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Considerado en sus inicios como un representante típico de la poesía política polaca, la obra de Stanisław Barańczak constituye, no obstante, un análisis particularmente lúcido de la realidad existencial del ser humano y de los límites impuestos al yo individual en su confrontación con la sociedad de la que forma parte y con la trascendencia a la que aspira. Nacida, ciertamente, de los avatares de la lucha política contra el régimen comunista, la poesía de Barańczak ha sabido evolucionar, sin embargo, hacia un horizonte más universal, acentuando para ello la vindicación de los derechos inalienables del ser humano y el valor irrenunciable de su libertad. La Poética de Barańczak se halla en consonancia con los presupuestos éticos que defiende a través de sus versos: con su estilo complejo, sus referencias cultistas y su original voluntad de experimentación formal (que incluye, en particular, un acentuado interés por la expresión musical como límite o coadyuvante de la expresión poética) su poesía constituye una plasmación siempre actual y siempre personal de las sempiternas cuestiones filosóficas que inquietan al hombre. Traditionally regarded as a political poet, Stanisław Barańczak‟s work actually represents a lucid depiction of human being‟s existential complexities, but also a coherent drawing of the limits imposed upon him by society and transcendence. Barańczak‟s poetry was born on occasion of political conflicts in Popular Poland during the 70‟s, but since then has nevertheless sought more universal horizons, by a coherent vindication of the inalienable value of human freedom and human rights. Barańczak‟s Poetics much more reflects his main ethic concerns: a complex style, a profusion of quotes and cultist references, and a patent interest in formal experimentation (particularly in music as a limit or coadjutant to poetic creation) accurately give expression to those everlasting philosophical questions which have always disturbed human beings.

Our core hypothesis is that the emergence of our species-specific language-ready brain ought to be understood in light of the developmental changes expressed at the levels of brain morphology and neural connectivity that occurred in our species after the split from Neanderthals-Denisovans and that gave us a more globular braincase configuration. In addition to changes at the cortical level, we hypothesize that the anatomical shift that led to globularity also entailed significant changes at the subcortical level. We claim that the functional consequences of such changes must also be taken into account to gain a fuller understanding of our linguistic capacity. Here we focus on the thalamus, which we argue is central to language and human cognition, as it modulates fronto-parietal activity. With this new neurobiological perspective in place, we examine its possible molecular basis. We construct a candidate gene set whose members are involved in the development and connectivity of the thalamus, in the evolution of the human head, and are known to give rise to language-associated cognitive disorders. We submit that the new gene candidate set opens up new windows into our understanding of the genetic basis of our linguistic capacity. Thus, our hypothesis aims at generating new testing grounds concerning core aspects of language ontogeny and phylogeny.

The sequencing of the genomes from extinct hominins has revealed that changes in some brain-related genes have been selected after the split between anatomically-modern humans and Neanderthals/Denisovans. To date, no coherent view of these changes has been provided. Following a line of research we initiated in Boeckx and Benítez-Burraco (2014a) , we hypothesize functional links among most of these genes and their products, based on the existing literature for each of the gene discussed. The genes we focus on are found mutated in different cognitive disorders affecting modern populations and their products are involved in skull and brain morphology, and neural connectivity. If our hypothesis turns out to be on the right track, it means that the changes affecting most of these proteins resulted in a more globular brain and ultimately brought about modern cognition, with its characteristic generativity and capacity to form and exploit cross-modular concepts, properties most clearly manifested in language.

The objective of this doctoral thesis is to contribute to the current discussion of the origins of language in our species. Various hypotheses have been proposed to explain this conundrum, many of them with antithetical views. The framework adopted in this thesis, and the fundamental basis of the investigation conducted therein, is the human self-domestication hypothesis. According to this hypothesis, specific characteristics of the human phenotype are a result, in part, of a process similar to that experienced by domesticated animals. The fact that many domesticated animals share common traits, known as the ‘domestication syndrome’ (DS) has led researchers to hypothesize that these cognitive, behavioral, and physical traits are the result of sexual selection of individuals with lower levels of aggression, in response to changes in a variety of environmental factors. One consequence of selfdomestication, according to this hypothesis, is the creation of a ‘cultural niche’, that is, a sociocultural environment that allows for the complexification of language via a cultural mechanism (Thomas and Kirby, 2018; Benítez-Burraco and Progovac, 2020). In this view, human language (particularly, languages used and spoken currently) can be seen as not only the product of biological factors, but also of advanced cultural aspects that characterise us as a species, which of course are also brought about by the same biological factors that shape language. This thesis is centered on the more variable aspects of human selfdomestication; since self-domestication is thought to be the result of physical changes related to control of aggression, it stands to reason that factors which favor prosocial behavior also heighten traits associated with self-domestication, and vice versa. Because more recently evolved traits are more vulnerable to ontogenetic damage, neurodevelopmental disorders prove to be key areas of study. A fundamental objective of the thesis is to determine the extent to which features of self-domestication are altered in disorders related to atypical or impaired socialization, and how this may contribute to the current understanding of language evolution. In order to do this, two main disorders were selected: Williams Syndrome (WS) and Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD), which have traditionally been considered to represent opposite extremes when it comes to social behavior, with individuals with ASD exhibiting diminished traits of self-domestication (see Benítez-Burraco et al., 2016 for a discussion), and individuals with WS seemingly exhibiting exaggerated traits of self-domestication. The first article of this thesis (Niego and Benítez-Burraco, 2019) focuses on WS, with the main goal of discovering whether or not this assumption about exaggerated DS traits is true, and if the anecdotal evidence suggesting so can be substantiated with research. The research conducted for this article supports the fact that many traits of human self-domestication are indeed exaggerated in people with WS. In addition, various candidate genes for domestication in mammals are found to be significantly dysregulated in the blood of people with WS, suggesting that the WS deletion region may contain genes which are involved in the self-domesticated phenotype and that these genes affect the characteristic traits of WS. Once this characterization of ASD and WS as hypo- and hyper-domesticated conditions was established, the second and third articles of this thesis (Niego and Benítez- Burraco, 2020; Niego and Benítez-Burraco, 2021a) aimed to determine to what extent these conditions can be considered as opposite to each other in the sociocognitive realm. The fundamental reason for this was to determine if their opposite manifestations of the self-domestication syndrome affect the cognitive and social/behavioral phenotypes of both disorders. Article Two (Niego and Benítez-Burraco, 2020) concluded that ASD and WS cannot be considered to be opposites— neither in the phenotypical sense nor in the neurobiological sense. The third article (Niego and Benítez-Burraco, 2021a) extended this conclusion to the genetic realm, since a significant overlap was found between differentially expressed genes in the blood of ASD and WS. The aim was to investigate whether there are also quantitative differences at the phenotypic level which could be attributed to this genetic overlap. The results of both articles suggest that the case of ASD and WS is too complicated to explain these two disorders as opposite ends of a spectrum; both ASD and WS are not static conditions, but rather exist on a continuum, of which neurotypical people are also a part. The last two articles that make up the thesis, articles four and five (Niego and Benítez- Burraco, 2021b; Niego and Benítez- Burraco, 2021c) analyze feralization, a seemingly opposite process to domestication, and its impact on communicative capacity. Feralization is the process by which a domesticated animal returns to a wild-like environment. Understanding the extent to which feralization represents a genuine reversal of domestication and to what extent it can be seen as simply an adaptation to environment can aid in understanding the limits of the variation displayed in the selfdomesticated phenotype, both in neurotypical populations and in disorders. Article Four (Niego and Benítez-Burraco, 2021b) concluded that feralization does not in fact represent a complete reversal of domestication, but rather that certain physical, behavioral, and neurobiological traits revert to some extent. This investigation pointed to the fact that only a limited number of genes are involved in both feralization and domestication, and these genes can be considered to be promising candidates when it comes to explaining the sensitivity of self-domestication to environmental effects. Article Five (Niego and Benítez-Burraco, 2021c) sought to apply the conclusions derived from the previous article to humans, in particular, to clarify to what extent our characteristic sociocognitive traits (resulting from human self-domestication) are expected to revert as the result of genetic or environmental changes. In order to do this, Article Five made use of various lists of traits garnered from literature on feral animals with characteristics of individuals with ASD–a sociocognitive disorder known for its genetic origin– as well as individuals with Reactive Attachment Disorder (RAD) –a sociocognitive disorder known for its environmental origin. Given the principal objective of this thesis, special attention was paid to problems concerning language and communication in all of the groups which were studied. El objetivo de la presente tesis doctoral es contribuir a la actual discusión acerca del origen del lenguaje, acerca del cual se han formulado hipótesis muy diversas, en muchos casos contradictorias y a veces, antitéticas. El marco evolutivo en el que se encuadra es el de la autodomesticación humana, en esencia, la posibilidad de que el fenotipo humano sea, al menos en parte, el resultado de un proceso similar al experimentado por los animales domésticos, resultante de la selección de individuos con niveles de agresividad menores en respuesta a cambios en determinados factores ambientales. Una consecuencia de dicho proceso de autodomesticación habría sido la creación del ambiente (o “nicho”) sociocultural que permite el incremento de complejidad de las lenguas mediante un mecanismo cultural (Thomas y Kirby, 2018; Benítez-Burraco y Progovac, 2020). El lenguaje humano (y en particular, el tipo de lenguas habladas en la actualidad) sería así no solo el producto de los cambios biológicos que nos distinguen de otras especies de homininos, sino, asimismo, de las formas de cultura avanzadas que nos caracterizan y que son también el resultado, en cierta media, de dichos cambios biológicos. La tesis se centra en los aspectos de la autodomesticación que presentan una mayor variabilidad. Puesto que la autodomesticación es el resultado, en última instancia, de cambios fisiológicos relacionados con los mecanismos de control de la agresividad, cabe esperar que los factores que favorezcan un comportamiento prosocial incrementen los rasgos asociados a la autodomesticación, y viceversa. Dichos factores pueden ser endógenos (por ejemplo, la mutación de determinados genes, si afectan al desarrollo de nuestro cerebro social) o exógenos (por ejemplo, cualquier alteración del proceso normal de socialización del individuo). Como consecuencia, cabe esperar también que el grado de autodomesticación de nuestra especie haya ido variando (en buena medida, para incrementarse) con el tiempo (Benítez-Burraco et al., 2020), pero también que puede presentar una manifestación diferente en distintos grupos humanos (Gleeson and Kushnick, 2018). Puesto que los rasgos evolucionados recientemente poseen menos mecanismos de seguridad y de compensación frente al daño ontogenético, un ámbito en el que pueden esperarse las diferencias más notables en lo concerniente a la autodomesticación es el de los trastornos del neurodesarrollo. Se llega, así, al objetivo fundamental de la tesis: determinar en qué medida los rasgos propios de la autodomesticación se presentan alterados en trastornos que conllevan patrones patológicos de socialización y en qué medida dicha alteración nos ayuda a entender mejor la evolución del lenguaje (y las lenguas) en el pasado. Los trastornos seleccionados fueron los trastornos del espectro autista (TEA) y el síndrome de Williams (SW), que se han considerado tradicionalmente patologías especulares en lo relativo a la cognición y al comportamiento sociales. En el primer caso, trabajos previos sugerían que los rasgos asociados a la autodomesticación se presentan, en general, atenuados (Benítez-Burraco et al., 2016). Sin embargo, estaba pendiente un estudio similar en el caso del segundo de ellos. En consecuencia, el primero de los artículos que integran la tesis (Niego y Benítez-Burraco, 2019) se planteó determinar si, como cabria esperar, los rasgos asociados a la autodomesticación están acentuados en los sujetos con SW. Un examen de la literatura clínica existente al respecto vino a confirmar esta posibilidad. No obstante, se encontró además que los genes candidato para la domesticación de los mamíferos se encuentran desregulados de forma significativa en la sangre de los sujetos con SW, lo que sugiere que la hemideleción característica de este trastorno afecta a la expresión normal de los genes responsables del fenotipo autodomesticado y que dicha alteración da cuenta, al menos en parte, de los síntomas característicos del trastorno. Una vez corroborado el carácter hipo- e hiperdomesticado, respectivamente, del TEA y el SW, los dos siguientes artículos de la tesis se dedicaron a determinar en qué medida ambos trastornos son realmente condiciones especulares en el plano sociocognitivo. La razón fundamental era determinar si su carácter sustancialmente opuesto en lo concerniente a la