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An all-fiber optical coherence domain polarimetry (OCDP) is presented, which can increase the detection sensitivity and dynamic range simultaneously. The noise generation mechanism of OCDP and its impact have been studied, and the suppression method of interference beat noise transferred from light source intensity noise is presented. Using polarization beam splitter (PBS) instead of polarization-maintaining coupler, this method completely separated transmission and polarization coupling light in white light interference by optimizing the structure of the optical path. Thus, we can not only increase the signal amplitude of polarization crosstalk, and decrease the system noise. An all-fiber OCDP system has been built, and the detecting sensitivity of polarization crosstalk can reach -98dB, meanwhile, the dynamic range can keep in 98dB. This method realizes the highest performance of the date OCDP technology, and provides an effective measurement and evaluation tools for high performance fiber optic devices and sensor system. © (2012) COPYRIGHT Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE). Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

Objective:To evaluate the capacity of a new thoracic electric bioimpedance system to estimate cardiac output compared with the conventional thermodilution method.Design:Prospective, multicenter study.Setting:A university-run county hospital, a university-run U.S. Veterans Affairs hospital, and a uni

To describe the temporal patterns of hemodynamics and oxygen transport in survivors and nonsurvivors of severe trauma in relation to time delays, mortality, and morbidity.Prospective, empiric analysis.University-run, inner city county hospital with a Level I trauma center.A series of 90 consecutively monitored, severely ill trauma patients.We followed 90 patients from admission through their hospital course, and divided the study group into patients with estimated blood loss ofor = 3000 mL and those patients with an estimated blood loss of3000 mL. For each patient, vital signs were recorded in the Emergency Department, operating room, recovery room, and surgical ICU. Hemodynamic and oxygen transport variables were measured at least every 12 hrs for 96 hrs postadmission. Final outcome and complications were recorded.In the first 24 hrs, the values of 60 survivors were significantly higher than the values of 30 nonsurvivors for mean cardiac index (4.52 +/- 1.45 vs. 3.80 +/- 1.20 L/min/m2; p.05), oxygen delivery (670 +/- 230 vs. 540 +/- 200 mL/min/m2; p.01), and oxygen consumption (166 +/- 48 vs. 134 +/- 47 mL/min/m2; p.01). Thirteen (50%) of 26 patients who never attained mean survivors' values (defined as the mean survivors' values listed above) died. Also, 12 (57%) of 21 patients who took24 hrs to attain these values died. In contrast, only five (12%) of 43 patients who reached mean survivors' values inor = 24 hrs died. Thirty-five of 90 patients lost3000 mL of blood; 17 of these 35 patients failed to reach survivors' values within 24 hrs, and 12 (71%) patients died. However, of 18 patients with an estimated blood loss of3000 mL, who reached survivors' values inor = 24 hrs, only two (12%) died. The patients reaching survivors' values inor = 24 hrs,24 hrs, or not at all had similar Injury Severity Scores (28 +/- 13, 26 +/- 13, and 26 +/- 12, respectively) and Trauma Scores (12 +/- 3, 13 +/- 3, and 12 +/- 3, respectively). Only six (12%) of 43 patients reaching survivors' values inor = 24 hrs developed adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), while 27 (57%) of 47 patients showed these values in24 hrs or never developed ARDS.Reaching supranormal circulatory values, especially within 24 hrs of injury, may improve survival and reduce the frequency of shock-related organ failure in severely traumatized patients.

Linear Cubic-Law for seepage is derived in single straight smooth fracture. For most natural fractures rock mass in engineering are coarse, so the seepage in them doesn’t abide by linear Cubic-Law, and the Cubic law for them need modify to use. The numerical simulation for fractures aperture was done according to statistical distribution regularity, and the fracture was divided into several length-equaling segments, the divided length-equaling inserted nodes in each fractures (DIN) can be defined, then the mean aperture for each segment was calculated, and the last part is the derivation of unit discharge formula and the water head formula for insert points by length-equaling division. Based on the seepage theory for network of rock mass, using unit discharge formula for coarse fractures, then the water head for each fracture node can be calculated, after then the following is unit discharge of fractures. The following conclusions can be drawn from this paper, that is there are great differences between the seepage for natural fractures network and smooth fractures network of rock mass: (1) the unit discharge formulas for coarse fractures and for smooth fractures are different; (2) the water head distributions form for them are different; (3) the calculation formulas for conductive matrix are different; (4) the ununiform aperture distribution was taking into consideration, which is more abide by the practical engineering. The study in this paper can give some references for practical engineering.

This paper explores the feasibility of developing organic livestock farming in the pastoral area of Xinjiang, in order to address the problems of grassland degradation and to promote the sustainable development of the grazing livestock sector. Research shows that organic grazing farming may reduce the stocking rate of grassland and relieve the strained relationship between animal and grassland, as well between man and nature. As a result, the value of multifunctional grazing systems may be more widely recognized. As well as including production and economic objectives, cultural, social and environmental implications will also be taken into account. Additionally, herders may also have an improved source of income to poor rural people. The potential markets for organic products are very big and the traditional ruminant livestock husbandry systems in Xinjiang are very close to organic livestock farming. It is considered necessary to change from a production-oriented approach to farming system research to a wider consideration of the systems and policies needed to support the development of organic grazing livestock alongside consideration of how to fund the relevant research and training and establish the systems of quality guarantee associated with organic production.

This paper explores the feasibility of developing organic livestock farming in the pastoral area of Xinjiang, in order to address the problems of grassland degradation and to promote the sustainable development of the grazing livestock sector. Research shows that organic grazing farming may reduce the stocking rate of grassland and relieve the strained relationship between animal and grassland, as well between man and nature. As a result, the value of multifunctional grazing systems may be more widely recognized. As well as including production and economic objectives, cultural, social and environmental implications will also be taken into account. Additionally, herders may also have an improved source of income to poor rural people. The potential markets for organic products are very big and the traditional ruminant livestock husbandry systems in Xinjiang are very close to organic livestock farming. It is considered necessary to change from a production-oriented approach to farming system research to a wider consideration of the systems and policies needed to support the development of organic grazing livestock alongside consideration of how to fund the relevant research and training and establish the systems of quality guarantee associated with organic production., The authors acknowledge the support of the BEAN-QUORUM project (Building a Euro-Asian Network for Quality, Organic, and Unique food Marketing, TH/Asia-link/006), co-ordinated by Maurizio Canavari. We would like to express our deepest thanks to Grant Davidson (of the Macaulay Institute) for offering so many valuable suggestions. And a massive thanks to the library staff in the Macaulay Institute. Owing to their high professional ability we were able to get very useful material from so many different libraries.