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The inhalation of respirable inorganic particles at low levels is a commonplace everyday occurrence. Typically, the types of particulates which are inhaled and variably retained in the lungs, are those commonly present in ambient aerosols. Much of the particulate matter is aeolian crustal material (deflationary soil) and anthropogenerated material (combustion emissions, construction products). This low or "background" level of exposure is usually orders of magnitude lower than the levels of exposure in occupational settings giving rise to lung disease. We have been studying the human lung burden of retained inorganic particulates for many years (Abraham and Burnett, 1983) and have developed an ever-expanding database (Abraham et al., 1991) of information on the lung burden in currently over 700 analyses of over 600 lungs. The database contains mostly data from persons with known or suspected aerosol particulate exposures of one kind or another; it also contains data from histologically normal lungs and lungs from persons with lung disease but not known occupational or environmental exposures. Previous studies have examined the relationship of concentrations of a few specific particles to pathologic reactions in patients with specific exposures and/or diseases, such as: sandblasters with silicosis; beryllium ceramics workers with and without chronic beryllium disease; cemented tungsten carbide workers with the unusual pathologic reaction; GIP (giant cell interstitial pneumonia); granulomatous and fibrotic lung disease in persons exposed to metals such as titanium, zirconium or aluminium; and welders. In addition, with the ongoing interest in the relationship of fine particulate aerosols in air pollution to health effects several studies have investigated the potential toxicity of various metals, especially the transition metals, Fe, Ni, V, Cu, Mn and Zn in materials such as residual oil fly ash (ROFA). The higher prevalence of such metals as V in ROFA than in particulates identified in, or recovered from lungs, is consistent with the importance of soluble metals from such particulates. Factors such as particle diameter, surface area, roughness and the presence of surface species are also likely to play critical roles. Metal particulate exposures are also of increasing interest in the etiology and pathogenesis of interstitial lung disease which might otherwise be termed "idiopathic" pulmonary fibrosis/"cryptogenic" fibrosing alveolitis (Kennedy and Chan-Yeung, 1996). Several years ago evidence of metal particulate exposure was

The significant amount of energy stored in a large high-field superconducting magnet can be sufficient to destroy the coil in the event of an unprotected quench. For magnets based on high-temperature superconductors (HTSs), such as Bi2Sr2CaCu2Ox (Bi2212) and YBa2Cu3O7-x (YBCO), quench protection is particularly challenging due to slow normal zone propagation. A previous computational study showed that the quench behavior of HTS magnets is significantly improved if the turn-to-turn electrical insulation is thermally conducting, enhancing 3-D normal zone propagation. Here, a new doped-titania electrical insulation with high thermal conductivity is evaluated. The thermal conductivity of the insulation is measured at cryogenic temperatures, and its chemical compatibility with Bi2212 round wires is determined. Thin layers of the insulation are deposited onto the surface of Bi2212 and YBCO wires, which are then wound into small coils to study the quench behavior. Results show that the critical current and homogeneity of Bi2212 coils are improved relative to coils reacted with mullite insulation. Relative to similar coils with conventional insulation (mullite for Bi2212 and Kapton for YBCO), the turn-to-turn quench propagation is increased by a factor of 2.8 in Bi2212 coils at 4.2 K and self-field and by a factor of 2.5 in YBCO coils at 4.2 K and 5 T. These results indicate that doped-titania insulation may significantly improve Bi2212 and YBCO coils. Increased normal zone propagation velocity enhances quench detection and quench protection, and the thinness of the insulation relative to the most common alternatives increases the magnet winding pack current density and reduces the coil specific heat.

One approach to the generation of natural-sounding synthesized speech waveforms is to select and concatenate units from a large speech database. Units (in the current work, phonemes) are selected to produce a natural realisation of a target phoneme sequence predicted from text which is annotated with prosodic and phonetic context information. We propose that the units in a synthesis database can be considered as a state transition network in which the state occupancy cost is the distance between a database unit and a target, and the transition cost is an estimate of the quality of concatenation of two consecutive units. This framework has many similarities to HMM-based speech recognition. A pruned Viterbi search is used to select the best units for synthesis from the database. This approach to waveform synthesis permits training from natural speech: two methods for training from speech are presented which provide weights which produce more natural speech than can be obtained by hand-tuning.

