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Identifying proteins from living organisms helps us understand the biological functions of cells, discover new molecular mechanisms, and interrogate known mechanisms for improving our understanding. For a comprehensive understanding of cellular functions, identifying the whole protein content, or proteome, of a cell is desirable but challenging. Here, we describe in detail two methods of proteome fractionation at either the protein (SDS-PAGE) or peptide (high-pH reversed-phase fractionation) level, which can be used to maximize the identification of proteins from complex biological samples. We apply these methods to two different sample types commonly processed in our laboratory to demonstrate the versatility of these protocols. These methods produce many more peptide identifications when compared to conventional single-shot analysis and can also be used in combination to generate larger complementary datasets with greater depth of proteome coverage., (© 2025. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is one of the most common causes of infection from the herpes virus family which also possesses oncogenic potential. EBV-associated smooth muscle tumors (EBV-SMT) are often found in the CNS but here we present the case of a 50-year-old woman with EBV-SMT in the liver. This patient had a kidney transplant in 2009 and had been undergoing immunosuppressive therapy to support her transplant. Subsequent imaging found a liver mass which was not seen on previous imaging. The biopsy revealed an EBV-SMT. The exact pathophysiology of EBV-SMT is not clear though it is believed to involve the reactivation of latent infection through mTOR pathways. Treatment of such masses includes reducing immunomodulating pharmacotherapy though no established management guidelines exist., Competing Interests: Human subjects: Consent for treatment and open access publication was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Ali et al.)

Nitrogen (N) losses from fertilized fields pose a major concern in modern agriculture due to environmental implications. Urease inhibitors, such as N -( n -butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT), nitrification inhibitors (NI), like dicyandiamide (DCD), and sulfur-oxidizing bacteria (SOB) could have potential in reducing N losses. For evaluating their effectiveness, investigations were undertaken through incubation and greenhouse experiments by mixing a urea fertilizer with sole NBPT, DCD, and SOB, as well as combined, on ammonia volatilization losses from silt loam soil. An incubation experiment was conducted in 1 L airtight plastic jars with adequate aeration and constant temperature at 25 °C for 10 days. Three replications of each treatment were conducted using a completely randomized designed. The ammonia emission rate gradually increased until the highest (17.21 mg NH 3 m -2 h -1 ) value on the third day with sole urea and some other treatments except NBPT alone, which prolonged the hydrolysis peak until the fifth day with the lowest ammonia emission rate (12.1 mg NH 3 m -2 h -1 ). Although the DCD and SOB treatments reduced ammonia emission, their difference with urea was nonsignificant. Additionally, mixing NBPT with urea exhibited the highest population of nitrifying bacteria in soil, indicating its potential role in promoting the nitrification process. In a greenhouse experiment, 10 treatments, i.e., T 1 = control, T 2 = N 120 (urea fertilizer equivalent to 120 kg N ha -1 ), T 3 = N 90 (90 kg N ha -1 ), T 4 = N 90 + NBPT, T 5 = N 90 + DCD, T 6 = N 90 + SOB, T 7 = N 90 + NBPT + DCD, T 8 = N 90 + NBPT + SOB, T 9 = N 90 + DCD + SOB, and T 10 = N 90 + NBPT + DCD + SOB, were applied to investigate the wheat yield and N uptake efficiency. The highest N recovery efficiency (31.51%) was recorded in T 5 where DCD was combined with urea at 90 kg ha -1 ., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing financial interest., (© 2024 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society.)

The COVID-19 epidemic is considered the most important health disaster of the century and the largest humanitarian crisis since World War II. In December 2019, a new respiratory disease/disorder was discovered in Wuhan, Hubei province, China and World Health Organization named it COVID-19 (coronavirus 2019). It has been diagnosed with a new class of corona virus, called SARS-CoV-2 (a serious respiratory disease). According to the history of human civilization it is affected by the incidence of disease outbreaks caused by the number of viruses. Covid-19 is rapidly spreading across the globe, due to which mankind faces major health, economic, environmental and social challenges. The outbreak of coronavirus is seriously affecting the global economy. Almost all nations have problems limiting the spread of the disease by screening and treating patients, setting up suspects by keeping in touch, blocking large gatherings, maintaining full or partial closure etc. This paper describes the impact of COVID-19 on society and the global environment, and the ways in which the disease is likely to be controlled have been discussed.

Competing Interests: Conflict of interest The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests.