visual forms of He Hua’s images? How do they comment on the nature of “Chineseness” and cultural identity for one of the oldest Chinatowns in Europe? The article argues that the He Hua Temple is a new “Wonder House”, in Stanley Abe’s use of the term. It functions as an established site of knowledge, where objects are recast and appropriated into a new taxonomy of order. The article shows that the temple is an effort at artistic world-making, and that it exists as a space for questioning issues of tradition, culture and identity.本文探讨位于荷兰阿姆斯特丹市唐人街的佛光山荷花寺的一系列图像，包括寺庙殿堂内陈设的和网站上刊登的图像，结合对荷花寺行事历活动的考察，以了解这些图像如何促进华裔跨文化经验的讨论。荷花寺的图像有何视觉形式？这些图像又如何阐释欧洲最古老唐人街之一的 “中华属性” 和文化认同？按美术史学家 Stanley Abe 的释义，本文认为，荷花寺是一处新的「神奇府」 (“Wonder House”)。其功能是作为一个既定的知识汇聚地， 将物品进行重新组合和分类。文章揭示，寺庙努力承担着艺术性「世界构建」(“world-making”) 的使命，同时也是一处可对传统、文化和身份认同问题提出质疑的场所。This article is in English.

Urban growth in the twentieth century engulfed many cultural enclaves and led to threatened histories, communities and cultural practices of places. One such spatial context within the urban space of cities is the diasporic space of the Chinese, often named Chinatown. Petaling Street has been commonly perceived as the microcosm of the Chinese diaspora in Kuala Lumpur with Yap Ah Loy the figure who catalyzed its urban growth that resulted in the fabrication of a sense of belonging and a sense of home for the Chinese diaspora. This paper argues that while discourses on the Chinese diaspora have been centred on the street as a diasporic space it is Market Square (Medan Pasar), the foci of Chinese diasporic development during the historical period of Yap Ah Loy, that offers a more critical perspective. It first examines how the Chinese diaspora constructed the street and the square in Old Kuala Lumpur, and looks at the question, ‘In what sense do they still own them?’ By focusing the discourse on the context of the square in more detail, through historical narrative and spatial analysis, it then highlights the fact that the discourse extends beyond the street. It contends that urban patterns such as the square act as a critical text for unfolding the varying issues of diasporic space within enclaves that are not only contested but record the erosion of culture.

華僑・華人研究において、近年のチャイナタウンの変貌が大きな問題の一つとなっている。本稿は日本の神戸市にあるチャイナタウン――南京町でおこった再開発とそこから生み出された店舗の変容について、人々の現場での実践をもとに論じる。1970年代から再開発されてきた南京町は、現在では観光地化され、主に飲食店や雑貨店が集中する商店街になっている。本稿は、南京町を研究対象に、店主や従業員がチャイナタウンで商売することに応じて店舗の独自性をいかに作り上げるのかを明らかにすることを目的とする。本稿で、事例とした三つの店舗は、華僑が経営する香港式茶餐庁と台湾式小籠包店、日本人夫婦が経営する中華らしい要素のある土産を扱う雑貨店である。事例1の茶餐庁は店主が両親の時代から血縁、業縁などに結ばれたネットワークを活かし、祖先の故郷である香港の庶民的な食文化を南京町で再現している。事例2の小籠包店は、業縁のある食品工場を通して、台湾から最新の小籠包量産技術を取り入れてフランチャイズの形で商売活動を展開している。さらに、華僑のように香港や台湾、中国大陸との天然な紐帯がない事例3の雑貨店の日本人店主は、日本の商社を通して中国産の中華らしい要素のある土産の仕入れと中国人従業員の採用によって商売関係を作り出してチャイナタウンでの生き残りの道を模索している。本稿は、店主と従業員たちが店舗の独自性を作り上げる日常の商売活動の中で、日本の地域社会、香港や台湾、中国大陸とのつながりを生かし、モノや情報を戦略的に選択する過程を検討する。それによってチャイナタウンの抽象的な「中華らしさ」を店舗の中に具体化して店舗を変容させたと主張し、店舗における多元的・多変的・共時的な「中華表象」が構築されてきたと結論付けた。本稿は華僑や日本人を含む地元の人々が経営している店舗――食をはじめ、雑貨などのモノによる「中華らしさ」を演じる場、に注目することによって、日常的なチャイナタウンを考察する一つのアプローチを模索したい。, Recently, the transformation of Chinatowns over the world has become a major topic in Chinese migration studies. From the 1970s on, Kobe’s Chinatown has been redeveloped into a tourist destination, characterized as a shopping district where restaurants and shops are concentrated.This paper focuses on those restaurants and shops in Kobe’s Chinatown, attempting to clarify how they changed during the process of making originality influenced by the redevelopment of Chinatown.This paper deals with three examples of restaurants and shops: a Hong Kong-style tea restaurant and a street food shop selling Taiwanese-style Xiaolongbao, both run by families originally from China; and a shop selling Chinese-style gifts, run by a Japanese couple. Drawing on business relationships formed decades ago, the tea restaurant recreates the popular food culture of Hong Kong, while the Xiaolongbao shop has been able to incorporate the latest mass-production technology from Taiwan by collaborating with a food factory, and develop their business through the franchise model.Unlike those Chinese migrants, the Japanese shopkeeper in the third case study has no natural ties with Hong Kong, Taiwan or mainland China. Instead, he started importing merchandise from China through Japanese trading companies, to get order-made commodities from mainland China directly. By employing the Chinese staff, he is establishing new relationships with China which enable him to do business more smoothly in Chinatown.This paper discusses the strategies used by those shopkeepers and employees in choosing Chinese-style goods and information in order to develop originality for their shops. Historically, the redevelopment of Kobe’s Chinatown constitutes a major change for the area, which has transformed it into a tourist shopping district. The practices of local people, including both Chinese migrants and Japanese residents, who want to make use of this change to create successful business, do all they can to draw on the area’s “Chinese feeling”. This paper examines their daily activities and concludes that the transformation of the restaurants and shops consists in the process of converting the abstract concept of “Chineseness” into concrete practices. Furthermore, this paper argues this process carried out by restaurants and shops in Chinatown constitutes a new form of Chinese representation.

