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Aquifer storage and recovery and artificial recharge projects are common methods of developing and managing groundwater resources for future use by cities that face pressure to maintain sustainable supplies of water for growing populations. Such projects, however, are often accompanied by water-quality problems that can be mitigated by careful attention to geological and geochemical factors that account for the occurrence and mobilization of contaminants such as arsenic in storage zones. Investigations of artificial recharge systems in Florida, for example, have identified oxidative dissolution of pyrites by treated injectate waters as the principal factor causing the mobilization of arsenic from the matrix of an aquifer. This paper describes major-ion chemistry and associated reduction-oxidation factors that account for the occurrence of arsenic in groundwater at an artificial recharge site under development by the City of Clearwater, Florida. The results of this investigation are fully consistent with those of previous studies. Of particular significance is the apparent sensitivity of arsenical sulfides to slight changes in the redox conditions under which those minerals are otherwise stable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In this research, to locate and prioritize suitable areas for flood spreading in Mashhad plain, 10 criteria were used including land use, slope, alluvium thickness, distance to well, distance to subterranean, distance from the village, water table drawdown, permeability coefficient, electrical conductivity, and drainage density. Weighting process was done by Analytic Network Process (ANP) and fuzzy logic. After preparing and weighting the maps of all appropriate measures for locating suitable areas of flood spreading maps based on fuzzy logic and analytic network process model, the final map was prepared for prioritizing suitable areas for flood spreading. Then by applying the limiting layer that is a combination of three criteria of land use, slope and geomorphology, the final map of suitable areas for flood spreading was prepared and prioritized. The results showed that among the 10 factors influencing flood spreading, the thickness of alluvium criteria by weight of 0.27 was identified as the most effective layer in suitable areas for flood spreading. Most of the suitable regions located in slope less than 3% that represents its considerable impact in implementation of flood spreading. Mashhad plain potential for flood spreading, after removing exception areas (40.8% of total area), were defined in four inappropriate, relatively appropriate, appropriate and perfectly appropriate classes, that include 2.7, 25.9, 26.5 and 1.5% of the plain area, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

National Institute of Technology (NIT) Kurukshetra is a 292-acre campus, having more than 7000 residents on the campus. Due to lack of an efficient drainage system, the campus turns into a system of pools at important locations. This accumulation of water for long durations creates an unhealthy environment for the inhabitants besides damaging the roads, pavement and foundation of buildings. Hence, keeping in view all the above problems and status of the campus, rainwater harvesting can be considered as one of the solutions for addressing the problem of accumulated rainwater in the NIT Kurukshetra. The total area of the campus is 11,79,607 sqm, out of which 1,15,941 sqm is built up area and rest of the plain area can be utilized for artificial recharge. In this paper, an efficient design of rainwater harvesting system for the campus is proposed. The detailed design of the components of rainwater harvesting through artificial recharge i.e. filter gallery, recharge well, recharge pit, inspection pit etc are provided. It is expected that the result of the study if implemented will certainly fulfill the dual objective of addressing the menace of water logging in the campus besides enriching the groundwater aquifer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gravel pit lakes form when gravel deposits are excavated below the water table. We studied two fluvial gravel pit lakes called De Lange Vlieter (DLV Lake) and the Boschmolen Plas (BP Lake), in the Meuse River valley (The Netherlands). Water from the Meuse River is pumped only into the DLV Lake that is used for drinking water production. The mean values, the linear trends and seasonal patterns of time series data (2003–2014), of temperature, pH, nitrate, phosphate and sulphate were compared using one-way tests of variance and tests of differences. The effects of river water infiltration on DLV Lake are (1) a change in lake water temperature; (2) an increase in nitrate concentration (3) an increase in phosphate concentration and (4) a decrease in sulphate concentration. The effects of the air blowers in DLV Lake are (1) mixing of lake water; (2) decreasing pH in spring and summer (3) water oxygenation. Linear regression analysis shows an initially increasing nitrate concentration in DLV Lake that can be explained by the input of nitrate rich Meuse river water. Instead decreasing nitrate and phosphate concentrations in BP Lake and Meuse River reflect a diminished use of fertilizers. The gravel pit lake water temperature does not reflect climatic changes but the use of DLV Lake for artificial recharge has an impact on the seasonal and long-term trends in hydrochemistry. This poses a challenge to lake managers to find the right balance between reduction of eutrophication and accumulation of nutrients and sulphate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Groundwater-level measurements in monitoring wells or piezometers are the most common, and often the only, hydrologic measurements made at artificial recharge facilities. Measurements of gravity change over time provide an additional source of information about changes in groundwater storage, infiltration, and for model calibration. We demonstrate that for an artificial recharge facility with a deep groundwater table, gravity data are more sensitive to movement of water through the unsaturated zone than are groundwater levels. Groundwater levels have a delayed response to infiltration, change in a similar manner at many potential monitoring locations, and are heavily influenced by high-frequency noise induced by pumping; in contrast, gravity changes start immediately at the onset of infiltration and are sensitive to water in the unsaturated zone. Continuous gravity data can determine infiltration rate, and the estimate is only minimally affected by uncertainty in water-content change. Gravity data are also useful for constraining parameters in a coupled groundwater-unsaturated zone model (Modflow-NWT model with the Unsaturated Zone Flow (UZF) package). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A multivariate statistical technique was used to determine the major hydrochemical processes that control the groundwater quality variations during “aquifer storage and recovery” (ASR) operations. Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied on chemical and isotopic data of 83 groundwater samples. It has allowed the reduction of the 14 variables to four significant PCs (factors F) that explain 82.2 % of the total variance. F1 (54.1 %) represents the mineralization and groundwater nitrates pollution, whereas F2 (13.2 %) exhibits the isotopic enrichment by evaporation of waters components. Factor score of F1–F2 contains four groups: Injected freshwater (II) distinguished by low mineralization. Native groundwater characterized by relatively high mineralization. Mixing groundwater has intermediate mineralization. The shifting of native groundwater to injected water is related to the mixing ratio between these two components. Thus, the quality of groundwater samples situated close to the injected water is enhanced. Surface water (QF) is enriched by δ18O and δ2H compared to the other components due to evaporation. The spatial pattern of iso-factor scores maps is generally similar to the pattern of EC, Cl−, NO3−, and mixing ratio maps performed for the same experiment dates. Consequently, under the applied conditions of ASR process, the effective diameter is 250 m and 3 months of recovery time after complete injection. The results of this study clearly demonstrate the usefulness of multivariate statistical analysis as (PCA) in the ASR process investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Managed aquifer recharge has been used for various regions worldwide to improve water quantity and quality. Furthermore, contaminated site treatment often requires injection of water together with specific additives to support natural attenuation processes. Händel et al. (in J Hydrol 517:54-63, 2014. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.05.003) introduced a new recharge approach, applying cost-efficient small-diameter wells. Numerical studies were applied, among others, to investigate the effect of subsurface structures on injection process. Besides this, a comparison with an infiltration basin was made. To close the gap between the theoretical work and the practical use of this technique for medium-term injection of clean waters and to provide an experimental validation of the small-diameter well recharge, two injection tests using a small-diameter well (1" inner diameter) were performed at the test site Pirna, Saxony, Germany. In a first short-term test, stepwise increasing injection rates were applied and showed only a slight increase in well water levels. In a second test (using the same well), groundwater was injected continuously for 14 days. The constant injection rate of 0.75 l/s resulted in a recharged water volume of 900 m³, showing the high-performance potential of such wells for clean water infiltration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study demonstrates the identification of site-specific watershed management technique using geospatial technology to enhance the groundwater potential of an area. The soil erosion prioritization evaluated using geoinformatics technique and drainage morphometric analysis highlights the utility of multiresources evaluation in sustainable watershed development. The superimposed thematic layers of land use/land cover, lithology, hydrogeomorphology, drainage, and lineament over the soil erosion variability map helped in suggesting the site-specific location of the water harvesting structures in Daltonganj watershed of Palamu, Jharkhand, India. The spatial variability of the various soil erosion zones indicated that 0.78 and 11.31 km are under very high and high soil erosion prone areas, respectively, whereas moderate areas of soil erosion comprised of 11.46 km within the Daltonganj watershed. The lower catchment region of the Daltonganj watershed was found to be most prone to very high soil erosion, whereas parts of the lower, middle, and upper catchment regions are significantly prone to high rate of soil erosion. The central regions, however, are low to moderately prone to soil erosion. The quantitative drainage morphometric analysis helped to understand the groundwater situation. The present study thus helped in locating suitable sites for water harvesting structures which include 9 check dams, 31 farm ponds, and 9 nala bunds in the watershed, which will help in efficiently monitoring the soil moisture conservation and groundwater recharge and put a check on soil erosion of the area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, water demand has exceeded exploitable water resources; so that, the groundwater level has dropped in most plains of Iran such as Dehgolan plain in Kurdistan province, due to additional utilization of these resources. Hence, in the present study it has been attempted to identify the most suitable zones for performance of artificial recharge plan in Dehgolan plain, by integrating Geographic Information System (GIS) and Multi Criteria Decision Making (MCDM). In this regard, the data of eight effective parameters including slope, geology, surface permeability, thickness of unsaturated alluvium, transmission, electrical conductivity of the aquifer, distance from the waterway and land use of the study area were prepared in GIS environment. Then, the weight of each criterion and weight of the classes of each layer were calculated using AHP method and expert choice software. Finally, the final map was produced in five grades from suitable to quite unsuitable, by integrating the zoned maps based on the weight acquired by AHP. Accordingly, quite suitable and suitable areas for artificial recharge of aquifers with respectively .37% and 2. 8% of total area, are located in a thick layer of Quaternary deposits and close to major waterways. An integrated study helps to plan suitable groundwater management program for artificial recharge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Hydrogeology Journal is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Managed aquifer recharge is one of the most popular methods for dealing with local water shortage issues, and the bacterial community could be a vital factor influencing groundwater quality during this process. In this study, analysis of variations in groundwater components during artificial recharge revealed three stages at a text site in China. During stage I, total iron and dissolved organic carbon levels are stable basically, dissolved oxygen and SO42− levels have rising trends, NO3− curve varied not obviously. Variation curves show increases in dissolved oxygen, NO3−, SO42− and stabilization in dissolved organic carbon and total iron at stage II. During stage III, dissolved oxygen and NO3− have rising trends, dissolved organic carbon, total iron, and SO42− keep stable. At 25 and 70 days the Simpson and Shannon–Wiener indices show that microbial community richness and population diversity underwent a gradual dynamic change after recharge water arrived. Correlation analysis shows that the Simpson index was mainly affected by dissolved oxygen and NO3−. PCR-DGGE confirmed these findings. Overall, the results revealed that the main bacterial communities reduce total nitrogen, total phosphorous, and chemical oxygen demand, which corresponded to the calculated correlation index. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the behavior of disinfection by-products (DBPs) in groundwater artificial recharge projects is considered as one of the crucial factors affecting potable water, surprisingly, its mechanism remains unclear. Our in situ study on transport and fate of DBPs (especially chloroform) was carried out in a test site located in Southeast China. In this study, four types of DBPs: dichloromethane, chloroform, bromodichloromethane (BDCM), and dibromochloromethane (DBCM), were detected, among which the occurrence rate and concentration of chloroform were found the highest. The DBPs concentration within the observation well (J4) situated 10 m away is higher than that in the source water, especially during the first 10 days since the beginning of recharge. And the difference between peak concentration in J4 and the other observation well (J5) located 17 m away was approximately 13 μg/L for chloroform, 0.1 μg/L for dichloromethane, 0.7 μg/L for DBCM, and insignificant for BDCM. The breakthrough took 16 days for chloroform from J4 to J5. According to attenuation analysis, the chemical hydrolysis, adsorption, and other processes were insignificant. Therefore, biodegradation was most likely dominating the attenuation process, and half-lives of chloroform ranged from 11.2 to 40.5 days, which was mainly a contribution of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria Nitrosomonas europaea via aerobic co-metabolism. In consistence with the transformation of groundwater redox conditions, the biodegradation rate of chloroform was changing as well. As the recharge time got longer, half-lives of chloroform had a tendency to stabilize at roughly 14 days. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses natural attenuation of chlorobenzene (CB) elimination in a deep confined aquifer in a certain test site in China during a groundwater artificial recharge process. Pilot-scale experiments were conducted in laboratory, including adsorption and biodegradation experiments. The results from the adsorption experiments indicated that the adsorption rate increased within the temperature range 0-20 °C. Processes were fitted to the pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order kinetic equations, Freundlich and Langmuir models. Maximal amounts of adsorption were 20.747, 21.505 and 23.364 µg/g at 0, 10 and 20 °C, respectively. The adsorption of CB was an endothermic process. The results from the biodegradation experiments indicated that the processes were well fitted by the Monod and first-order decay kinetics equations at different temperatures. It showed that the Monod μ changed from 0.0314 to 0.0387 h, and the half-life ( t) decreased from 3.02 to 1.46 d with an increase in temperature from 0 to 20 °C. The influence of temperature on the biodegradation rate was expressed by the Arrhenius equation. This study provides information on the mechanisms of natural attenuation of CB in the subsurface environment, whilst also providing the necessary technical information for the security of artificial recharge implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flood has always been a problem in Indonesia since the colonization era. First flood occurred on January 10 th, 1932 on Sabang Street. After Indonesian independence in 1945, significant flood events occurred in 1979 and 2007 has caused 4.3 Trillion IDR (T) economic losses and killed 80 persons), 2013 (20 T), 2014 (12 T), and the latest flood event on 9-10 February 2015 had caused a total loss of 10 T IDR (1$=13,000 IDR). The provincial rules in Jakarta Number 20/2013 stated that the 4% of land covered by building must compensate with 4% holes volume on that area. However, the data shown that ±30% of Jakarta's land surface is located under sea level and most building in Jakarta is not follow those rules. Furthermore, the capacity of all drainage in Jakarta has lower capacity than required and only 30% of that drainage working properly. Nowadays, the open green land of Jakarta is only 9.9% with 1.9% change-land use rate per year. Government of Jakarta has policy