148 results on '"Beckfield, Jason"'
Search Results
102. Institutions, Incorporation, and Inequality: The Case of Health Disparities in Europe.
- Author
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Bakhtiari, Elyas, Olafsdottir, Sigrun, and Beckfield, Jason
- Subjects
HEALTH equity ,SOCIAL institutions ,INCORPORATION ,EQUALITY ,SOCIAL context - Abstract
Scholars interested in the relationship between social context and health have recently turned attention further "upstream" to understand how political, social, and economic institutions shape the distribution of life chances across contexts. We compare minority health disparities across 22 European countries (n = 146,905) to investigate how two such arrangements--welfare state support and immigrant incorporation policies--shape the fundamental social conditions that distribute health and health inequalities. We examine two measures of health from five waves of the European Social Survey. Results from a series of multi-level mixed-effects models show that minority health inequalities vary across contexts and persist after accounting for socioeconomic differences. Cross-level interaction results show that welfare state support is associated with better health for all groups, but is unrelated to levels of inequality between groups. In contrast, policies aimed at political incorporation or protecting minorities from discrimination do reduce relative health inequalities. Our findings highlight the importance of considering both how a society supports its citizens and how it defines citizenship and belonging in order to understand health inequalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
103. Research in Political Sociology, Vol. 10: Sociological Views on Political Participation in the Twenty-First Century
- Author
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Beckfield, Jason
- Subjects
Research in Political Sociology, Vol. 10: Sociological Views on Political Participation in the Twenty-First Century (Book) -- Book reviews ,Books -- Book reviews ,Sociology and social work - Published
- 2003
104. By Popular Demand: Revitalizing Representative Democracy Through Deliberative Elections
- Author
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Beckfield, Jason
- Subjects
By Popular Demand: Revitalizing Representative Democracy Through Deliberative Elections (Book) -- Book reviews ,Books -- Book reviews ,Sociology and social work - Published
- 2002
105. Exactly how has income inequality changed? Patterns of distributional change in core societies
- Author
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Alderson, Arthur S., Beckfield, Jason, and Nielsen, François
- Subjects
Einkommensverteilung ,Gini-Koeffizient ,International ,ddc:330 ,Großbritannien ,Deutschland ,USA ,Schätzung - Abstract
The recent resurgence of income inequality in some of the core societies has spawned a wide-ranging debate as to the culprits. Progress in this debate has been complicated by the fact that many of the theories that have been developed to account for the inequality upswing imply radically different patterns of distributional change, while predicting the same outcome in terms of the behavior of standard summary measures (e.g., a rise in the Gini coefficient or in Theil's inequality). Handcock and Morris (1999) have developed methods that allow the analyst to precisely identify patterns of distributional change and a set of summary measures to characterize such changes. These are based on the relative distribution, defined for our purposes as the ratio of the fraction of households in the baseline year to the fraction of households in the comparison year in each decile of the distribution of income. We use the available high-quality data from the Luxemburg Income Study to explore the evolution of household income inequality in sixteen core societies. We describe exactly how inequality grew in some core societies since the late 1960s and discuss the extent to which patterns of distributional change were homogeneous or heterogeneous across the core. We find that 1) rising inequality is generally associated with polarization, rather than upgrading or downgrading alone, 2) among those societies experiencing the largest increases in inequality, upgrading typically takes precedence over downgrading in the course of such polarization, and 3) declining inequality, where it occurs, has been the result of convergence, with the magnitude of the shift from the lower tail to the middle exceeding that of the shift from upper tail to the middle.
- Published
- 2005
106. Economic Globalization and the Welfare State in Affluent Democracies, 1975-1998
- Author
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Brady, David, Beckfield, Jason, and Seeleib-Kaiser, Martin
- Abstract
Prior scholarship is sharply divided on how or if globalization influences welfare states. Globalization's effects may be positive causing expansion, negative triggering crisis and reduction, curvilinear contributing to convergence, or insignificant. We bring new evidence to bear on this crucial debate with a pooled time series analysis of two measures of the welfare state and 16 indicators of economic globalization for 17 affluent democracies from 1975 to 1998. The analysis suggests that: (1) state-of-the-art welfare state models warrant revision in the globalization era; (2) most indicators of economic globalization do not have significant effects; (3) the few significant globalization effects are in different directions and often inconsistent with extant theories; (4) the globalization effects are far smaller than the effects of domestic political and economic factors; and (5) these effects are not systematically different for liberal vs. nonliberal welfare state regimes, European vs. non-European countries, or with four alternative dependent variables. Increased globalization and a modest convergence of the welfare state have occurred, but globalization does not unambiguously cause welfare state expansion, crisis and reduction or convergence.
- Published
- 2004
107. Health Inequalities in Global Context
- Author
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Beckfield, Jason, primary, Olafsdottir, Sigrun, additional, and Bakhtiari, Elyas, additional
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
108. RECESSIONS, JOB LOSS AND MORTALITY.
- Author
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Noelke, Clemens and Beckfield, Jason
- Abstract
Prior research has reported sizable effects of job loss on morbidity and mortality in the U.S., but we know little about whether this effect is causal and whether it is modified by context conditions, the business cycle in particular. We hypothesize that during a recession, job loss should result in more severe economic strain than job loss during normal times or booms and that the stress generated from job loss during a recession results in elevated risks of cardiovascular disease and mortality. Using ten waves (1992-2010) of the Health and Retirement Survey (HRS), we find that job loss among older workers during recessions leads to drastically elevated mortality rates, comparable to the unadjusted difference in mortality hazards among smokers and non-smokers. A substantial part of this association appears to be due to elevated risks of suffering a heart attack or stroke. Sensitivity analyses indicate that these estimates are downward biased in tendency. Job loss during normal economic times or booms is not associated with a higher incidence of strokes, myocardial infarctions or mortality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
109. How Development Matters
- Author
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Viterna, Jocelyn, primary, Fallon, Kathleen M., additional, and Beckfield, Jason, additional
- Published
- 2008
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110. The Globalization of Nothing
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Beckfield, Jason, primary
- Published
- 2007
- Full Text
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111. Transformation of the Welfare State: The Silent Surrender of Public Responsibility Neil Gilbert