This article examines the forced migration of the Chinese community from San Francisco’s Chinatown after the 1906 Earthquake and Fire. Situating this spatial struggle in the context of late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century urban reforms, it reveals the discursive limits of progressivism and the rhetoric of spatial modernity that was prevalent in America. Drawing attention to the earthquake as a destructive yet revelatory moment of trans-Pacific ties, the article analyses the multi-stranded racial, spatial and material negotiations that allowed the Chinese community to manoeuvre within the structure of domination and effectively resist hegemonic discourse. It demonstrates how, in the quest for spatial justice, coalitions of Chinese elites and politicians relied on existing Sino-American trade networks as leverage for inclusion, sought financial aid from the far-flung Qing government, deployed legal assistance from conglomerations of Chinese-American lobbyists and Western-trained Chinese lawyers, and mobilised capital from wealthy Hong Kong merchants to reconstruct Chinatown from scratch.

For a long time Ethnic Chinese have attracted attention as a representative diaspora which has been extremely successful economically. In particular, the Chinese community in Southeast Asia, in addition to sharing hometowns and dialects, maintains mutual protection and aid as an economic group. This is because ethnic Chinese originating from southern China have taken root in indigenous societies by forming a community around economic activities after emigration in order to find opportunities for employment and family succession for quite some time. The Chinatowns that have formed all over Southeast Asia are a good example. In particular, Saigon (西貢), the largest city in Vietnam, was established and has developed from the formation of a Chinatown by Chinese emigrants, and can be considered the most representative example among the various Chinatowns. In addition to Saigon, Chinese emigrants who moved to Bienhoa (邊和), Mytho (美湫), Hatien (河仙), etc., have also formed and developed Chinatowns, respectively. This, consequently, made a large contribution to the southward expansion of territory in Vietnam. Therefore, Chinese emigration to Vietnam and the formation of Chinatowns have had political as well as economic implications in the development of Vietnam. This study aims to examine the political and economic implications by looking into the process of emigration of Chinese to Vietnam, the formation of Chinatowns, and the development process of Chinatowns in Vietnamese cities. In order to carry out these research objectives, this study will take a narrative approach to comprehensively analyze relevant references and various materials published in Korea and Vietnam.

This article examines the landscape changes of San Francisco's Chinatown resulting from urban redevelopment after World War II. It describes the contested process of community development and documents the intricacies of Chinatown's spatial struggles. Socially constructed as a space of “otherness,” San Francisco's Chinatown illustrates the ways in which urban redevelopment process interacted with the social and cultural tensions of a plural and liberal urban society. It also reveals how the existing categories of ethnicity and cultural identity have been renegotiated over time.

This article describes the use of linguistic landscaping as a pedagogical resource [Sayer, Peter. 2010. “Using the Linguistic Landscape as a Pedagogical Resource.” ELT Journal 64 (2): 143–154] for ...