autodomesticación tenía un reflejo directo en lo que atañe a la cognición y el comportamiento sociales. En el primero de los trabajos (Niego y Benítez-Burraco, 2020) se concluyó que ambos trastornos no pueden considerarse por completo opuestos en este sentido, ni a nivel fenotípico, ni neurobiológico. En el segundo (Niego y Benítez-Burraco, 2021a) esta conclusión se extendió al plano genético, al constatarse que existe un solapamiento significativo entre los genes que presentan un patrón de expresión anómalo en la sangre de los sujetos con TEA y con SW, si bien existen también algunas diferencias (fundamentalmente de índole cuantitativa) que podrían explicar las diferencias a nivel fenotípico entre ambos trastornos, que también existen. En conjunto, los resultados de estos dos trabajos sugieren que en lo que atañe a la cognición social, los trastornos no son entidades estancas, sino que es más exacto hablar de un continuo cognitivo del que también formaría parte la población neurotípica. Los dos últimos trabajos que integran la tesis se dedican al análisis del proceso contrario a la domesticación, a saber, el asilvestramiento, y a su impacto en las capacidades comunicativas. El asilvestramiento es el proceso por el cual un animal previamente domesticado vuelve a condiciones naturales. Entender en qué medida el asilvestramiento entraña una genuina reversión de la domesticación y en qué medida representa una adaptación en sí mismo debería ayudar a comprender mejor los límites de la variación en la manifestación del fenotipo autodomesticado, tanto en las poblaciones neurotípicas (presentes y pasadas) como en los propios trastornos. En el primero de los artículos (Niego y Benítez-Burraco, 2021b) concluyó que el asilvestramiento no implica, en contra de lo que podría pensarse, una reversión completa al estado silvestre, sino solo de ciertos rasgos físicos, conductuales y neurobiológicos. El trabajo permitió determinar, asimismo, que solo un número limitado de genes intervienen en ambos procesos, los cuales pueden considerarse candidatos especialmente prometedores para explicar la sensibilidad del proceso de (auto)domesticación a los efectos ambientales. El segundo de los artículos (Niego y Benítez-Burraco, 2021c) buscaba aplicar a nuestra propia especie las conclusiones derivadas del trabajo anterior, en particular, esclarecer en qué medida cabe esperar una reversión de nuestras características sociocognitivas distintivas (resultantes, en parte, de nuestra autodomesticación) cuando se producen alteraciones genéticas o ambientales. Para ello, en el artículo se compararon los rasgos observados en los animales asilvestrados con las características fenotípicas de un trastorno sociocognitivo de origen eminentemente genético (el TEA) y otro de origen sustancialmente ambiental (el denominado trastorno reactivo del apego), con una especial atención a los problemas de lenguaje y de comunicación.

In this talk, we propose an account of the evolution of language that builds on the hypothesis of human self-domestication (HSD), arguing that the evolution of one of the hallmarks of communication, i.e., conversational abilities, is strongly linked to the reduction of reactive aggression, one of the characteristic features and one of the triggering factors of HSD. Our argument rests on two steps: to argue in favor of a continuity of animal proto-conversation (PC) with modern human conversation; to show that the analysis of how PC of human infants develop into sophisticated conversational skills, in part from changes in the management of aggression/emotions, can shed light on how full-fledged conversational abilities emerged from PC in modern humans under HSD forces. Overall, we argue for a gradual transition from PC to full-fledged conversation under the gradual increase of HSD features in our species.

Recent research has proposed that certain aspects of psychosis, as experienced in, e.g., schizophrenia (SCZ), but also aspects of other cognitive conditions, such as autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and synesthesia, can be related to a shattered sense of the notion of self. In this paper, our goal is to show that altered processing of self can be attributed to an abnormal functioning of cortico-striatal brain networks supporting, among other, one key human distinctive cognitive ability, namely cross-modality, which plays multiple roles in human cognition and language. Specifically, our hypothesis is that this cognitive mechanism sheds light both on some basic aspects of the minimal self and on some aspects related to higher forms of self, such as the narrative self. We further link the atypical functioning in these conditions to some recent evolutionary changes in our species, specifically, an atypical presentation of human self-domestication (HSD) features. In doing so, we also lean on previous work concerning the link between cognitive disorders and language evolution under the effects of HSD. We further show that this approach can unify both linguistic and non-linguistic symptoms of these conditions through deficits in the notion of self. Our considerations provide further support for the hypothesis that SCZ and ASD are diametrically opposed cognitive conditions, as well for the hypothesis that their etiology is associated with recent human evolution, leading to a deeper understanding of the causes and symptoms of these disorders, and providing new cues, which can be used for an earlier and more accurate diagnostics.

Background and aim: Human evolution resulted from changes in our biology, behaviour, and culture. One source of these changes has been hypothesised to be our self-domestication (that is, the development in humans of features commonly found in domesticated strains of mammals, seemingly as a result of selection for reduced aggression). Signals of domestication, notably brain size reduction, have increased in recent times. Methods: In this paper, we compare whole-genome data between the Late Neolithic/Bronze Age individuals and modern Europeans. Results: We show that genes associated with mammal domestication and with neural crest development and function are significantly differently enriched in nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms between these two groups. Conclusion: We hypothesise that these changes might account for the increased features of self-domestication in modern humans and, ultimately, for subtle recent changes in human cognition and behaviour, including language. Keywords: Late Neolithic/Bronze Age; Self-domestication; language change; nonsynonymous SNPs.

As proposed for the emergence of modern languages, we argue that modern uses of languages (pragmatics) also evolved gradually in our species under the effects of human self-domestication, with three key aspects involved in a complex feedback loop: (a) a reduction in reactive aggression, (b) the sophistication of language structure (with emerging grammars initially facilitating the transition from physical aggression to verbal aggression); and (c) the potentiation of pragmatic principles governing conversation, including, but not limited to, turn-taking and inferential abilities. Our core hypothesis is that the reduction in reactive aggression, one of the key factors in self-domestication processes, enabled us to fully exploit our cognitive and interactional potential as applied to linguistic exchanges, and ultimately to evolve a specific form of communication governed by persuasive reciprocity-a trait of human conversation characterized by both competition and cooperation. In turn, both early crude forms of language, well suited for verbal aggression/insult, and later more sophisticated forms of language, well suited for persuasive reciprocity, significantly contributed to the resolution and reduction of (physical) aggression, thus having a return effect on the self-domestication processes. Supporting evidence for our proposal, as well as grounds for further testing, comes mainly from the consideration of cognitive disorders, which typically simultaneously present abnormal features of self-domestication (including aggressive behavior) and problems with pragmatics and social functioning. While various approaches to language evolution typically reduce it to a single factor, our approach considers language evolution as a multifactorial process, with each player acting upon the other, engaging in an intense mutually reinforcing feedback loop. Moreover, we see language evolution as a gradual process, continuous with the pre-linguistic cognitive abilities, which were engaged in a positive feedback loop with linguistic innovations, and where gene-culture co-evolution and cultural niche construction were the main driving forces.

Acquired language disorder is a common consequence of stroke and traumatic brain injury (TBI). For years researchers have aimed to describe and compare the symptomatology of these two neurological disorders, yet their specificities remain unclear. The purpose of this study was to observe word processing abilities of persons after stroke (PaS) and TBI (PaTBI), by focusing on errors they produce. Guided by the assumptions of the logogen model (Patterson & Shewell, 1987), several questions were formed: 1) are there between-group differences in word comprehension, naming and reading ; 2) which types of errors dominate in a particular group ; 3) do the groups differ in types of errors they produce. Significant between-group differences were expected, with prevalence of phonological errors in PaS, and semantic errors in PaTBI. Individuals (22 PaS and 22 PaTBI) were tested using four tasks from Comprehensive aphasia test- Croatian (CAT-HR ; Swinburn et al., 2020). PaTBI significantly outperformed PaS in naming and reading, but both groups exhibited neologisms, phonological, semantic and unrelated errors, although in different proportions. In word comprehension and naming tasks PaTBI primarily exhibited semantic errors, while PaS had equally distributed phonological and semantic errors. In reading, both groups predominantly produced errors on a phonological level. The groups differed only in naming ; PaTBI exhibited significantly more semantic errors than did the PaS group. In conclusion, PaS do not necessarily perform worse on all language aspects compared to PaTBI, and TBI does not imply completely intact lower level language processing. Importantly, even though a comprehensive error analysis can be insightful, one should not expect a particular profile of language disturbances in stroke and in TBI patients. Of all examined tasks, naming differentiated these individuals the most. Error produced by PaTBI are significantly more semantically conditioned than are those produced by PaS.