The sources of particulate lead in houses in the London Borough of Richmond, England have been investigated using automated scanning electron microscopy in conjunction with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Compositional and size information was collected on lead-bearing particles from density and size fractionated floor dusts from 16 residences of various ages. A classification scheme based on the analysis of different types of lead source particles was used to categorize the house dust particles as either auto exhaust, road dust, garden soil, paint, high temperature process emissions, lead of common origin or miscellaneous lead-bearing. Classification results based on both populations of particles and estimated particle volumes suggest that paint, road dust and garden soil are the major contributors of particulate lead to the Richmond households. The primary contributing source in the 64–1000-μm size range of the house dusts appears to be paint. In the 0–64-μm size fraction of the dusts paint, road dust and garden soil all make significant contributions. Variations in the contributions made by the major sources appear to be unrelated to the age of the homes.

"It is hard to overstate the value of teaching science in our secondary schools,"said Sir Paul Nurse, who shared the 2001 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine. "Not only do we need to educate the next generation of innovators and scientists, we must also provide people with the tools and knowledge they need to engage in the ethical and political issues that modern science continually generates."

In a speech synthesizer apparatus, a weighting coefficient training controller calculates acoustic distances in second acoustic feature parameters between one target phoneme from the same phoneme and the phoneme candidates other than the target phoneme based on first acoustic feature parameters and prosodic feature parameters, and determines weighting coefficient vectors for respective target phonemes defining degrees of contribution to the second acoustic feature parameters for respective phoneme candidates by executing a predetermined statistical analysis therefor. Then, a speech unit selector searches for a combination of phoneme candidates which correspond to a phoneme sequence of an input sentence and which minimizes a cost including a target cost representing approximate costs between a target phoneme and the phoneme candidates and a concatenation cost representing approximate costs between two phoneme candidates to be adjacently concatenated, and outputs index information on the searched out combination of phoneme candidates. Further, a speech synthesizer synthesizes a speech signal corresponding to the input phoneme sequence by sequentially reading out speech segments of speech waveform signals corresponding to the index information and concatenating the read speech segments of the speech waveform signals.

Alternately vilified as a publicity-seeking egoist and lauded as a rambunctious, fearless advocate, William Kunstler consistently embodied both of these qualities. Kunstler's unrelenting, radical critique of American racism and the legal system took shape as a result of his efforts to enlist the federal judicial system to support the civil rights movement. In the late 60s and the 70s, Kunstler, refocusing his attention on the Black Power and anti-war movement, garnered considerable public attention as defender of the Chicago Seven, and went on to represent such controversial figures as Leonard Peltier, the American Indian Movement leader charged with killing an FBI agent, and Jack Ruby, the killer of Lee Harvey Oswald. Later, Kunstler briefly represented Colin Ferguson, the Long Island Railroad mass murderer, outraging fans and detractors alike with his invocation of the infamous "black rage" defense. Defending those most loathed by mainstream, conventional America, William Kunstler delighted in taking on fiercely political cases, usually representing society's outcasts and pariahs free of charge and often achieving remarkable courtroom results in seemingly hopeless cases. Though Kunstler never gave up his revolutionary underpinnings, he gradually turned from defending clients whose political beliefs he personally supported to taking on apolitical clients, falling back on the broad rationale that his was a general struggle against an oppressive government. What ideological and tactical motives explain Kunstler's obsessive craving for media attention, his rhetorical flourishes in the courtroom and his instinctive and relentless drive for action? How did Kunstler migrate from a comfortable middle-class background to a life as a staunchly rebellious figure in social and legal history? David Langum's portrait gives depth to the already notorious breadth of William Kunstler's life.

The goal of the SATIS project is to show that science has a human face and is not confined to the laboratory but is manifest in many aspects of the world both local and distant.

Ablation of two simple mineral phases, pyrite and olivine, has been performed using a variety of laser conditions. The particulate products of these ablations have been examined morphologically using a scanning electron microscope and chemically using energy dispersive X-ray analysis. Products of both minerals are shown to have undergone a complex heating regime. This resulted in multiple populations of particles with different chemical compositions. The origins of these groups of particles is partially explained by the processes of thermomechanical shock, melting and vaporization.

The magnetic mineral and grain size compositions of atmospheric dust samples collected from the marine aerosols of the North Atlantic Ocean, and the Arabian Sea and from a sampling station on the island of Barbados have been defined using a range of mineral magnetic measurements. The magnetic mineral content or magnetic signature of the soil-sized (predominantly > 5 μm) dust material has been obtained by measuring each sample's response to a number of laboratory-imparted low field and remanent magnetisations. Variations in magnetic signature between groups of dusts have been established using the statistical procedure discriminant analysis. Dissimilarities in magnetic signature suggest that atmospheric dust samples derived from different source areas vary significantly in terms of mineral magnetic composition. In addition it appears that magnetic signatures are often strongly influenced by components that are urban/industrial in origin. The influence of anthropogenic particles on magnetic signatures being confirmed by an examination of the strongly magnetic phases of selected samples under the scanning electron microscope. The existence of differences in the magnetic mineral composition of atmospheric dust samples would suggest that the analysis of magnetic signatures could be applied to such research areas as the study of the long range transport of natural and polluting aerosols.

In this paper the motion of a single bubble or particle in an accelerating liquid flow is analysed using a generalized force equation. The motion of the bubble relative to the fluid gives rise to a drift flux of liquid which affects the mean flow field of the liquid. This flux is calculated in terms of the effective or added mass coefficient of the bubble, Cm, which is equal to 1 2 for a small bubble at high Reynolds number. By analysis of the flow in terms of the three flow fields associated with the interstitial liquid, the displaced liquid and the bubble itself, we obtain a rational method for calculating the forces acting on the bubble, the mass conservation equations and the pressure field in the liquid. For a bubbly flow with low void fraction this form of the mass conservation equations reduces to an expression for liquid and gas superficial velocity as a function of relative velocity (the slip measured relative to the interstitial velocity, to be defined) and void fraction, where the constants are defined in terms of Cm. Unlike the commonly used relation of Zuber & Findlay (1965), our expression can be generalized to non-uniform flows. Our predictions (using C m = 1 2 ) agree with Zuber & Findlays' empirical equations for low void fraction ϵ in a vertical pipe. They do not, however, agree for high values of ϵ. A new analysis of the mean pressure field in disperse two-phase flow is presented. While the bubbles respond to the interstitial velocity and pressure field, the pressure of interest is usually the average over the whole liquid volume. We show how these are related. The models developed here are applied to the practically important flow of air bubbles in an inclined nozzle, and are compared with recent laboratory measurements.

Recent investigations have established an apparent link between magnetic mineral and heavy metal concentrations in a variety of environmental contexts. Using a range of rapid, non-destructive magnetic measurements the magnetic components of power station fly ash and motor vehicle emissions have been characterised. The present investigation suggests that such an approach readily facilitates particle source differentiation and identification.

This paper describes the strategy, methodology, dissemination and evaluation of the Science and Technology in Society (SATIS) projects sponsored by the Association for Science Education in the UK. The SATIS project has already published a bank of 100 resource units to enrich science courses for young people in the 14‐16 age range; the SATIS 16‐19 project is now preparing similar materials for older students. The units are generally short and they deal with examples of the applications of science and technology as well as providing a basis for the discussion of the issues arising from the beneficial and harmful aspects of these applications. The units are devised and written by teachers in collaboration with experts in industry, higher education, the public services and the professions. A preliminary evaluation has shown that the materials have been well received in schools because they meet the immediate needs of teachers. The projects have had a significant impact on the range of active learning strategi...

Although several magnetic separation methods have been used to provide some initial subdivision and characterization of the particulate emission products of fossil-fuel combustion1–5, only recently has there been any attempt to use magnetic properties to distinguish between different emission types6,7 and atmospheric particulate sources8. In the present study, we use several concentration-independent magnetic parameters and ratios to characterize dusts from different source types. Non-destructive measurements of saturation isothermal remanence, anhysteretic remanence and frequency-dependent susceptibility differentiate atmospheric dusts into groups characterized by distinctive magnetic mineral and grain size assemblages. These assemblages can be related to the source of the dusts as they reflect differences in the conditions under which the magnetic oxides developed. The magnetic parameters are sensitive to differences between dusts arising from fossil-fuel combustion and from other industrial processes, and those derived from soil erosion. Within the set of soil-derived dusts, the magnetic parameters distinguish between the weathering regimes operating in different source areas.

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Opportunities for the use of noninvasive tomographic sensor technology are described and reviewed critically. Imaging instruments based on electrical sensing methods are discussed with respect to a number of process applications, including measurement of component concentration profiles, phase boundaries, component velocities and component mass flow rate. The use of low-noise electronic devices for process image sensing and the computationally intensive digital signal processing systems for image reconstruction are discussed. Limitations of current electronic techniques, particularly for future ultra high speed image reconstruction are revealed and directions for future progress are elucidated.

This paper describes a convenient PC-based acoustic signal processing system and its application for monitoring hydrocyclone performance. Acoustic emissions generated from a five inch diameter hydrocyclone under different operating conditions were collected using a single 190 KHz passive acoustic sensor mounted externally on the conical section of the hydrocyclone. Subsequent analysis shows that the spectral characteristics of the signal are sensitive to the variations of operating parameters (feed pressure, solid concentrations, mass and volume flowrate and underflow solid concentrations). Use of multivariate statistical analysis techniques allows the quantitative relationships between various operating parameters of the hydrocyclone and the statistical and spectral characteristics of the acoustic signals to be established. The application of this sensor technology to audit classifiers and its potential for real-time control is demonstrated based on a laboratory case study.

The 3.2-m.y. whole core magnetic susceptibility record obtained during Ocean Drilling Program leg 117 from the Owen Ridge in the western Arabian Sea represents one of the most convincing demonstrations of the ability of rock magnetic measurements to yield paleoceanographically significant information. The salient features of this record are that (1) it correlates strongly with variations in the concentration and flux of eolian dust; (2) it is driven strongly at Earth orbital periodicities; and (3) there is a significant change in the spectral character at 2.4 m.y., which may reflect the effect of the initiation of major northern hemisphere glaciation on aridity cycles within the eolian source areas. In view of its potential paleoclimatic significance, we have examined the origin of the rock magnetic signal from the Owen Ridge in more detail. We find that despite the strong relationship throughout the record between magnetic susceptibility and percent terrigenous content, there has been significant postdepositional alteration of the magnetic minerals via the process of reductive diagenesis. We ascribe two steplike shifts in magnetic properties in the uppermost part of the section to this process. The first occurs at about 1.5 m depth and is characterized by a loss of fine-grained ferrimagnetic material. The second stepshift in magnetic properties occurs at a depth of 6–8 m and is characterized by changes in rock magnetic parameters which indicate significant loss of both low coercivity (magnetite) and high coercivity (hematite and/or goethite) magnetic mineral components. Scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive Xray analyses show that the bulk of the coarse-grained strongly magnetic fraction is detrital titanomagnetite and that there is a significant reduction in the Fe:Ti ratio of these grains across the lower diagenetic front. This suggests that titanomagnetite grains with higher Ti contents may be more resistant to the process of reductive diagenesis, and this may provide a mechanism for the relative stability of the ferrimagnetic fraction below the second diagenetic front.

This paper has reviewed some of the measurement needs of the upstream end of the petrochemical industry. the measurements are complex in a difficult environment, but nonetheless many are well suited to a micro-engineering approach, and examples have been given of where the author considers most progress could be made in a short time. (3 pages)

Transportation network companies (TNCs) have introduced shared-ride versions of their ordinary services, such as UberPool or Lyft Line. The concept is simple: passengers pay less in fares for an incremental increase in time spent picking up and dropping off other riders. This paper focuses on the social and behavioral considerations of shared rides, which have not been explored as thoroughly as time and cost trade-offs in transportation. A survey of TNC users conducted through Mechanical Turk in June and July of 2016, which had 997 respondents across the United States, found that ( a) users of dynamic ridesharing services reported that social interactions were relevant to mode choice, although not as much as traditional factors such as time and cost; ( b) overall, the possibility of having a negative social interaction was more of a deterrent to use of dynamic ridesharing than the potential of having a positive social interaction was an incentive; ( c) there was evidence that a substantial number of riders harbored feelings of prejudice toward passengers of different social class and race, and these passengers were much more likely to prefer having more information about potential future passengers; ( d) most dynamic ridesharing users were motivated by ease and speed, compared with walking and public transportation; and ( e) safety in dynamic ridesharing was an important issue, especially for women, many of whom reported feeling unsafe and preferred to be matched with passengers of the same sex.