Right in Amsterdam’s picturesque Canal Zone, on and around Zeedijk, Chinese entrepreneurs have carved out a presence in what seems like the local Chinatown. The businessmen have been targeting Asian and non-Asian customers by offering products that – to an extent – can be associated with Asia, China in particular. Since the early 1990s, individual entrepreneurs and their business organisations have campaigned for official acknowledgement of Zeedijk as an ethnic-only district and for governmental support of the enhancement of Chineseness. Following Hackworth and Rekers. [(2005). “Ethnic Packaging and Gentrification. The Case of Four Neighborhoods in Toronto.” Urban Affairs Review 41 (2): 211–236], we argue that this case challenges traditional understandings of ethnic commercial landscapes. In sharp contrast to the current orthodoxy, which would conceive the proliferation of such an ‘ethnic enclave’ as part of a larger process of assimilation, we have approached Amsterdam’s Chinatown first and foremost as a themed economic space: Chinese and other entrepreneurs compete for a share of the market and in doing also for the right to claim the identity of the area. What is the historical development of the Zeedijk area, how did Chinese entrepreneurs and their associations try to boost Chinatown and negotiate public Chineseness, and how did governmental and non-governmental institutional actors respond to those attempts?

Increasingly, market-based job search institutions, such as employment agencies and ethnic media, are playing a more important role than migrant networks for low-skilled Chinese immigrants searching for jobs. We argue that two major factors are driving this trend: the diversification of Chinese immigrants’ provinces of origin, and the spatial diffusion of businesses in the United States owned by Chinese immigrants. We also identify some new niche jobs for Chinese immigrants and assess the extent to which this development is driven by China’s growing prosperity. We use data from multiple sources, including a survey of employment agencies in Manhattan’s Chinatown, job advertisements in Chinese-language newspapers, and information on Chinese immigrant hometown associations in the United States.

Chinatown Opera Theater in North America , by Nancy Yunhwa Rao. Music in American Life. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 2017. xiv, 415 pp. Nancy Yunhwa Rao's monograph Chinatown Opera Theater in North America offers a striking new account of opera in 1920s North America. Her contribution is to set aside conventional cultural and geographical ties to continental Europe, drawing instead on the traces of a trans-Pacific network characterized by the flows of Chinese performers and audiences, the associated intangible and material culture of opera performance, and the structural impacts of migrant life and its key impediments—racism, exclusion, and commercial rivalry. Rao's primary topic is the genre of Cantonese opera, which she explores through archival study and musical and social analysis. Such a project is significant in historical terms, not to mention timely, in light of the antipathy that the United States is currently expressing toward its nonwhite populations. As Rao notes, Chinese migrants inhabited a “constant state of not being seen” by the dominant Euro-American settler population (p. 8). The recuperation of their expressive history, then, has the potential to pay respectful witness to their presence and legitimacy in North America while providing an expanded set of perspectives on the continent's musical history more generally. Producing such a history is by no means simple. Rao is aware of the ironies of turning to documents that were developed and retained by wary government surveillance agents in assembling her own account, and she seeks too to write back against stereotypes established …

In the mid- and late nineteenth century, Protestant missionaries were prominent interlocutors about gender and sexual relations in Chinese American communities. This study analyzes meeting records from the Presbyterian San Jose Woman’s Board of Missions, which formed in 1874 to evangelize residents of the Market Street Chinatown in San Jose, California. Missionary women recorded details of home life in Chinatown, generating rare eyewitness accounts of topics ranging from foot binding and the traffic in women to marital relations and women’s work. In addition to tracing the ways in which Chinese American women’s lives were constrained by sexist and racist oppression, the archive reveals the importance of mobility, strategic alliances, economic power, educational pursuits, and affective relationships to Chinese American women’s lives. The archive also provides an early example of European American women’s discourse about topics that are central nodes in Asian American studies: the circulation of bodies through migration and settlement, the inflection of racial and religious difference through gendered lenses, and the porous character of the U.S. geopolitical frontier.

In 1938, the Chinese American community in Los Angeles hosted the Moon Festival in Old Chinatown as a fundraiser for Chinese victims of the Sino-Japanese War. Held against the backdrop of Bowl of Rice fundraisers across the United States, and the demolition of most of Old Chinatown by the construction of Union Station, the 1938 Moon Festival attracted tens of thousands of visitors to Old Chinatown while providing a stage for local Chinese Americans to perform self-representations of Chinatown to visitors. Focusing on Chinese American performances such as those of the Los Angeles Mei Wah Girls’ Drum Corps, this article examines the extent to which Chinese Americans utilized the festival’s performances of race and gender to challenge Orientalist ideas about the their community.