Universidad de Sevilla. Grado en Filología Hispánica

El reto de esta tesis es estudiar la jerarquía de las variedades lingüísticas y la ideología lingüística bajo la cual se construye. La Sociolingüística crítica proporciona herramientas operativas conceptuales y epistemológicas para los intereses de esta investigación y la perspectiva descolonial completa lo que el enfoque crítico sociolingüístico, de base posmoderna, no es capaz de concebir, en tanto crítica eurocéntrica del Eurocentrismo, que también necesita ser descolonizada. El lenguaje se concibe como una práctica social, como un marcador desde el cual se reproducen las relaciones sociales de desigualdad, basadas en ideologías lingüísticas específicas. Aquí se rechaza el consenso social de Durkheim, asumido por Saussure a través de W. D. Whitney y la lingüística estructural que les sucede. Cada práctica interindividual actualiza las relaciones de las fuerzas intergrupales, como indica Bourdieu, por lo que no son hechos aislados o las prácticas de individuos con prejuicios que simplemente discriminan a otros individuos. Existe una institucionalidad (escuela, medios de comunicación, discursos públicos, etc.) que sustenta estas prácticas. La radio como institución reproduce las ideologías lingüísticas que apoyan estas prácticas. La escuela es una institución productora y reproductora de conocimiento que informa y realiza representaciones y prácticas sociales sociocognitivas. Estos son los ejes etnográficos de esta tesis, desde los cuales analizar la lógica jerárquica de las variedades lingüísticas no dominantes, específicamente la andaluza. Esta es la pregunta de investigación: ¿qué lógica gobierna la jerarquía de las variedades lingüísticas? Tales variedades son capitales simbólicos de grupos sociales, elementos culturales consustanciales a tales agrupaciones humanas. Por lo tanto, en realidad, es una jerarquía de tales grupos, es decir, de lo que la sociolingüística llama comunidad del habla. El documento explora las ideologías lingüísticas, sociales y científicas de la lingüística y la filología, haciendo que esta conceptualización dialogue con los estudios lingüísticos y sus desarrollos epistémicos. El trabajo de campo se ha llevado a cabo en la Cadena SER de Madrid a través de una etnografía crítica sociolingüística con locutores y locutoras de radio oriundos de Andalucía y que hablan, en antena, para todo el Estado español. Otras etnografías en otros campos simbólicos, diferentes a los medios de comunicación, completan esta investigación. También explora la ideología lingüística del sistema educativo y la construcción social del racismo lingüístico, epistémico y ontológico contra Andalucía, destacando las consecuencias para sus habitantes: la descapitalización. El autor desarrolla dos conceptos fundamentales: privilegio lingüístico y social, y desespacialización, construidos a través de procesos ideológicos como la iconización, la recursividad fractal y el borrado ideológico, The challenge of this thesis is to study the hierarchy of linguistic varieties and the linguistic ideology under which it is constructed. Critica! Sociolinguistics provides us epistemological and conceptual operational tools far our interests and the decolonial perspective completes what the sociolinguistic critica! approach, of postmodern basis, is not capable of conceiving, as a Eurocentric criticism of Eurocentrism, which also needs to be decolonized. Language is conceived as a social practice, as a marker from which unequal social relations are reproduced, based on specific linguistic ideologies. Durkheimian social consensus, assumed by Saussure through W. D. Whitney and the structural linguistics that happens to them, is rejected here. Each interindividual practice updates relations of intergroup forces, como indica Bourdieu, so it is not isolated facts or the practices of prejudiced individuals who simply discriminate against other individuals. There is an institutionality (school, media, public speeches, etc.) that supports these practices. The radio as an institution that reproduces the linguistic ideologies that support these practices. The school is a knowledge producing and reproducing institution that informs and conducts sociocognitive representations and social practices. These are the ethnographic axes of this thesis, from which to analyze the hierarchical logic of the non-dominant linguistic varieties, specifically the Andalusian one. This is the research question: what logic governs the hierarchy of linguistic varieties? Such varieties are symbolic capitals of social groups, cultural elements consubstantial to such human groupings. Therefore, in reality, it is a hierarchy of such groups, that is, of that which sociolinguistics calls speech community. The document explores the linguistic social and scientific ideologies of Linguistics and Philology, making this conceptualization dialogue with linguistic studies and their epistemic developments. The field work has been carried out in the Cadena SER of Madrid through a sociolinguistic critica! ethnography with Andalusian journalists. Other ethnographies in other symbolic fields, different from the media, complete this investigation. It also explores the linguistic ideology of the educational system and the social construction of linguistic, epistemic and ontological racism against Andalusia, highlighting the consequences far its inhabitants: decapitalization. The author develops two fundamental concepts: linguistic and social privilege, and despacialization, constructed through ideological processes such as iconization, fractal recursivity, and erasure.