- Author
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Beckfield, Jason
- Published
- 2003
112. Exactly How Has Income Inequality Changed?
- Author
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Alderson, Arthur S., primary, Beckfield, Jason, additional, and Nielsen, François, additional
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
113. The Socioeconomic Gradient in Health: A Cross-National Variable.
- Author
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Beckfield, Jason and Olafsdottir, Sigrun
- Subjects
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SOCIAL status , *HEALTH surveys , *SOCIOECONOMIC factors , *ECONOMIC development , *POPULATION health , *INCOME inequality - Abstract
The article presents a study that examined the relationship between socioeconomic status (SES) and self-assessed health for a very diverse group of 38 countries that participated in the third wave of the World Values Survey (WVS). The results indicate a variation in the socioeconomic gradient that can be partially accounted for by cross-national differences in economic development, population health and income inequality.
- Published
- 2008
114. Integration and Isomorphism among Welfare States in the European Union.
- Author
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Beckfield, Jason
- Subjects
POLITICAL science ,INDUSTRIALIZATION ,GLOBALIZATION ,SOCIAL change ,WELFARE state - Abstract
The contemporary institutionalization of an international, regional polity and market in the European Union raises key questions about the role of regional integration in the convergence of European welfare states. To date, sociological work has emphasized processes of industrialization and globalization as the social changes that may drive increasing similarity among welfare states. Building on neoinstitutionalist world polity theory and the Europeanization literature from political science, this paper develops the argument that regional integration drives welfare-state isomorphism by generating, diffusing, and enforcing the adoption of policy scripts concerning "appropriate" welfare policy. The hypothesis that deepening regional integration drives growing welfare-state isomorphism is tested with time-series data on variation in welfare spending and novel measures of regional integration, for 15 European Union countries, over the 1960-1998 period. Results from cointegrating time-series (OLS) and autocorrelation-corrected (OLS with Newey-West standard errors) regression models support the hypothesis: regional integration is associated with a reduction in variation among the welfare states of the European Union. This suggests that in theorizing contemporary changes in the welfare state, sociologists should attend to the institutionalization of regional political economy. Welfare states can be conceptualized as embedded in regional, as well as global, systems and institutions. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2006
115. Gender, Development and Democracy: Re-examining the Variation in Women's Cross-National Legislative Representation.
- Author
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Viterna, Jocelyn, Fallon, Kathleen, and Beckfield, Jason
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WOMEN in politics ,DEMOCRACY ,ECONOMIC indicators ,ECONOMIC expansion ,GOVERNMENT policy ,BUSINESS cycles - Abstract
Scholars often argue that cross-national variations in women's legislative representation are independent of socioeconomic development levels. Although we concur that level of economic development does not have a direct, linear effect on women's political representation, our re-analysis of an existing study demonstrates that economic development does matter. Specifically, we find that existing models provide powerful explanations of the processes that promote women's legislative presence in rich nations, but that these same models tell us very little about the processes that promote women's representation in poor nations. We conclude by calling for new theoretical models that better explain variations in women's legislative representation in the context of developing nations, and we suggest that democratic quality should be central to these new models. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2006
116. Regional Integration and National Income Inequality in Western Europe.
- Author
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Beckfield, Jason
- Subjects
INCOME inequality ,REGIONAL economics ,REGIONAL economic disparities ,REAL income ,SOCIOLOGISTS ,LABOR unions - Abstract
Globalization has gained the attention of many sociologists, and stratification scholars have implicated globalization in the increased income inequality observed in many advanced capitalist countries. But sociologists have paid much less attention to a different form of internationalization: regional integration. Regional integration, or the construction of international economy and polity within negotiated regions, should matter for income inequality. Regional economic integration should raise income inequality, as workers are exposed to international competition and labor unions are weakened. Regional political integration should also raise income inequality, but through a different mechanism: where the regional polity advances market-oriented "policy scripts," political integration should drive welfare state retrenchment as states adopt liberal policies and experience feedback effects. Evidence from random-effects and fixed-effects models of national income inequality in Western Europe supports these arguments. The effects of regional integration are net of globalization, welfare spending, and economic development, suggesting that regional integration adds to our understanding of national income inequality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2005
117. European Integration and National Income Inequality.
- Author
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Beckfield, Jason
- Subjects
INTERNATIONAL economic integration ,SOCIOECONOMICS ,EUROPEAN economic integration ,INCOME inequality ,ECONOMIC policy ,PUBLIC welfare ,SOCIAL policy ,WELFARE economics ,NATIONAL income - Abstract
This paper extends contemporary theorizing on national income inequality to the possible role of regional integration in explaining the recent increase in income inequality in Western European countries. Regional integration is conceptualized as the construction of regional political economy through intensified political and economic interaction and exchange. It is argued that political integration increases inequality through welfare state retrenchment, while economic integration increases inequality by exposing labor to international competition but later decreases inequality as welfare states adopt social protections to compensate for this competition. These arguments are assessed with data from 12 Western European countries for the 1969-1999 period. Results from random-effects and fixed-effects models support these arguments. Also consistent with these arguments are the findings that the welfare state dampens the effects of political and economic integration, and that the effects of political integration weaken at higher levels of economic integration. This study suggests that European integration is an important factor in understanding income inequality in Western Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
118. Income Convergence and Regional Integration in the European Union.
- Author
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Beckfield, Jason
- Subjects
INTERNATIONAL economic integration ,PER capita ,EUROPEAN integration ,ECONOMIC indicators ,GROSS domestic product ,GROSS national product - Abstract
The relationship between regional political and economic integration and differences in national per capita incomes among the countries of the European Union (EU) is not well understood, and the predictions of sociological and economic approaches are at odds. Existing studies have left this crucial question unresolved. This study uses data for 15 EU countries over the 1950-2000 period on dispersion in per capita GDP and novel measures of political and economic integration to assess the relationship between convergence and integration. Time-series analysis shows that regional political and economic integration are associated with economic convergence, and that the effect of political integration is larger than economic integration. These results hold for two measures of GDP (FX and PPP), three measures of dispersion (coefficient of variation, Gini coefficient, and standard deviation of logarithms), two time periods (post-1950 and post-1960), and two samples of countries (the six original members of the European Economic Community and the 15 members of the European Union). Results support both the orthodox economic approach and the political-institutional sociological approach, but not the world systems/dependency approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
