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The cell water potential, turgor potential, leaf elongation rate, adenylate energy charge, and concentrations of ATP and free amino acids of elongating corn leaves were monitored during a 48 hour period after the induction of water stress to investigate early physical and metabolic changes. A decrease in cell turgor and rate of leaf elongation induced by the gradually decreasing leaf water potential from −2.6 to −18.0 bars over the 48 hour period under continuous light resulted in a 40% decrease in the ATP concentration of the elongating zone within 3 hours, and a 25 percent decrease in the adenylate energy charge within 12 hours. The concentration of free amino acids increased about 20% during the first 6 hours and over 250% during the 48 hours. The possible significance of the decrease in ATP concentration of the elongating leaf induced by water stress during a diurnal stress cycle is discussed.

Sexual differentiation in teleost fishes is characteristically labile. The most dramatic form of sexual lability is postmaturational sex change, which is common among teleosts although rare or absent in other vertebrate taxa. In many cases this process is regulated by social cues, particularly dominance interactions. Here we show that in the Midas cichlid, Cichlasoma citrinellum, these same sorts of social interactions affect much earlier stages of sexual differentiation. In this species, males are larger than females. By manipulating relative size in juveniles, we show that this sex-based size difference does not arise from endogenous factors associated with sex. Rather, sex is determined by relative size as a juvenile. We argue that this mode of sex determination, which may be common among teleosts, is a heterochronic variant of postmaturational sex change, one in which some individuals are deflected from a default female trajectory before maturation, as a result of social signals. The size-advantage model, which specifies the optimal size for sex change in hermaphroditic species, can be extended to account for the decision whether to mature as a male or a female in the Midas cichlid.

Although the ovarian production of sex steroids is of obvious physiological importance, recent studies suggest that peptides such as oxytocin, relaxin and inhibin are also synthesized in the ovary1–11. We report here the presence of immunoreactive (ir) β-endorphin, ir-adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and presumptive high molecular weight forms of both in extracts of sheep ovary, consistent with ovarian production from a common precursor. Our findings suggest that β-endorphin and ACTH are produced and secreted by the follicular cells, and that their production may be related to the oestrous cycle.

The hypnotic effect of sodium evipal, administered intravenously, may be markedly potentiated by acetylsalicylic acid, amidopyrine, demerol (D-140) and morphine. The synergistic effectiveness is in the order named.

Sahli,1 following the introduction of omnopon, expressed the opinion that the combination of the alkaloids of opium produced a stronger and more rapid action than morphine. Winternitz2 administered large dosages of the residual alkaloids to man, and although he was able to produce narcosis without undesirable side actions concluded that morphine was quite superior if analgesia was required. Macht and his associates,3 after an extensive study of the responses of man to graded electrical stimuli before and after the administration of a series of the opium alkaloids, reported that the order of analgesic power was morphine > papaverine > codeine > narcotine > and thebaine. Codeine was reported as quite inferior to either morphine or papaverine. Narcotine alone produced an initial hypersensitiveness which was followed by a slight analgesia. Nevertheless, combinations of narcotine and morphine (narcophine) were said to produce a better analgesia than did the morphine

The article presents a cross-cultural analysis of the taste preferences of wine consumers in China for red wine and the cross-cultural differences between wine markets of Shanghai and Melbourne, Victoria. The research revealed that Chinese males in Shanghai rated all nine wines higher on average than their female counterparts. Chinese consumers are less likely to consume wine at home with a meal according to the research.

This article presents information on a study that examined the impact of greenhouse gas-induced climate change on winegrape production for the Australian wine industry. The article lists the regions investigated with regard to phenological responsiveness to warming. Information is presented on the simulator used to model phenology for the winegrowing regions in the study. The impacts of climate change on the temperature of the ripening period is discussed, as well as its impact on grape quality.

Use of warm-season annuals, such as pearl millet (PM), has increased on northeast organic dairy farms because of their ability to grow in the mid-summer heat when cool-season perennial pastures experience less growth. The objective of this study was compare animal performance and milk bioactive fatty acids (FA) in milk of cattle grazed on PM versus cool-season pasture (CSP). Eight multiparous (parity: 2.9 ± 0.6 lactations) mid-lactation (114 ± 20 d in milk) Holstein cows were used in a repeated-measures design with three 4-wk periods. Cattle were grazed on CSP or PM in the following sequence: PM, CSP, and PM. Dry matter intake (DMI) was estimated using a calibrated rising plate meter. Individual milk weights and samples, representing a 24h period, were obtained during the last 2 wk (sampling days: 16 and 23) of each period. Milk samples were analyzed for components (fat, protein, organic solids) by mid-infrared spectrometry. Milk and forage FA proportions were determined using gas-liquid chromatography. Data were analyzed using a repeated measures ANOVA in the PROC MIXED procedure of SAS (vs. 9.4). CSP forages provided a higher content of n-3 FA when compared to PM (12.07 vs. 6.51 mg/g DM; P< 0.05), and higher content of polyunsaturated FA (17.17 vs. 8.33 mg/g DM; P< 0.01). Forage type had no effect (P≥ 0.05) on estimated DMI (17.2 and 17.4 kg/day for PM and CSP, respectively), milk production (13.8 and 13.1 kg/d for PM and CSP, respectively), fat yield (0.44 and 0.43 kg/d for PM and CSP, respectively), or protein yield (0.41 and 0.40 kg/d, for PM and CSP, respectively). Milk saturated FA were lower when cows grazed CSP compared to PM (59.5 vs. 63.0 g/100 g FA, respectively; P< 0.001). The content of CLA was higher during CSP treatment (2.11 g/100 g FA) than PM treatment (1.67 g/100 g FA; P< 0.01). Similarly, milk from cows grazing CSP had a twofold higher proportion of total n-3 FA when compared to PM (1.06 vs. 0.59 g/100 g FA; P< 0.001) and higher proportion of total n-6 FA in milk fat (1.29 and 1.04 g/100 g for CSP and PM, respectively; P< 0.01). Total branched-chain FA in milk fat were higher when cows grazed PM than CSP (3.12 vs. 2.86, respectively; P= 0.01). In conclusion, there was no difference in animal performance of cows grazing a CSP or PM, however, the contents of various bioactive FA were higher in milk fat of cows grazing a CSP compared to PM.

ABSTRACTWith the death of Frederick Albert Lionel Clowes on 21 September 2016, plant sciences lost a member of that lineage of experimental morphologists which reaches back to Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. In 1949, he discovered a group of cells at the tip of the beech root apex which were metabolically inert. In 1954, he confirmed generality of this root apex feature and coined the term ‘quiescent center’. He continued to study these unique cells throughout next decades up to his last papers published in 1980s. Concept of the quiescent centre of plant roots is one of the milestones in plant cell biology and plant physiology.