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Bacterial diseases, such as American Foulbrood (AFB) and European Foulbrood (EFB), are known to have catastrophic effects on honey bees (if left to spread, can wipe out entire colonies), leading to severe financial losses in the beekeeping industry. The aim of this study was to evaluate the pharmacological properties of methanol extract and its fractions (ethyl acetate, hexane, water) derived from Dicranum scoparium Hedw., which could be utilized as a potential drug to prevent the bacterial diseases (AFB and EFB) affecting the honey bees. For this purpose, crude methanol extract and ethyl acetate/hexane/water fractions were prepared from the aerial part of D. scoparium, collected from Trabzon province. Bio-guided fractionation of the extract and its fractions led to the first-time isolation of five compounds. The structure of all compounds was elucidated by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, ultraviolet (UV) spectral analysis, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectroscopy (LC-QToF-MS), and by comparison of their NMR data with that of literature. The analysis of these compounds revealed significant antibacterial and sporicidal activities against bacteria causing larval diseases in honey bees. The antibacterial activity of these compounds ranged from 0.6 to 60 μg/mL against AFB and EFB causing bacteria. Therefore, the natural raw extract and fractions of D. scoparium could be used as potential therapeutic agents against bacterial agents affecting honey bees.

Paenibacillus larvae (P. larvae) is a pathogenic bacterium causing American Foulbrood Disease (AFB) in honeybee larvae. It is necessary to develop alternative strategies for the control of this disease due to the serious honeybee colonies loses and the use of antibiotics. Recent studies are aimed at the investigating natural fighting agents against P. larvae. In our study, it was aimed to demonstrate potential antibacterial efficacy of ethanol extract of Anatolian Propolis (EAP) against P. larvae strains PB35 and SV35 which were isolated in Turkey. The total phenolic content (TPC) and flavonoid content (TFC) of EEAP were determined as 181.73±5.20 mg Gallic Acid Equivalents (GAE)/g, and 42.33±1.40 mg Quercetin Equivalents (QE)/g, respectively. It was found that EAP contains different amounts of ferulic, caffeic, coumaric acids, rutin, and caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE). The antibacterial activity of the EAP was determined by using agar-well diffusion, microdilution, and Bioscreen C techniques. The Minimal Inhibition Concentration (MIC) values of the EAP were determined as 74.87 μg/ml against strain PB35 and SV35 using both microdilution and Bioscreen C teqnique. In both techniques, Minimal Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) values of the EAP were evaluated as 149 and 598.4 μg/ml against strain PB35 and SV35, respectively. The fact that EAP shows low concentrations of bacteriostatic (MIC) and bactericide (MBC) activity values against P. larvae strains, spore-forming bacilli, which are agents of AFB disease, suggests that it may be a potential source in AFB disease control., Paenibacillus larvae (P. larvae), bal arısı larvalarında Amerikan Yavru Çürüklüğü hastalığına (AYÇ) neden olan patojenik bir bakteridir. P. Larvae tedavisinde kullanılan antibiyotikler bal arısı kolonilerinin ciddi kaybına neden olmakta ve bu nedenle antibiyotik kullanımına bağlı olarak bu hastalığın kontrolü için alternatif stratejiler geliştirmek gerekmektedir. Son çalışmalar, P. larvae’ya karşı doğal mücadele ajanlarını araştırmaya yöneliktir. Çalışmamızda Anadolu propolisi etanolik ekstresinin (EAP) Türkiye'de izole edilen P. larvae suşları PB35 ve SV35'e karşı potansiyel antimikrobiyal etkinliğinin ortaya konması amaçlanmıştır. EAP, toplam fenolik madde (TPC), flavonoid madde miktarları (TFC) ve bazı fenolik bileşikler açısından karakterize edilmiştir. Analizlere göre, EAP'nin total fenolik madde miktarı ve flavonoid madde miktarları sırasıyla 181,73±5,20 mg Gallik Asit Eşdeğeri (GAE)/g TFC olarak 42,33±1,40 mg Kuersetin Eşdeğeri (QE)/g ve farklı miktarlarda ferulik, kafeik, kumarik asitler, rutin ve kafeik asit fenetil ester (CAPE) içerdiği bulundu. EAP'nin antimikrobiyal aktivitesi, agar kuyu difüzyon, mikrodilüsyon ve Bioscreen C teknikleri kullanılarak belirlendi. EAP'nin Minimal İnhibisyon Konsantrasyon (MIC) değerleri, hem mikrodilüsyon hem de Bioscreen C tekniği kullanılarak PB35 ve SV35 suşuna karşı 74,87 μg/ml olarak belirlendi. Her iki teknikte de PB35 ve SV35 suşlarına karşı EAP'nin minimal bakterisidal konsantrasyon (MBC) değerleri sırasıyla 149 ve 598,4 μg/ml olarak belirlendi.

BACKGROUND Owing to their strong antimicrobial properties, Helichrysum arenarium (HA), Anzer thyme (AT), and Stevia rebaudiana (SR) have been commonly used in medicine. AIM This study aimed to evaluate antimicrobial activities of HA, AT, and SR against S. mutans and S. wiggsiae in biofilms formed on primary teeth. DESIGN Fifty enamel samples were divided into two groups: mono-species biofilm and two-species biofilm. Each biofilm group was divided into five subgroups (n = 5): group 1, HA; group 2, AT; group 3, SR; group 4, CHX (positive control); and group 5, distilled water (negative control). Minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration were determined. The number of viable microorganisms was counted. The presence of microorganisms was examined using a scanning electron microscope, and mineral analysis was performed using energy-dispersive X-ray analysis. RESULTS In the mono-species biofilm, CHX was significantly more effective against S. mutans than other groups (p

In this work, due to the biological activity evaluation, a series of hydroxy methoxy benzoins (1-8), benzils (10-16) and methoxy benzoin/benzil-O-beta-D-glucosides (17-28) were synthesized. Antioxidant (FRAP, CUPRAC, DPPH), antimicrobial (16 microorganisms, and two yeast), enzyme inhibition (alpha-amylase, alpha-glucosidase, AChE, BChE, and tyrosinase) of all synthesized benzoin/benzil analogs were investigated. Benzoins (1-8) showed the most effective antioxidant properties compared to all three methods. Compound 28 against alpha-amylase, compound 9 against alpha-glucosidase, compound 11 against AChE, compound 2 against BChE, and compound 13 against tyrosinase showed the best activities with the better or similar IC50 values as used standards. Hydroxy methoxy benzoin compounds (1-8) among all four groups were seen as the most effective against the tested microorganism. Molecular docking analysis showed that all tested compounds 1-28 (0.01-2.22 mu M) had the best binding affinity against AChE enzyme. Cytotoxic effects of the many of compounds (1-16, 21, and 24) also investigated and it was found that they caused different effects in different cells. The LDH tests of compounds 1a + b, 4, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 21, and 24, seemed to be effective compared to the positive control cisplatin. The cytotoxicity of compounds 6 (9.24%) for MCF7 cancer cells, 8 (5.16%) and 4 (8.26%) for HT29 cancer cells, 24 (9.84%) for Hep3B cells and 8 (8.52%), 7 (5.70%), 4 (6.94) and 9 (7.22%) for C6 cells were at normal values. And also cytotoxic activity of four compounds (5, 9, 21, and 24) among the all synthetic groups, were evaluated to the HeLa and RPE. Compound 5 showed anticancer activity on HeLa and RPE cancer cells as much as or better than cisplatin which was used as standard.

Volatile constituents of the essential oil which was obtained by hydrodistillation (HD) in a Clevenger-type apparatus from the air-dried Salvia staminea Montbret & Aucher ex Bentham (Lamiaceae) collected from Bayburt (North East Part of Black Sea Reagan of Turkey), were analyzed by GC-FID and GC-MS. Additionally, volatiles for the whole part of S. staminea were analyzed by two different methods which are headspace (HS)-GC-FID/MS and headspace solid-phase micro extraction (HS-SPME)-GC-FID/MS. As results of this study, thirty compounds from hydrodistillation, fifteen constituents from HS-SPME and two components from headspace of S. staminea were identified with GC-FID/MS. The major compounds identified in the essential oil, SPME and HS of S. staminea were linalyl acetate (23.30%, 85.07%, and 87.55%) and linalool (22.05%, 9.02%, and 12.44%), respectively. The antimicrobial activities of the essential oil of S. staminea were screened against seven microorganisms (Escherichia coli, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Bacillus cereus, Listeria monocytogenes , and Candida albican ) and showed good antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria which is consistent with the literature with the other types of Salvia species. The essential oil of S. staminea showed good antioxidant activity with IC 50 60.4 µg/mL.

7th EFMC International Symposium on Advances in Synthetic and Medicinal Chemistry -- AUG 27-31, 2017 -- Vienna, AUSTRIA Ture, Asli/0000-0003-3422-7425; Birgul, Kaan/0000-0003-3963-4687; Kucukguzel, Ilkay/0000-0002-7188-1859; Vagolu, Siva Krishna/0000-0003-1540-9995; BOZDEVECI, ARIF/0000-0002-0729-9143; kulabas, necla/0000-0003-2273-5094; Alpay Karaoglu, Sengul/0000-0003-1047-8350 WOS:000475378400058 PubMed: 31085371 Twenty-one novel alkyl/acyl/sulfonyl substituted fluoroquinolone derivatives were designed, synthesized and evaluated for their anti-tuberculosis and antibacterial activity. The targeted compounds were synthesized by the introduction of alkyl, acyl or sulfonyl moieties to the basic secondary amine moiety of moxifloxacin. Structures of the compounds were enlightened by FT-IR, H-1 NMR, C-13 NMR and HRMS data besides elemental analysis. Compounds were initially tested in vitro for their anti-mycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv using microplate alamar blue assay. Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of all compounds were found between > 25.00-0.39 mu g/mL while compounds 1, 2 and 13 revealed an outstanding activity against M. tuberculosis H37Rv with MIC values of 0.39 mu g/mL. Activities of compounds 1-21 against to a number of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and fast growing mycobacterium strain were also investigated by agar well diffusion and microdilution methods. According to antimicrobial activity results, compound 13 was found the most potent derivative with a IC50 value of < 1.23 mu g/mL against Staphylococcus aureus and clinical strain of methicillin-resistant clinical strain of S. aureus. EFMC

Bal arılarının (Apis mellifera) gastrointestinal sisteminde, mikroflora veya mikrobiyota olarak adlandırılan, çeşitli mikrobiyal tehditlere karşı korunmada, bazı metabolik faaliyetlerinde ve arı mahsullerinin üretiminde rol oynayan, arı bağışıklık sisteminde güçlü etki mekanizmalarına sahip, özgün bir mikroorganizma koleksiyonu bulunur. Özellikle yetişkin bal arıları çok zengin bir mikrofloraya sahiptirler. Arı sağlığının korunmasında en önemli ve dikkat çekici faktör, sahip oldukları bu mikrofloradır. Bal arıları (Apis mellifera) insanlar gibi toplu halde yaşar ve kovanda yaşamın devamlılığını sağlamak için iş birliği içinde çalışır. Üretken kolonilerde mikrobiyotadaki çeşitlilik artışı, arının gelişimsel yaşından beslenmesine, kovanın bulunduğu coğrafi konumdan iklim değişikliğine kadar çeşitli faktörlere bağlıdır. Bu bakteriyel topluluk kompozisyonundaki çeşitlilik azlığının da arının mevcut üretkenliğini olumsuz yönde etkileyebileceği belirtilmektedir. Bu derleme, arı yaşamı için büyük önem arz eden bağırsak temel mikroflorasının çeşitliliğini, edinim yollarını, arının gastrointestinal sistemindeki özel kolonizasyonunu ve bal arısı için fayda mekanizmalarını açıklamaktadır. In the gastrointestinal tract of honey bees (Apis mellifera), there is a unique collection of microorganisms, called microflora or microbiota, which have various mgeyietabolic activities in the bee crops, which can protect against various microbial threats, and is linked to powerful mechanisms of action in the bee immune system. The adult honey bees especially have a rich microflora. Their microbiome is considered to be one of the most important and remarkable factors in maintaining bee health. Like humans, honey bees (Apis mellifera) are social creatures and work cooperatively to ensure the continuity of life in the hive. In productive colonies, the increasing diversity of microbiota depends on various factors, from the developmental age of the bee to its feeding, from the geographical location of the hive to the local climate. The lack of diversity of the bacterial community may negatively affect the productivity of the bee hive. This review describes the diversity of the honey bee intestinal core microflora, which are of great importance for bee life, the ways in which they acquire the bacteria, how they colonize in the gastrointestinal tract of bee and their associated beneficial mechanisms for honey bee survival.

In the gastrointestinal tract of honey bees (Apis mellifera), there is a unique collection of microorganisms, called microflora or microbiota, which have various mgeyietabolic activities in the bee crops, which can protect against various microbial threats, and is linked to powerful mechanisms of action in the bee immune system. The adult honey bees especially have a rich microflora. Their microbiome is considered to be one of the most important and remarkable factors in maintaining bee health.Like humans, honey bees (Apis mellifera) are social creatures and work cooperatively to ensure the continuity of life in the hive. In productive colonies, the increasing diversity of microbiota depends on various factors, from the developmental age of the bee to its feeding, from the geographical location of the hive to the local climate. The lack of diversity of the bacterial community may negatively affect the productivity of the bee hive. This review describes the diversity of the honey bee intestinal core microflora, which are of great importance for bee life, the ways in which they acquire the bacteria, how they colonize in the gastrointestinal tract of bee and their associated beneficial mechanisms for honey bee survival., Bal arılarının (Apis mellifera) gastrointestinal sisteminde, mikroflora veya mikrobiyota olarak adlandırılan, çeşitli mikrobiyal tehditlere karşı korunmada, bazı metabolik faaliyetlerinde ve arı mahsullerinin üretiminde rol oynayan, arı bağışıklık sisteminde güçlü etki mekanizmalarına sahip, özgün bir mikroorganizma koleksiyonu bulunur. Özellikle yetişkin bal arıları çok zengin bir mikrofloraya sahiptirler. Arı sağlığının korunmasında en önemli ve dikkat çekici faktör, sahip oldukları bu mikrofloradır.Bal arıları (Apis mellifera) insanlar gibi toplu halde yaşar ve kovanda yaşamın devamlılığını sağlamak için iş birliği içinde çalışır. Üretken kolonilerde mikrobiyotadaki çeşitlilik artışı, arının gelişimsel yaşından beslenmesine, kovanın bulunduğu coğrafi konumdan iklim değişikliğine kadar çeşitli faktörlere bağlıdır. Bu bakteriyel topluluk kompozisyonundaki çeşitlilik azlığının da arının mevcut üretkenliğini olumsuz yönde etkileyebileceği belirtilmektedir. Bu derleme, arı yaşamı için büyük önem arz eden bağırsak temel mikroflorasının çeşitliliğini, edinim yollarını, arının gastrointestinal sistemindeki özel kolonizasyonunu ve bal arısı için fayda mekanizmalarını açıklamaktadır.

Today, industrial activities lead to the accumulation of heavy metals in the soil, water, and air due to mine deposits and operations, fertilizers, and drugs used in agriculture, and urban wastes. Using microorganism bioremediation of metals is an important technique in solving these problems. Herein, a rhizoid bacterium isolated from orchids that grow in Ovit plateau was defined as Bacillus sp. 5O5Y11 by conventional and molecular methods and the bioremediation properties of strain were investigated. It was capable of growth at high salt (10–15%) concentration, wide temperature (10–45 °C) and pH range (pH 4.5–8.0), and was observed to have strong lecithinase, gelatinase activity, and nitrate reduction. When the plant growth-promoting properties of this strain were examined, strong siderophore and ammonium production were observed in in vitro conditions. Bacillus sp. 5O5Y11 was found to have high tolerance to a group of heavy metals [iron (Fe), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), silver (Ag), zinc (Zn)]. Minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values of copper metal on Bacillus sp. 5O5Y11 were determined as 12.5 mM and 50 mM, respectively. The effectiveness of this bacterium on the germination and growth of maize plant in the presence and absence of copper were investigated. These results suggest that Bacillus sp. 5O5Y11 is a microorganism, which has potential in metal bioremediation and plant growth promotion.

Honey is the most important bee product. There are many secondary metabolites, carbohydrates, enzymes, and vitamins in honey, thus, honey has antimicrobial activity. In this study, in vitro antimicrobial activity of forty-two honey and eight propolis ethanolic extracts (PEE) were investigated against 16 microorganisms. Total phenolic content ranged between 20.00-124.10 mg GAE/100 g and 103-232 mg GAE/g for honey and raw propolis samples, respectively. Pine and oak honeydew honeys had higher antimicrobial activity than four different grades of Manuka Honeys up to 18 mm minimum inhibition zone diameters. The ethanolic propolis extracts showed much higher antimicrobial activity than the honey samples. Fungi species were inhibited by the propolis samples. Helicobacter pylorii (H. pylorii) was the most sensitive, whereas Streptococcus agalactiae was the most resistant bacteria among the studied microorganisms. Brazilian and Zonguldak propolis had the closest antimicrobial activity to ampicillin, streptomycin, and fluconazole. It can be concluded that both honey and propolis could be used in preservative and complementary medicine. © 2020 The Author(s) 114Z370 Funding: This study was supported by TUBITAK [grant number 114Z370].

Paenibacillus larvae cause an American foulbrood disease (AFB) that is responsible for the extinction of honeybee colonies and is a honeybee bacterial disease that has to be obligatory notified worldwide. Recently, bacteriophage studies targeting Paenibacillus larvae have emerged as a promising alternative treatment method. The inability of bacteria to create resistance against bacteriophages makes this method advantageous. As a consequence, this study was conducted to describe the genome and biological characteristics of a novel phage capable of lysing Paenibacillus larvae samples isolated from honeybee larva samples in Turkey. The Paenibacillus phage SV21 (vB_PlaP_SV21) was isolated by inducing Paenibacillus larvae strain SV21 with Mitomycin-C. Whole-genome sequencing, comparative genomics, and phylogenetic analysis of vB_PlaP_SV21 were performed. Transmission electron microscopy images showed that vB_PlaP_SV21 phage was a Podovirus morphology. The vB_PlaP_SV21 phage specific for Paenibacillus larvae was determined to belong to the Podoviridae family. Host range and specificity, burst size, lytic activity, and morphological characteristics of the phage were determined. Bioinformatic analysis of the Paenibacillus phage SV21 showed 77 coding sequences in its linear 44,949 bp dsDNA genome with a GC content of 39.33%. In this study, we analysed the genomes of all of the currently sequenced P. larvae phage genomes and classified them into five clusters and a singleton. According to molecular, morphological, and bioinformatics results, it was observed that API480 (podovirus), which was reported as a singleton in previous studies and public databases, and Paenibacillus phage SV21 phage could form a new cluster together

İnsan sesi üç aşamadan oluşmaktadır. Respirasyon yani solunum aşaması,fonasyon yani ses tellerinin titreşim aşaması ve rezonans yani oluşan ham sesin bir şekle girip her insana özgü olan ses tonunun oluşum aşamasıdır. Artikülasyon yani üretim aşaması da eklendiğinde konuşma gerçekleşmektedir. Sağlıklı sesin oluşabilmesi için ses sistemi organlarının sağlıklı ve uyumlu bir şekilde çalışması gerekmektedir. Sağlıklı bir ses sistemi mekanizması için de ses hijyenine dikkat edilmelidir. Bu çalışmada Türk toplumunda ses sağlığı farkındalığı farklı yaş,meslek,cinsiyet ve gelir durumlarına göre değerlendirilmiştir. 325 katılımcıya 26 soruluk anket uygulanmıştır., İstanbul Medipol Üniversitesi Dil ve Konuşma Terapisi Lisans-2 öğrencileri tarafından Güssün GÜNEŞ gözetiminde hazırlanmıştır.

In this study, novel imidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazole (ITD) compounds were synthesized and their antimicrobial and antioxidant capacity was examined. The C-2 position of the ITD structure was fixed with the 3,4-hydroxybenzene ring and the properties of the two series of compounds obtained by phenyl or 4-chlorophenyl in the C-6 position were compared. In the formation of these series, new properties were determined by the addition of different pharmacophore to the target product by binding of the groups known in the literature from the C-5 position to the structure. In the study, it was seen that the compounds 4a, 4b, 5a, 5b, 7f, 10, 12 and 13 had very high anti-tuberculosis activities at low concentrations, 3b was found to exhibit moderate activity while other synthesis compounds exhibited moderate activity. In addition, it showed activity against gram positive and negative bacteria. In the determination of the antioxidant capacities of the newly synthesized compounds by FRAP and DPPH methods, the compounds showing activity were found to be 2, 3a, 3b, 6c, 9, 11 and 13. The structures of all synthesized compounds were solved by spectroscopic methods such as FT-IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and mass.

Sellitepe, Hasan Erdinc/0000-0001-5339-6940; Pannecouque, Christophe/0000-0002-1254-4473; Tatar, Esra/0000-0003-3490-8597; Kucukguzel, Ilkay/0000-0002-7188-1859; senkardes, sevil/0000-0002-0523-459X; BOZDEVECI, ARIF/0000-0002-0729-9143 WOS: 000376305300013 A series of 38 new acylhydrazones [3-40], derived from (2S)-4-(methylsulfanyl)-2-[[(4-methylphenyl)sulfonyl] amino]butanoic acid hydrazide [2], were synthesized and evaluated for their anti-HIV and antimicrobial activity with the further aim to develop acylhydrazones carrying an amino acid side chain. All tested compounds possess stronger activity against gram (+) bacteria. Compound 23 was found active against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) with a MIC value of 3.9 mu g/mL. the MIC value of compound 30 against Enterococcus faecalis, Listeria monocytogenes, and Bacillus cereus was 8 mu g/mL. A computational study for prediction of ADME and drug-like properties (solubility, drug-likeness, and drug score) as well as potential toxicity profiles of compounds 2-40 was performed using the Molinspiration online property calculation toolkit and Osiris Property Explorer. As most of our compounds meet Lipinski's rule of five, they promise good solubility and permeability. According to Osiris calculations, the majority of our compounds are supposed to be nonmutagenic and nonirritating. Research Fund of Marmara UniversityMarmara University [SAG-A-060510-0109] This work was supported by the Research Fund of Marmara University, project number: SAG-A-060510-0109.

This study was performed to determine the antibacterial activity of methanol extracts of 23 bryophyte species against Paenibacillus larvae isolates that cause American foulbrood diseases in honeybee larvae. The honey and larva samples were collected from nine different locations of Rize in Turkey. A total of 22 gram-positive spore-forming bacteria were isolated from the larva and honey samples. According to the results of morphological, biochemical, and molecular (16S rRNA gene sequencing) tests, 10 isolates of the 22 gram-positive spore-forming bacteria were identified as P. larvae. A total of 10 bryophyte species (Polytrichum formasum,Polytrichum commune, Calliergonella cuspitada, Calliergonella lindbergi, Metzgeria conjugata, Isothecium alopecuroides, Syntrichia calcicola, Syntrichia intermedia, Tortella densa,and Grimmia alpestris) among 23 bryophytes showed good antimicrobial activity against P. larvae isolates according the results of agar-well diffusion method and minimal inhibition concentration experiments.

The chemical composition of the essential oils from all parts of Pseudoscleropodium purum , Eurhynchium striatum and Eurhynchium angustirete were analysed by GC-FID-MS. Sixty-five, thirty-four and seven compounds, accounting for 99.7%, 97.3% and 99.9% of the oils, were identified and the main components were a - pinene (16.1%), 3-octanone (48.1%), and eicosane (28.6%), respectively. The essential oils were also tested against nine strains using a broth microdilution method and showed moderate antimicrobial activity with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) ranging from 278.2 to 2225 µg/mL. All the mosses essential oils showed good antituberculosis activity against Mycobacterium smegmatis with MIC of 278.2-312.0 µg/mL.

Enlightening effects of biocontrol agents as Trichoderma spp. to provide disease control by combating pathogens is an important alternative in agricultural crop production. To that end, 9 species of Hypocrea/ Trichoderma having green ascospores isolated from the soil that tea plants cultivated in are identified by ITS sequences and were found to be close relative of Trichoderma sect. Pachybasium (77%). Ethyl acetate extracts of fungal isolates exhibited the antimicrobial activity against to Vibrio sp, Serratia marcescens, Mycobacterium smegmatis and Bacillus cereus but no antifungal activity was detected. The highest level of inhibitory activity was observed against to M. smegmatis by Trichoderma harzianum ID4A, ID4B and ID6B. In dual culture test, all Trichoderma strains were found to be showing the highest inhibitory activity against to the plant pathogens Botrytis cinerea, Sclerotonia sclerotiorum and Rhizoctonia solani (AG3), but relatively low activity against to the entomopathogen fungi. Volatile metabolites of Trichoderma spp. caused maximum reduction in mycelial growth and sclerotial production. Tested strains showed the highest tolerance to the fungicide Dikozin, whereas the lowest tolerance was against to the Captan regardless of the dosage.

Yenilenebilir enerji kaynakları konusunda son yıllarda birçok araştırma yapılmakta ve bu alternatif enerji kaynaklarından biride biyogaz enerjisidir. Biyogaz havasız fermantasyon koşullarında her türlü organik atıklardan yapılabildiği gibi kırsal kesimlerde genellikle hayvansal kaynaklı atıklardan üretilmektedir. Hayvansal kaynaklı atıkların değerlendirilmesinde en iyi yollardan biri biyogaz üretimidir. Bu çalışmada; Denizli merkez ve ilçelerinde ortaya çıkan hayvansal kaynaklı atıklardan yola çıkarak biyogaz potansiyeli hesaplanmıştır. Denizli genelinde 2014 verilerine göre toplam hayvan sayısı 4 370 129, oluşan günlük yaş gübre miktarı ise 4 578 889 kg gün'dür. Sonuçlar Denizli'de ki hayvansal kaynaklı atıklarından 70.16 m3 yıl biyogaz üretilebileceğini göstermiştir. Hayvansal kaynaklı atıklardan yıllık biyogaz potansiyelinin enerji karşılığı motorin 46.30 milyon litre, elektrik enerjisi eş değerliği 329 milyon kWh-1 'dır. Çalışmamız sonucunda biyogaz potansiyeli en fazla olan ilçe Çivril ve hayvan sayısı en yüksek ilçe ise Honaz'dır

Bu çalışmada Rize İkizdere çay topraklarından izole edilen ve geleneksel yöntemlerle tanımlaması yapılan Trichoderma spp. türlerinin farklı sıcaklıklarda üreme, spor oluşturma, sporlarının sıcaklık toleransı, antifungal ve antimikrobiyal aktiviteleri, fungisit dirençliliği, selülaz ve kitinaz üretimleri, farklı katı substratlarda spor üretimi, spor raf ömrünün ve tohum çimlenmesi üzerine etkinliklerin belirlenmesi amaçladık.Bu izolatların çoğunun Trichoderma harzianum'la benzerlik gösterirken biri T. atroviride, biri de T. hamatum olduğunu ITS sekansına dayalı olarak belirlendi. Suşların tümünde en iyi üreme ve spor oluşturma sıcaklığı 28 °C olduğu ve spor canlılığının 65 °C'ye kadar korunduğu tespit edildi. Trichoderma suşlarının etil asetat ekstratlarının antimikrobiyal aktiviteye sahip oldukları, özellikle ID4A, ID4B ve ID6A suşlarının M. smegmatis'e etkili olduğunu bulduk. Suşların uçucu metabolit ürettiği, S. sclerotiorum'un büyümesini ve sklerot oluşumunu engelledikleri belirlendi. Bitki patojeni olan B. cinerea S. sclerotiorum ve R. solani'ye karşı en etkili ve enzim (kitinaz ve selülaz) aktivitesi en yüksek olan suşlar sırasıyla T. harzianum ID11C, ID11D, T. atroviride ID20G ve T. hamatum ID17E olarak belirlendi. Trichoderma'ların Captan, Dikozin ve Cuprenax fungisitlerine karşı 10000 μg/mL düzeylerine kadar dirençli oldukları belirlendi. T. harzianum ID11C ve T. atroviride ID20G suşlarının, bitki tohumlarının çimlenmesi üzerine ilk 7 gündeki etkinliği, kontrole göre %10-17 oranında daha yüksek olduğu belirlendi. Yapılan bu çalışmada, T. harzianum ID11D ile ID11C suşlarının biyokontrol ve bitki destekleyicisi olarak en uygun suşlar olduğu, T. atroviride ID20G ve diğerlerinin de bu amaçla kullanılabileceği sonucuna varıldı. In this study, we aimed to determine the growth at different temperatures, spore-forming, temperature tolerance of spores, antifungal and antimicrobial activity, resistance to fungicides, cellulase and chitinase production, the production of spores at different solid substrates, spores shelf life and the effect to seed germination of Trichoderma spp. isolated from tea soil in İkizdere (Rize) and identified with traditional methods.We identified these isolates mostly as Trichoderma harzianum, one as Trichoderma atroviride and the other Trichoderma hamatum based on ITS sequences. The optimum growth and sporulation temperature of all strains were observed as 28°C and spore viability was determined to be protected up to 65 °C. We found that the ethyl acetate extract of Trichoderma strains have antimicrobial activity, especially ID4A, ID4B ve ID6A strains were found to be effective against M. smegmatis. It was determined that strains were producing essential metabolites, so minimizing the formation sclerotizing and growth of S. sclerotiorum. Strains with the highest enzyme activity and showing strong antifungal activity against plant pathogens (B. cinerea, S. sclerotiorum and R. solani) were determined as T. harzianum ID11C, ID11D, T. atroviride ID20G and T. hamatum ID17E, respectively. It was determined that Trichoderma isolates were resistant to Captan, Dikozin ve Cuprenax fungusists up to 10000 μg/mL level. Also it was found that the efffect of seed germination by T. harzianum ID11C and T. atroviride ID20G strains were higher than the control.In this study, we concluded that T. harzianum ID11D and ID11C isolates were the most suitable strains for biocontrol and plant promoter; and also T. atroviride ID20G and the others could be used for this purpose. 132