119. The Geography of Globalization: Changes in the Structure of the World City System, 1981-2000.
- Author
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Alderson, Arthur S. and Beckfield, Jason
- Subjects
GLOBALIZATION ,INVESTMENTS ,SECURITIES trading ,INTERNATIONAL business enterprises ,INTERNATIONAL markets ,POLITICAL geography - Abstract
The phenomenon of globalization has renewed interest in thinking about the place and role of cities in the international system. Recent literature proposes that the fate of cities (and their residents) has become increasingly tied to their position in international flows of investment and trade. While some have suggested the appropriateness of network techniques for the study of the global urban system, few have effectively realized their application. Utilizing data on the branch locations of the world’s 500 largest multinational enterprises (MNEs) in 1981 and 2000, we employ network analytic techniques to examine change in the structure of the world city system. First, we evaluate the more than 3000 cities that are knit together in the MNE-generated city system in terms of three measures of point centrality (viz., degree, betweenness, and closeness) at both time points. Second, we use these measures to answer a series of questions regarding the development of the world city system: (1) How extensively has the structure of the world city system been altered across the era of globalization? (2) Have power and prestige in the world city system grown more concentrated? (3) Have cities been decoupled from ?traditional? political geography in the course of globalization? In answering these questions, we trace out the changing structure of the world city system and address key concerns in the literature regarding its evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
120. The Structure of the World Polity: A Network Analysis of States and Intergovernmental Organizations, 1950-2000.
- Author
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Beckfield, Jason
- Subjects
INTERNATIONAL relations ,INTERORGANIZATIONAL relations ,INTERNATIONAL agencies ,SOCIAL structure - Abstract
Recent research reveals strong effects of involvement in international organizations on state policies, but much of this research overlooks the network structure of the world polity, and many studies focus exclusively on progressive policies. Using data on prominent intergovernmental organizations (IGOs), this study examines the world polity as a network formed by relations among organizations and states. Formal network analysis shows that the world polity is only sparsely interconnected, and has become even sparser since 1950. The world polity also has a structure highly centralized around structurally privileged states and IGOs, and this centralization has increased since 1950. The world polity increasingly resembles a formal core/periphery model, where a core of tightly interconnected, structurally privileged states is surrounded by a periphery of weakly connected states. World system position and world civilization correlate significantly with position in the world polity. I also examine the relationship between structural position in the world political network and economic liberalization: states occupying more central positions within the network conform more closely to neoliberal economic policies by hosting more foreign direct investment, taxing international trade less, and levying lower tariffs on imported goods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2003
- Full Text
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121. Reply: Whither the Parallel Paths? The Future of Scholarship on the World City System
- Author
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Alderson, Arthur S. and Beckfield, Jason
- Abstract
Sociology
- Published
- 2006
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122. Regimes of Inequality: The Political Economy of Health and Wealth.
- Author
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BECKFIELD, JASON
- Subjects
- *
HEALTH services accessibility , *HEALTH status indicators , *SOCIOECONOMIC factors , *INCOME - Published
- 2021
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123. Untitled.
- Author
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Beckfield, Jason
- Subjects
REGIONALISM ,NONFICTION - Published
- 2014
- Full Text
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124. Wealth, Health Care and the Welfare State: The Impact of Institutional Arrangements on Health.
- Author
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Olafsdottir, Sigrun and Beckfield, Jason
- Subjects
PUBLIC welfare ,MEDICAL care ,MENTAL health ,HEALTH equity ,SOCIAL surveys - Abstract
While many sociologists would agree that institutional arrangements impact individual lives, research on health outcomes and health disparities has not empirically tested how broader societal forces impact individual health outcomes. Rather the focus has been on either how the social location of individuals impacts their health or how broader societal factors impact aggregtate health outcomes. Using data from the European Social Survey and multilevel modeling, we test the impact of three broad societal factors and individual-level characteristics on physical and mental health of individuals residing in 22 European nations. The societal factors we focus on are wealth and the distribution of wealth, the social organization of the health care system, and the social organization of the welfare state. Our results show that while individual characteristics impact health in the expected ways (e.g. those with less education have worse health), national-level factors have an impact on the physical and mental well-being of the citizenery. More specifically, those residing in wealthier nations report better health, those living in countries with centralized health care systems and countries that spend less on health report worse health, and while the welfare state appears to have minimal impact on physical health, it promotes mental well-being. This research establishes the importance of looking beyond individual characteristics and consider how these characteristics are embedded within a larger institutional context that impacts health and health disparities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2010
125. How Hazardous is Moral Hazard? Stratified Sickness Absence in European Welfare States, 1992-2006.
- Author
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Beckfield, Jason and Noelke, Clemens
- Subjects
WELFARE economics ,MONETARY unions ,PUBLIC health ,LABOR laws - Abstract
Absence from the workplace due to sickness is common and costly, and yet we have little evidence on the structural factors that account for individual and societal variation in sickness absence. In short, why do some individuals miss more work due to sickness than others, and why do some societies exhibit higher sickness absence rates than others? One approach, drawn from the theory of moral hazard in economics, explains sickness absence as a function of incentives: where workers have access to higher levels of sick-leave pay, they will be absent from work more often due to sickness. Likewise, where it is easier to fire unproductive workers because of weak employment protection legislation, sickness absence should be reduced (which could interpreted as a function either of economic incentives, or the balance of power between employers and employees). In this paper, we evaluate these predictions relative to a baseline expectation drawn from medical sociology and social epidemiology that sickness absence reflects health and well-being, such that a lack of health and well-being keeps workers away from work. Evidence from European Union Labor Force Surveys, including 5,940,564 individuals from 20 countries surveyed between 1992 and 2006, suggests that sickness absence is patterned such that older workers, women, the less-educated, and the lower classes have higher rates of sickness absence. By contrast, there is very little evidence of moral-hazard or employment-regulation effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2010
126. Welfare, Wealth or Health Care: What Impacts Individual Health across Advanced, Industrialized Nations?
- Author
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Olafsdottir, Sigrun and Beckfield, Jason
- Subjects
MEDICAL care ,SOCIAL policy ,SOCIOLOGY ,PUBLIC welfare ,SOCIAL structure - Abstract
The relationship between institutional arrangements and individual lives represent a key sociological theme. This means that broad institutional arrangements within a society should impact individual health outcomes. Comparative research has found some evidence for this, for example by indicating that, in certain contexts, income inequality may be harmful for health outcomes at the aggregate level, and that social capital may matter for health at the individual level. However, this work is limited in that it does not incorporate the social organization of the welfare state as the key social institution likely to affect individual health outcomes. We argue that the welfare state matters for health because it defines the relationship between the state, market, and medicine within a nation and determines the availability of services and extent of social benefits. It also has a major impact on economic conditions, including the overall wealth of a nation as well as how that wealth is distributed across the population. Finally, while the welfare state more broadly is theorized to impact health, any study interested in health outcomes must consider the specific impact of the health care system. Consequently, we examine the effect of the social organization of health care, both in terms of economic and human resources. Using individual level data from the World Value Survey data and country-level data from the OECD, we employ multi-level modeling to assess the impacts of these macro-level factors on individual health in 22 nations. We demonstrate how this broader institutional context interacts with the location of the individual within social systems of advantage and disadvantage in shaping health outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2008
127. Power and Position in the World City System
- Author
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Beckfield, Jason and Alderson, Arthur S.
- Abstract
Globalization has renewed interest in the place and role of cities in the international system. Recent literature proposes that the fate of cities (and their residents) has become increasingly tied to their position in international flows of investment and trade. Data on the branch locations of the world’s 500 largest multinational enterprises in 2000 are subjected to two broad types of network analytic techniques in order to analyze the “world city system.” First, 3,692 cities are analyzed in terms of three measures of point centrality. Second, blockmodeling techniques are employed to generalize further about the positions and roles played by cities in the system. These techniques are used to trace out the structure of the world city system, locate cities in the context of a global urban hierarchy, and explore the degree to which this diverges from a simple one‐to‐one matching of cities onto nation‐states in the world system., Sociology
- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
128. Transformation of the Welfare State: The Silent Surrender of Public Responsibility (Book).
- Author
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Beckfield, Jason
- Subjects
- *
WELFARE state , *NONFICTION - Abstract
Reviews the book "Transformation of the Welfare State: The Silent Surrender of Public Responsibility," by Neil Gilbert.
- Published
- 2003
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
129. Towards a General Theory of Education-Based Inequality and Mobility: Who Wins and Loses Under China’s Educational Expansion, 1981-2010
- Author
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Guo, Maocan, Whyte, Martin K., Winship, Christopher, and Beckfield, Jason
- Subjects
Sociology ,General - Abstract
My dissertation formally develops a theory of education-based inequality and mobility to integrate the existing theoretical accounts and results in the fields. The empirical puzzle I examine is why the triangle associations among social origin, educational attainment and social destination present various patterns in different societies under educational expansion. By using a variety of cross-sectional survey data from reforming China, I illustrate that class mobility strategies, structural and institutional features in the educational system and the sociopolitical institutional context are the most important dimensions to understand how educational expansion affects education-based social stratification and inequality. My analyses demonstrate that, with China’s “bottleneck” educational opportunity structure and rising educational cost under educational expansion, we observe increasing educational inequality, declining social mobility and increasing social origin differentials in the college premium in the last three decades., Sociology
- Published
- 2015
130. Life Chances: Infant Mortality, Institutions, and Inequality in the United States
- Author
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Sosnaud, Benjamin Curran and Beckfield, Jason
- Subjects
Sociology ,General - Abstract
The dissertation explores variation in socio-demographic inequalities in infant mortality in the U.S. with three empirical chapters. The first empirical chapter focuses on inequalities in the likelihood of infant mortality by maternal education. Drawing on vital statistics records, I begin by assessing variation in these disparities across states. In some states, infants born to mothers with less than twelve years of schooling are more than twice as likely to die as infants of mothers with four years of college or more. I then examine how variation in the magnitude of these inequalities is associated with key medical system institutions. I find that more widespread availability of neonatal intensive care is associated with reduced inequality. In contrast, greater supply of primary care is linked to slightly larger differences in infant mortality between mothers with low and high education. In the second empirical chapter, I explore racial disparities in neonatal mortality by stratifying these gaps based on two generating mechanisms: 1) disparities due to differences in the distribution of birth weights, and 2) those due to differences in birth weight-specific mortality. For each state, I then calculate the relative contribution these mechanisms to disparities in neonatal mortality between whites and blacks. Two patterns emerge. In some states, racial disparities in neonatal mortality are entirely a product of differences in health at birth. In other states, differential receipt of medical care contributes to disparities in very low birth weight mortality between white and black neonates. The third empirical chapter evaluates the relationship between local public health expenditures and socioeconomic inequalities in infant mortality. Drawing on local government expenditure data in a sample of large municipalities, I explore the extent to which health and hospital spending are associated with inequalities in county infant mortality rates between mothers with low and high levels of educational attainment. For white mothers, I find that hospital expenditures are negatively associated with educational inequalities in infant mortality, but that other health expenditures are positively associated with inequality. In contrast, local public health expenditures are not significant predictors of educational inequalities in infant mortality rates for black mothers., Sociology
- Published
- 2015
131. Public Opinion, National Party Positions, and the European Commission: Contours of the Public Sphere in the European Union
- Author
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Dan, Oana and Beckfield, Jason
- Subjects
European Union ,high politics ,political integration ,public opinion ,public opinion surveys ,public sphere ,sociology - Abstract