We conducted a preliminary study to rapidly assess (1) whether an underground cigarette market exists in the area known as Oakland Chinatown in Oakland, California; and if so, (2) who consumes untaxed cigarettes in this ethnic enclave to provide a basis for further investigation.

Research HighlightsIn the quest to develop cities for the long run, the debate is whether to retain elements of culture or to reinvent such spaces for new uses. Cultural heritage preservation thus becomes an issue in urban planning, particularly in developing countries including Malaysia (Mohd Shakir Tamjes et al, 2017). Scholars mention that Kuala Lumpur needs to create a distinctive city identity and image if it is to achieve its bigger goal of becoming a World-Class City by 2020 (Mohamad Asri Ibrahim et al, 2017). A question raised by researchers is whether the policies to safeguard heritage buildings in Kuala Lumpur is comparable to the practices in UNESCO heritage sites such as Malacca and Georgetown (Mohd Shakir Tamjes et al, 2017). Through participant observation, combining focus group discussions, content analysis, photography, and videography, I outline how the preservation of one particular historical building, a Chinese clan association, increases the cultural value of the city’s surroundings in Kuala Lumpur, as well as being a major tourist attraction. This makes the case for the continued retention of historical buildings and practices, despite overarching social changes such as super-diversity (Vertovec, 2007). Research Objectives This paper makes the case for preserving a particular heritage building, namely the Chan See Shu Yuen Clan Association Kuala Lumpur & Selangor (CSSYKL), a clan association, pre-war historical site, and tourist attraction. Methodology How does the preservation of CSSYKL increase the cultural value of the city’s surroundings in Kuala Lumpur? This research question is answered through fieldwork by the project leader through participant observation which included photography, videography, content analysis of secondary documents, and focus group discussions with clan leaders and members. Photographic evidence is provided to argue for the case of enriching place attachment through the retention of meaning for inhabitants of Kuala Lumpur, due to the special nature it possesses. For example, Monnet (2014) conducted a photoethnography of urban space in the form of a multimedia essay, referring to the “production of data” rather than the “collection of data”. Monnet (2014) explained that images and sounds allow for attentive observation of the smallest details of daily life, and that the ethnographer experientially chooses to interpret and define what should be recorded in their photography - hence the “production of data”. This renders photographic evidence the best form of data for the case of cultural heritage preservation within the urban. Photographs were also harvested from stills captured in Google Maps under the Street View, where the journey was screen captured using Game DVR, a software which comes enclosed with Microsoft Windows 10. Results The photographic evidence shows how the preservation of cultural heritage buildings add character to the presence of Kuala Lumpur Chinatown, or Petaling Street. In the case of CSSYKL, it provides the historical elements as well as familiarity given its longstanding association with Kuala Lumpur’s history, and thus evokes the symbolic aesthetic. It provides symbolic aesthetic meaning to the future of Kuala Lumpur’s development and enriches the local cultural expression in league with the Malaysian National Cultural Policy. Ultimately, it guarantees that no matter how developed or industrialised Kuala Lumpur is, what with the move into the Fourth Industrial Revolution and the Internet of Things, there will still be cultural meaning and place attachment resonant within the heart and soul of Kuala Lumpur. Even in the face of super-diversity, the clan association building will still reinvent itself as a place of attachment not only to those of Chinese descent but to all who are interested to appreciate its value. Findings Chan See Shu Yuen Clan Association Kuala Lumpur & Selangor (CSSYKL) is one example of a historical building which functioned not only in the past as a community centre for the Chinese who migrated to Malaya in search of economic opportunity, but still retains its functions today as a gateway to maintaining links with Mainland China, especially in the economic dimension. Simultaneously, the heritage building also attracts tourists from all around the world, including those from China and local tourists themselves. Acknowledgement This research work is supported by the Ministry of Education of Malaysia under Grant Number FRGS/1/2018/WAB12/UKM/02/1 (Superdiversity Networks: Cantonese Clan Associations in Malaysia as Transnational Social Support System).

YouTube has become an increasingly popular source of tourism information. The purpose of this study is to explore the network structures of YouTube videos about Incheon’s Chinatown in South Korea and investigate the potential factors that can predict the viewing of these videos. The analysis of 104 videos about Incheon Chinatown revealed that the engagement factors assessed by the number of comments and likes, and the running time of content, were significant predictors of viewing. However, network structure factors did not predict viewing. These findings make valuable contributions to sustainable tourism research and provide practical guidance for tourism management.