Maize is an agro-economically important crop and its global scale cultivation dates back to ancient times. It is vital to find organic solutions for the agricultural sustainability of maize. Trichoderma spp. is a cheap bio-control candidate having favorable effects on plant growth and enhances resistance to abiotic stresses. Herein, the effect of the endophytic fungus Trichoderma atroviride, our local isolate named ID20G (TaID20G), was evaluated in maize (Zea mays L.) seedlings under drought stress. The fungal strain was characterized based on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence of 5.8S rDNA. Relative water content, phenotypic characters of roots, antioxidant enzyme activity, hydrogen peroxide content, lipid peroxidation and chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm ratio) were recorded. Root colonization of TaID20G increased fresh and dry weight of maize roots under drought stress. Chlorophyll and carotenoid contents of seedlings were reduced by drought stress and membrane damage was high in uninoculated plants. Root colonization of TaID20G almost totally prevented increase in lipid peroxidation and reversed the changes caused by drought in pigment contents and photosystem efficiency. Antioxidant enzyme activity was induced and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content was less in response to drought stress in inoculated plants. Taken together, these data indicate that TaID20G inoculation could diminish the injurious effects of drought and might have a function in arranging resilience against stress by inducing antioxidant machinery. Low cost and effortless nature of Trichoderma-based formulas might be developed as crop protectors in drought-affected lands around the world, leading to an eco-friendly insight into the plant stress tolerance.

Bu araştırmada, ortaöğretim okullarında görev yapan öğretmen görüşlerine göre okul müdürlerinin çatışma yönetimi stillerini kullanma derecesi ve öğretmenlerin görüşlerinin cinsiyet, sendikalılık durumu ve hizmet süresi değişkenlerine göre farklılık gösterip göstermediği araştırılmıştır. Araştırmada “tarama modeli” kullanılmıştır. Araştırmanın evrenini 2015–2016 eğitim-öğretim yılı Denizli ili Merkezefendi ve Pamukkale merkez ilçelerinde görev yapan ortaöğretim öğretmenleri oluşturmaktadır. “rastgele örnekleme” yöntemiyle seçilen 400 öğretmene ulaşılarak veriler toplanmıştır. Ölçek sorularının tamamına cevap veren 350 ortaöğretim öğretmenidir. Araştırmada kullanılan veri toplama aracı; “Kişisel Bilgi Formu” ve “Çatışma Yönetimi Stratejileri” olmak üzere iki bölümden oluşmaktadır. Ölçeğin Cronbach Alpha değeri 0,897 olarak bulunmuştur. Araştırmaya katılan öğretmenlerin büyük çoğunluğunun kadın, sendika üyesi ve kıdemlerinin 11-20 yıl aralığında olduğu görülmüştür. ortaöğretim okullarında görev yapan öğretmen görüşlerine göre okul müdürlerinin çatışma yönetimi stillerini kullanma derecesinin “Bazen” düzeyinde olduğu ve okul müdürlerinin çatışma yönetim tarzlarının değişken olduğu duruma göre farklılık gösterdiği söylenebilir. Denizli ilinde ortaöğretim okullarında görev yapan öğretmenlerin algılarına göre okul müdürlerinin çatışma yönetim tarzlarına ilişkin en az katılım gösterdikleri önermenin (X=2,27) ortalama ile “Okulumuzdaki yöneticiler, hoşuna gitmeyen bir konuda tartışma açılmak istendiğini sezdiğinde karşı tarafla görüşmekten kaçınır.” maddesine “Nadiren” şeklinde görüş bildirdikleri görülürken; en fazla katılım gösterdikleri önermenin ise (X= 3,73) ortalama ile “Okulumuzdaki yöneticiler, öğretmenler arasında uyuşmazlığa neden olan konuları detaylı olarak gözden geçirir.” maddesine “Sık sık” şeklinde katılım gösterdikleri görülmüştür. Buradan hareketle katılımcı öğretmenlerin görüşlerine göre yöneticiler, hoşuna gitmeyen bir konuda tartışma açılmak istendiğini sezdiğinde karşı tarafla görüşmekten nadiren kaçındıkları; yine yöneticilerin öğretmenler arasında uyuşmazlığa neden olan konuları sık sık detaylı olarak gözden geçirdikleri söylenebilir. Okul müdürlerinin çatışma yönetimi stillerini kullanma derecesine ilişkin ortaöğretim okullarında görev yapan öğretmen görüşleri cinsiyet ve kıdem değişkenlerine göre farklılık göstermekteyken sendikalılık durumuna göre farklılık göstermemektedir.

In recent years, many studies are done on renewable energy sources and one of the renewable energysources is biogas.Biogas is a all kinds of organic waste can be made as of anaerobic fermentation conditions it isgenerally produced from animal waste in rural areas. One of the best ways for evaluation of biogas productionis a waste of animal origin. In this study; starting from animal waste resulting from Denizli centers and districtsbiogas potential has to be calculated. There are 4 370 129 total animals in Denizli according to the last data in 2014and composed of the amount of fertilizer day-old 4 578 889 kg day. The results shown that province of Denizlihas a potential of 70.16 million m3 year will be produced biogas potential from animal origin waste. The possibleanimal waste origin amount of biogas that can be produced in Denizli is annual approximately equal to motorin46.30 million liter, 329 milyon kWh-1 electric energy. In resulting study with the greatest potential for biogas Civrildistrict and has the town highest number of animals of Honaz., Yenilenebilir enerji kaynakları konusunda son yıllarda birçok araştırma yapılmakta ve bu alternatif enerjikaynaklarından biride biyogaz enerjisidir. Biyogaz havasız fermantasyon koşullarında her türlü organik atıklardanyapılabildiği gibi kırsal kesimlerde genellikle hayvansal kaynaklı atıklardan üretilmektedir. Hayvansal kaynaklıatıkların değerlendirilmesinde en iyi yollardan biri biyogaz üretimidir. Bu çalışmada; Denizli merkez ve ilçelerindeortaya çıkan hayvansal kaynaklı atıklardan yola çıkarak biyogaz potansiyeli hesaplanmıştır. Denizli genelinde 2014verilerine göre toplam hayvan sayısı 4 370 129, oluşan günlük yaş gübre miktarı ise 4 578 889 kg gün’dür. SonuçlarDenizli’de ki hayvansal kaynaklı atıklarından 70.16 m3 yıl biyogaz üretilebileceğini göstermiştir. Hayvansalkaynaklı atıklardan yıllık biyogaz potansiyelinin enerji karşılığı motorin 46.30 milyon litre, elektrik enerjisi eşdeğerliği 329 milyon kWh-1 ‘dır. Çalışmamız sonucunda biyogaz potansiyeli en fazla olan ilçe Çivril ve hayvansayısı en yüksek ilçe ise Honaz’dır

Bu çalışmanın amacı, Sosyal Bilgiler Dersi 7.Sınıf ?Avrupa'da Yenilikler? ünitesinde çokluzeka kuramı temelli öğretim uygulanan deney grubu ile geleneksel öğretim yapılan kontrolgrubunun öğrenme ve hatırlama düzeyleri üzerindeki etkisini karşılaştırmaktır..Çalışmada deneysel yöntem uygulanarak öntest-sontest kontrol gruplu model kullanılmış,gruplar deney ve kontrol grubu olarak atanmıştır. Deney grubunda çoklu zeka temelli öğretimyapılırken, kontrol grubunda geleneksel öğretim sürdürülmüştür. Çalışma, Afyonkarahisarlinin Sinanpaşa ilçesindeki Akören lköğretim Okulunda Sosyal Bilgiler Dersi 7.Sınıf?Avrupa'da Yenilikler? ünitesinde uygulanmıştır. Denek olarak 2004-2005 Eğitim-Öğretimyılında eğitim gören 7-A ve 7-B Sınıfları seçilmiştir. Öncelikle denencelerle ilgili öntest,sontest, hatırlama testinin uygulanması sonucunda veriler elde edilmiştir. Veriler Mann-Whitney U testi ile yorumlanarak aşağıdaki denencelerle ilgili bulgulara ulaşılmıştır:1. Çoklu zeka temelli öğretim yapılan deney grubunun toplam öğrenmelerinin bilgi, kavramave uygulama düzeyi, geleneksel öğretim yapılan kontrol grubunun toplam öğrenmelerininbilgi, kavrama ve uygulama düzeyinden anlamlı derecede yüksek bulunmuştur.2. Çoklu zeka temelli öğretim yapılan deney grubunun toplam hatırlamalarının bilgi, kavramave uygulama düzeyi, geleneksel öğretim yapılan kontrol grubunun toplam hatırlamalarınınbilgi, kavrama ve uygulama düzeyinden anlamlı derecede yüksek bulunmuştur. Purpose of this study to examine effects of application of Multiple Intelligenges Theory uponlearning and recalling process in ?Innovations in Europe? unit in the 7th class of SocialScience teaching. Problem sentence is that ?Is there a significant difference betweenexperimental group implemented Multiple Intelligences Theory and control groupimplemented traditional method with regard to learning and recalling process in unit of?Innovations in Europe? in the 7th class of Social Science teaching?.Study was realized upon two groups which were decided as experimental and control group.Research was carried out in Akören Primary School in Afyonkarahisar. 7-A and 7-B classesin 2003-2004 academic year were chosen as subjects of study. check preliminaries in learningof unit and no differences were seen between groups. AfterAt the beginning of research a cognitive behavour test and preliminary test were employed tothat final and recalling tests were implemented in both groups during the research. Withaiming of discovering learning and recalling level a test of 33 questions was practised.Obtained data was interpreted by Mann-Whitney U test. After statistical analyses it was seenthat throughout application, there have been important differences both in learning andrecalling process in favour of experimental group. 241