As the realm of social life where public opinion forms, the public sphere has been the focus of much theoretical debate and empirical operationalization in political sociology. However, by conceptualizing the public sphere as a nationally circumscribed and normatively defined space that excludes governance institutions, much existing research provides a limited set of tools to define and assess the structure of a supranational public sphere. A deeply integrated supranational polity, the European Union (EU) provides a revealing terrain for tracing the structure of a public sphere emerging between national politics and supranational institutions. In this dissertation, I delineate the contours of the supranational public sphere in the EU by exploring the subjective meanings, national political influences, and institutional interpretation of public opinion about political integration in the EU. I answer the following questions: (1) How salient is EU political integration among Europeans, and what does this concept mean to them? (2) How does Europeans' awareness about EU political integration vary across policies, time and social strata? (3) How is public opinion on EU political integration shaped by national political discourse, as reflected in the positions of national parties? (4) How do officials at the European Commission (EC) measure and interpret public opinion data, and to what extent are these data used to construct an image of the European public and an EU public sphere? Based on quantitative survey data and on interviews with French and Romanian citizens, I show that political integration in the EU remains a distant and abstract concept to which citizens attribute personalized or nationalized meanings. Longitudinal panel models show that public opinion on EU policy often relies on cues from national party discourse. Moreover, interviews with EC staff revealed that, because of logistical and institutional constraints that stifle civil servants' analytical aspirations, public opinion data collected by the EC fail to define a European public and to construct a supranational communicative space for this public. The EU public sphere is a product of supranational polity, but its public is absent and its structure remains nationally embedded., Sociology
- Published
- 2013
132. Nations and Occupations: Remapping the Macro Political Economy of Work
- Author
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Pinto, Sanjay Joseph and Beckfield, Jason
- Subjects
comparative political economy ,employment ,occupations ,work ,sociology ,political science - Abstract
Cross-national comparative approaches have yielded a rich set of insights about the diversity of national forms of contemporary capitalism, including the ways in which the organization of work and employment differs across countries. At the same time, the cross-national framework has also functioned in certain respects as a conceptual straitjacket, preventing us from recognizing alternative structuring principles in the macro context, and the existence of patterns that cut across national boundaries. The five papers that comprise this dissertation together seek to advance a dual agenda for advancing the macro-comparative study of work and employment, one that recognizes both the strengths and limitations of the cross-national framework. Looking at different sets of high- and middle-income countries, the papers use various statistical methods (including OLS and cross-classified multilevel regression models) to consider outcomes ranging from union organization to unemployment to non-standard working arrangements. On the one hand, this project offers new insights into the cross-national diversity of systems of work and employment. For example, one paper adds to our understanding of why rates of temporary employment vary so widely across national varieties of capitalism, and the reasons why increases in temporary employment have been so high in Continental European countries. On the other hand, the project also shows that certain features of work organization are structured more by occupational as opposed national distinctions, with particular occupational patterns extending across countries. Indeed, one paper demonstrates that patterns of "voluntary" as well as "involuntary" part-time employment vary much more along occupational as opposed to national lines, and that rates of part-time employment are not just high but remarkably uniform across countries for certain kinds of service workers. These and other findings from this dissertation add to our understanding of how national boundaries structure the landscape of work and employment, while also being cross-cut in important ways by other types of organizing logics. More broadly, they contribute to the development of a productive middle ground between perspectives that emphasize the persistence of cross-national differences in the organization of contemporary capitalism, and those stress similarities and shared trends.
- Published
- 2013
133. New Measures of Economic Insecurity Reveal its Expansion Into EU Middle Classes and Welfare States.
- Author
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Ranci C, Beckfield J, Bernardi L, and Parma A
- Abstract
Economic instability, social changes, and new social policies place economic insecurity high on the scholarly and political agenda. We contribute to these debates by proposing a new multidimensional, intertemporal measure of economic insecurity that accounts for both its multiplicity and its dynamism. First, we develop three theory-driven, multidimensional measures of economic insecurity. Principal Components Analysis validates the measure. Second, we develop a dynamic approach to insecurity, using longitudinal data and a newly revised headcount method. Third, we then use our new measures to analyze the distribution of insecurity in Europe. Our analysis shows that insecurity is widespread across Europe, even in low-inequality, encompassing welfare states. Moreover, it extends across income groups and occupational classes, reaching into the middle classes., Competing Interests: Conflict of interestThe authors declare that they have no conflict of interest., (© The Author(s) 2021.)
- Published
- 2021
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134. US State Policies, Politics, and Life Expectancy.
- Author
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Montez JK, Beckfield J, Cooney JK, Grumbach JM, Hayward MD, Koytak HZ, Woolf SH, and Zajacova A
- Subjects
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Female, Government Regulation, Humans, Male, Sex Factors, United States epidemiology, Health Policy, Life Expectancy, Politics, State Government
- Abstract
Policy Points Changes in US state policies since the 1970s, particularly after 2010, have played an important role in the stagnation and recent decline in US life expectancy. Some US state policies appear to be key levers for improving life expectancy, such as policies on tobacco, labor, immigration, civil rights, and the environment. US life expectancy is estimated to be 2.8 years longer among women and 2.1 years longer among men if all US states enjoyed the health advantages of states with more liberal policies, which would put US life expectancy on par with other high-income countries., Context: Life expectancy in the United States has increased little in previous decades, declined in recent years, and become more unequal across US states. Those trends were accompanied by substantial changes in the US policy environment, particularly at the state level. State policies affect nearly every aspect of people's lives, including economic well-being, social relationships, education, housing, lifestyles, and access to medical care. This study examines the extent to which the state policy environment may have contributed to the troubling trends in US life expectancy., Methods: We merged annual data on life expectancy for US states from 1970 to 2014 with annual data on 18 state-level policy domains such as tobacco, environment, tax, and labor. Using the 45 years of data and controlling for differences in the characteristics of states and their populations, we modeled the association between state policies and life expectancy, and assessed how changes in those policies may have contributed to trends in US life expectancy from 1970 through 2014., Findings: Results show that changes in life expectancy during 1970-2014 were associated with changes in state policies on a conservative-liberal continuum, where more liberal policies expand economic regulations and protect marginalized groups. States that implemented more conservative policies were more likely to experience a reduction in life expectancy. We estimated that the shallow upward trend in US life expectancy from 2010 to 2014 would have been 25% steeper for women and 13% steeper for men had state policies not changed as they did. We also estimated that US life expectancy would be 2.8 years longer among women and 2.1 years longer among men if all states enjoyed the health advantages of states with more liberal policies., Conclusions: Understanding and reversing the troubling trends and growing inequalities in US life expectancy requires attention to US state policy contexts, their dynamic changes in recent decades, and the forces behind those changes. Changes in US political and policy contexts since the 1970s may undergird the deterioration of Americans' health and longevity., (© 2020 The Authors. The Milbank Quarterly published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of The Millbank Memorial Fund.)
- Published
- 2020
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135. Analyzing and improving national and local child protection data in Nepal: A mixed methods study using 2014 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) data and interviews with 18 organizations.
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Bhatia A, Krieger N, Victora C, Tuladhar S, Bhabha J, and Beckfield J
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- Adolescent, Child, Child, Preschool, Data Systems, Female, Humans, Male, Nepal epidemiology, Quality Improvement, Surveys and Questionnaires, Child Welfare, Data Analysis, Data Collection methods, Data Collection standards
- Abstract
Background: Globally, progress to improve data on child protection outcomes has been slower than efforts to improve data on child nutrition, vaccination and development outcomes in the under-five age group. The Sustainable Development Goals included several child protection targets further necessitating the need to track progress on child protection, but few studies have examined the varied data landscape for child protection within countries., Objective: This mixed-methods study aims to examine (1) the prevalence of child protection outcomes in Nepal, (2) the types of data the child protection sector uses, and (3) recommendations to improve the collection, analysis and use of child protection data., Participants and Setting: We used: (a) secondary data from the nationally-representative 2014 Nepal MICS which surveyed over 13,000 households to measure the national prevalence of child labor, child marriage, and violent discipline, and (b) primary data from 18 qualitative key informant interviews with organizations in Nepal's child protection sector., Methods: We conducted descriptive quantitative analyses of the secondary data and thematic inductive and deductive qualitative analyses of transcripts of key informant interviews., Results: The burden of violent discipline (82%), child labor (37%), child marriage (12%), and their co-occurrence is high in Nepal. Respondents described using a range of data sources which included: large-scale surveys, case data from the police, court system, newspapers, community consultations, and child participation. Recommendations to improve data included developing a national child protection information system, ensuring the definitions of child protection outcomes were comparable across data sources, and improving the dissemination of data., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
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- 2020
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136. Rising inequality is not balanced by intergenerational mobility.
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Beckfield J
- Subjects
- Socioeconomic Factors, United States, Social Mobility
- Abstract
Competing Interests: The author declares no competing interest.
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- 2020
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137. Educational Disparities in Adult Mortality Across U.S. States: How Do They Differ, and Have They Changed Since the Mid-1980s?
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Montez JK, Zajacova A, Hayward MD, Woolf SH, Chapman D, and Beckfield J
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- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Female, Health Status Disparities, Health Surveys, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Regression Analysis, United States epidemiology, Educational Status, Mortality trends
- Abstract
Adult mortality varies greatly by educational attainment. Explanations have focused on actions and choices made by individuals, neglecting contextual factors such as economic and policy environments. This study takes an important step toward explaining educational disparities in U.S. adult mortality and their growth since the mid-1980s by examining them across U.S. states. We analyzed data on adults aged 45-89 in the 1985-2011 National Health Interview Survey Linked Mortality File (721,448 adults; 225,592 deaths). We compared educational disparities in mortality in the early twenty-first century (1999-2011) with those of the late twentieth century (1985-1998) for 36 large-sample states, accounting for demographic covariates and birth state. We found that disparities vary considerably by state: in the early twenty-first century, the greater risk of death associated with lacking a high school credential, compared with having completed at least one year of college, ranged from 40 % in Arizona to 104 % in Maryland. The size of the disparities varies across states primarily because mortality associated with low education varies. Between the two periods, higher-educated adult mortality declined to similar levels across most states, but lower-educated adult mortality decreased, increased, or changed little, depending on the state. Consequently, educational disparities in mortality grew over time in many, but not all, states, with growth most common in the South and Midwest. The findings provide new insights into the troubling trends and disparities in U.S. adult mortality.
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- 2019
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138. Who benefits from social investment? The gendered effects of family and employment policies on cardiovascular disease in Europe.
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Morris KA, Beckfield J, and Bambra C
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- Adult, Cardiovascular Diseases economics, Cardiovascular Diseases psychology, Child, Child Care economics, Europe epidemiology, Female, Global Burden of Disease, Health Policy legislation & jurisprudence, Humans, Male, Morbidity, Mortality, Parental Leave economics, Parental Leave legislation & jurisprudence, Sick Leave legislation & jurisprudence, Work-Life Balance legislation & jurisprudence, Cardiovascular Diseases mortality, Employment, Public Policy economics
- Abstract
Background: In the context of fiscal austerity in many European welfare states, policy innovation often takes the form of 'social investment', a contested set of policies aimed at strengthening labour markets. Social investment policies include employment subsidies, skills training and job-finding services, early childhood education and childcare and parental leave. Given that such policies can influence gender equity in the labour market, we analysed the possible effects of such policies on gender health equity., Methods: Using age-stratified and sex-stratified data from the Global Burden of Disease Study on cardiovascular disease (CVD) morbidity and mortality between 2005 and 2010, we estimated linear regression models of policy indicators on employment supports, childcare and parental leave with country fixed effects., Findings: We found mixed effects of social investment for men versus women. Whereas government spending on early childhood education and childcare was associated with lower CVD mortality rates for both men and women equally, government spending on paid parental leave was more strongly associated with lower CVD mortality rates for women. Additionally, government spending on public employment services was associated with lower CVD mortality rates for men but was not significant for women, while government spending on employment training was associated with lower CVD mortality rates for women but was not significant for men., Conclusions: Social investment policies were negatively associated with CVD mortality, but the ameliorative effects of specific policies were gendered. We discuss the implications of these results for the European social investment policy turn and for future research on gender health equity., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2019. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)
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- 2019
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139. Institutions, Incorporation, and Inequality: The Case of Minority Health Inequalities in Europe.
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Bakhtiari E, Olafsdottir S, and Beckfield J
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- Europe, Female, Humans, Male, Socioeconomic Factors, Health Status Disparities, Minority Health, Social Welfare
- Abstract
Scholars interested in the relationship between social context and health have recently turned attention further "upstream" to understand how political, social, and economic institutions shape the distribution of life chances across contexts. We compare minority health inequalities across 22 European countries ( N = 199,981) to investigate how two such arrangements-welfare state effort and immigrant incorporation policies-influence the distribution of health and health inequalities. We examine two measures of health from seven waves of the European Social Survey. Results from a series of multilevel mixed-effects models show that minority health inequalities vary across contexts and persist after accounting for socioeconomic differences. Cross-level interaction results show that welfare state effort is associated with better health for all groups but is unrelated to levels of inequality between groups. In contrast, policies aimed at protecting minorities from discrimination correlate with smaller relative health inequalities.
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- 2018
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140. Understanding the micro and macro politics of health: Inequalities, intersectionality & institutions - A research agenda.
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Gkiouleka A, Huijts T, Beckfield J, and Bambra C
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- Humans, Research Design, Social Determinants of Health, Socioeconomic Factors, Health Status Disparities, Politics
- Abstract
This essay brings together intersectionality and institutional approaches to health inequalities, suggesting an integrative analytical framework that accounts for the complexity of the intertwined influence of both individual social positioning and institutional stratification on health. This essay therefore advances the emerging scholarship on the relevance of intersectionality to health inequalities research. We argue that intersectionality provides a strong analytical tool for an integrated understanding of health inequalities beyond the purely socioeconomic by addressing the multiple layers of privilege and disadvantage, including race, migration and ethnicity, gender and sexuality. We further demonstrate how integrating intersectionality with institutional approaches allows for the study of institutions as heterogeneous entities that impact on the production of social privilege and disadvantage beyond just socioeconomic (re)distribution. This leads to an understanding of the interaction of the macro and the micro facets of the politics of health. Finally, we set out a research agenda considering the interplay/intersections between individuals and institutions and involving a series of methodological implications for research - arguing that quantitative designs can incorporate an intersectional institutional approach., (Copyright © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)
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- 2018
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141. How social policy contributes to the distribution of population health: the case of gender health equity.
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Beckfield J, Morris KA, and Bambra C
- Subjects
- Adult, Databases, Factual, Europe epidemiology, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Health Status Disparities, Population Health statistics & numerical data, Public Policy economics, Sex Factors
- Abstract
Aims: In this study we aimed to analyze gender health equity as a case of how social policy contributes to population health. We analyzed three sets of social-investment policies implemented in Europe and previously hypothesized to reduce gender inequity in labor market outcomes: childcare; active labor market programs; and long-term care., Methods: We use 12 indicators of social-investment policies from the OECD Social Expenditure Database, the OECD Family Database, and the Social Policy Indicators' Parental Leave Benefit Dataset. We draw outcome data from the 2015 Global Burden of Disease for years lived with disability and all-cause mortality among men and women ages 25-54 for 18 European nations over the 1995-2010 period. We estimate 12 linear regression models each for mortality and morbidity (i.e. years lived with disability), one per social-investment indicator. All models use country fixed-effects and cluster-robust standard errors., Results: For years lived with disability, women benefit more from social investment for most indicators. The only exception is the percentage of young children in publicly funded childcare or schooling, which equally benefits men. For all-cause mortality, men benefit more or equally from social investment for most indicators, while women benefit more from government spending on direct job creation through civil employment., Conclusions: Social policy contributes to the distribution of population health. Social-investment advocates argue such policies in particular enhance economic gender equity. Our results show that these polices have ambiguous effects on gender health equity and even differential improvements among men for some outcomes.
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- 2018
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142. Trading Equality for Health? Evaluating the Trade-off and Institutional Hypotheses on Health Inequalities in the Global South.
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Sosnaud B and Beckfield J
- Subjects
- Developing Countries, Female, Health Surveys, Humans, Infant, Infant Mortality, Male, Socioeconomic Factors, Health Status Disparities, Poverty, Social Class
- Abstract
It has been suggested that as medicine advances and mortality declines, socioeconomic disparities in health outcomes will grow. Yet, most research on this topic uses data from affluent Western democracies, where mortality is declining in small increments. We argue that the Global South represents the ideal setting to study this issue in a context of rapid mortality decline. We evaluate two competing hypotheses: (1) there is a trade-off between population health and health inequality such that reductions in under-five mortality are linked to higher levels of social inequality in health; and (2) institutional interventions that improve under-five mortality, like the expansion of educational systems and public health expenditure, are associated with reductions in inequalities. We test these hypotheses using data on 1,369,050 births in 34 low-income countries in the Demographic and Health Surveys from 1995 to 2012. The results show little evidence of a health-for-equality trade-off and instead support the institutional hypothesis.
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- 2017
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143. Policy Brief.
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Buffel V, Beckfield J, and Bracke P
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- 2017
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144. The Institutional Foundations of Medicalization: A Cross-national Analysis of Mental Health and Unemployment.
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Buffel V, Beckfield J, and Bracke P
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- Adult, Europe, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Medicalization, Mental Health, Mental Health Services statistics & numerical data, Unemployment
- Abstract
In this study, we question (1) whether the relationship between unemployment and mental healthcare use, controlling for mental health status, varies across European countries and (2) whether these differences are patterned by a combination of unemployment and healthcare generosity. We hypothesize that medicalization of unemployment is stronger in countries where a low level of unemployment generosity is combined with a high level of healthcare generosity. A subsample of 36,306 working-age respondents from rounds 64.4 (2005-2006) and 73.2 (2010) of the cross-national survey Eurobarometer was used. Country-specific logistic regression and multilevel analyses, controlling for public disability spending, changes in government spending, economic capacity, and unemployment rate, were performed. We find that unemployment is medicalized, at least to some degree, in the majority of the 24 nations surveyed. Moreover, the medicalization of unemployment varies substantially across countries, corresponding to the combination of the level of unemployment and of healthcare generosity.
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- 2017
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145. Reproductive justice & preventable deaths: state funding, family planning, abortion, and infant mortality, US 1980-2010.
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Krieger N, Gruskin S, Singh N, Kiang MV, Chen JT, Waterman PD, Beckfield J, and Coull BA
- Abstract
Introduction: Little current research examines associations between infant mortality and US states' funding for family planning services and for abortion, despite growing efforts to restrict reproductive rights and services and documented associations between unintended pregnancy and infant mortality., Material and Methods: We obtained publicly available data on state-only public funding for family planning and abortion services (years available: 1980, 1987, 1994, 2001, 2006, and 2010) and corresponding annual data on US county infant death rates. We modeled the funding as both fraction of state expenditures and per capita spending (per woman, age 15-44). State-level covariates comprised: Title X and Medicaid per capita funding, fertility rate, and percent of counties with no abortion services; county-level covariates were: median family income, and percent: black infants, adults without a high school education, urban, and female labor force participation. We used Possion log-linear models for: (1) repeat cross-sectional analyses, with random state and county effects; and (2) panel analysis, with fixed state effects., Results: Four findings were robust to analytic approach. First, since 2000, the rate ratio for infant death comparing states in the top funding quartile vs. no funding for abortion services ranged (in models including all covariates) between 0.94 to 0.98 (95% confidence intervals excluding 1, except for the 2001 cross-sectional analysis, whose upper bound equaled 1), yielding an average 15% reduction in risk (range: 8 to 22%). Second, a similar risk reduction for state per capita funding for family planning services occurred in 1994. Third, the excess risk associated with lower county income increased over time, and fourth, remained persistently high for counties with a high percent of black infants., Conclusions: Insofar as reducing infant mortality is a government priority, our data underscore the need, despite heightened contention, for adequate public funding for abortion services and for redressing health inequities.
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- 2016
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146. Shorter lives in stingier states: Social policy shortcomings help explain the US mortality disadvantage.
- Author
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Beckfield J and Bambra C
- Subjects
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Global Health standards, Global Health statistics & numerical data, Humans, Public Policy economics, Regression Analysis, Social Welfare economics, Social Welfare trends, Life Expectancy trends, Public Policy trends, State Government
- Abstract
The United States has a mortality disadvantage relative to its political and economic peer group of other rich democracies. Recently it has been suggested that there could be a role for social policy in explaining this disadvantage. In this paper, we test this "social policy hypothesis" by presenting a time-series cross-section analysis from 1970 to 2010 of the association between welfare state generosity (for unemployment insurance, sickness benefits, and pensions) and life expectancy, for the US and 17 other high-income countries. Fixed-effects estimation with autocorrelation-corrected standard errors (robust to unmeasured between-country differences and serial autocorrelation of repeated measures) found strong associations between welfare generosity and life expectancy. A unit increase in overall welfare generosity yields a 0.17 year increase in life expectancy at birth (p < 0.001), and a 0.07 year increase in life expectancy at age 65 (p < 0.001). The strongest effects of the welfare state are in the domain of pension benefits (b = 0.439 for life expectancy at birth, p < 0.001; b = 0.199 for life expectancy at age 65, p < 0.001). Models that lag the measures of social policy by ten years produce similar results, suggesting that the results are not driven by endogeneity bias. There is evidence that the US mortality disadvantage is, in part, a welfare-state disadvantage. We estimate that life expectancy in the US would be approximately 3.77 years longer, if it had just the average social policy generosity of the other 17 OECD nations., (Copyright © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2016
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147. Contextualizing Disparities: The Case for Comparative Research on Social Inequalities in Health.
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Olafsdottir S, Beckfield J, and Bakhtiari E
- Abstract
Purpose: Research on healthcare disparities is making important descriptive and analytical strides, and the issue of disparities has gained the attention of policymakers in the US, other nation-states, and international organizations. Still, disparities scholarship remains US-centric and too rarely takes a cross-national comparative approach to answering its questions. The US-centricity of disparities research has fostered a fixation on race and ethnicity that, although essential to understanding health disparities in the United States, has truncated the range of questions researchers investigate. In this article, we make a case for comparative research that highlights its ability to identify the institutional factors may affect disparities., Methodology/approach: We discuss the central methodological challenges to comparative research. After describing current solutions to such problems, we use data from the World Values Survey to show the impact of key social fault lines on self-assessed health in Europe and the U.S., Findings: The negative impact of SES on health is more generalizable across context, than the impact of race/ethnicity or gender., Research Limitations/implications: Our analysis includes a limited number of countries and relies on one measure of health., Originality/value of Paper: The paper represents a first step in a research agenda to understand health inequalities within and across societies.
- Published
- 2013
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148. Does income inequality harm health? New cross-national evidence.
- Author
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Beckfield J
- Subjects
- Health Status, Humans, Reproducibility of Results, Research Design, Health Services Accessibility, Income, Models, Theoretical, Public Health
- Abstract
The provocative hypothesis that income inequality harms population health has sparked a large body of research, some of which has reported strong associations between income inequality and population health. Cross-national evidence is frequently cited in support of this important hypothesis, but the hypothesis remains controversial, and the cross-national work has been criticized for several methodological shortcomings. This study replicates previous work using a larger sample (692 observations from 115 countries over the 1947-1996 period), a wider range of statistical controls, and fixed-effects models that address heterogeneity bias. The relationship between health and inequality shrinks when controls are included. In fixed-effects models that capture unmeasured heterogeneity, the association between income inequality and health disappears. The null findings hold for two measures of income inequality: the Gini coefficient and the share of income received by the poorest quintile of the population. Analysis of a sample of wealthy countries also fails to support the hypothesis.
- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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