mentions that every deep-well exploitations must registered with water tax. To anticipate future floods, BPPT has a flood solution concept by combining two activities, for example rain reduction (Weather Modification for Rain Reduction, WM-4-RR; Seto et. al., 2011), and flood reduction with Artificial Recharge Deep Well Injection System (AR-DWIS; Sudinda et.al., 2006-2009), and technology innovation such as WM-RR & AR-DWIS (Goenawan et.al., 2014). The WM-4-RR & AR-DWIS have proven to be able to reduce flood approximately to 33% as stated by Mohajit et.al. (2014). It was assumed that flood peak in Jakarta is equivalent to 800 m 3 /s, therefore Jakarta needs until 2000 AR-DWIS in which each capacity is 400 l/s. While, BPPT and Ristek's building has made experiment & development for AR-DWIS (BR-1) since 2006, the capacity is still 1.43 l/s or 85.71 l/minute or 2.057 m 3 /hour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Radon and stable nuclides were used as a tracer of groundwater/surface water interaction study in a artificial groundwater recharge system near Nakdong river in Korea. The Rn concentration at the observation well groundwater was decreased. The activity variation of each monitoring wells during short and long term experiment were 6.5-12.4 Bq/L at OBS-1, 3.8-6.8 Bq/L at OBS-2, 30.9-55.9 Bq/L at OBS-3, 5.9-25.5 Bq/L at OBS-4, 22.1-34.6 Bq/L at OBS-5 and 7.1-28.3 Bq/L at OBS-6. The Rn concentration of OBS-1 and 5 were decrease about 35 % but OBS-6 was increased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study the vulnerability of the Wadi Ham aquifer, located in the Fujairah Emirate of the UAE, to seawater intrusion (SWI) is assessed using a 3D finite element (FE) model. The numerical model is developed based on available hydrogeological data in real scale. By simulation of the aquifer for the next 10 years and by maintaining the current rates of pumping (in year2015), the progress of seawater intrusion in year 2025 is followed by further depletion in freshwater storage of the Wadi Ham aquifer. In order to control this problem, the model is subjected to a management strategy involving surface recharge of the aquifer with treated wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Hydrogeology Journal is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Hydrogeology Journal is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Recent research shows stormwater harvesting with Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) and complementary treatment can deliver safe potable water supplies. To address supply reliability the “WaterCress” hydrological model was used iteratively to simulate runoff, recharge and recovery for different rainfall, catchment and aquifer conditions, and operational scenarios based on the Parafield scheme in Salisbury, South Australia. Using historical rainfall and current catchment and operating conditions, annual demand equating to 12.8% of catchment rainfall could be met with 99.5% volumetric reliability. Using projected rainfalls from a high emission climate scenario resulted in a smaller harvestable volume decline than the increase expected from urban consolidation. Freshwater storage depletion in the brackish aquifer was expected to reduce the supply by 10% with 99.5% reliability compared with zero depletion. This simple generic modelling approach was useful for estimating reliability of stormwater MAR systems to assist planning and design and provide a basis for investor confidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Associated with the vision of balanced, sustainable resource management, the end of the 20th century witnessed the paradigm of Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM), whose application was based on considering the river basin as an operating unit. The last decade has seen a preference for a scaled abstraction of this focus in which the administrative and physical limits of the resource that is provided can be considered as water management subunits, albeit ever dependent on and under the supervision of the river basin authority to which it belongs. This article shows the advantages of applying specific IWRM-based measures that can be implemented on a local scale. In the case under study (a municipality in south-eastern Spain) and based on the possibilities it offered, consideration has been given to joint management of the available water resources as feasible from the technical, economic, social and environmental points of view. The project compares two 20-year scenarios to reflect the consequences of incorporating the overexploited aquifer into the local water resources management scheme. Scenario 1 represents the existing non-joint water management, while Scenario 2 considers conjoint water management of surface and groundwater resources, examining variables related to climatic change and economic cycles. The simulations performed demonstrate that local scale management appears to be a feasible solution for semiarid towns and villages: it increases supply compared to current management and guarantees that demand is met for all the irrigation communities and indicates an almost immediate widespread recovery of the water table, even under scenarios with increased demand and a moderate fall in water resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anarchic use of groundwater for domestic and industrial purposes poses a major threat to the rapidly depleting groundwater resources of India. In the present study, an integrated remote sensing and GIS-based methodology is used for the mapping of groundwater potential zones and identification of suitable sites for artificial recharge in the Bokaro District of Jharkhand, India. The study area is classified into three different zones, namely 'poor', 'moderate' and 'good' in terms of its groundwater potential. Only small isolated patches in the eastern and central parts of the district have been identified to have good groundwater potential with a sustainable yield of 87.18 MCM (million cubic metres). The percent area coverage of regions with good groundwater potential is only ~5 %. The sustainable yield for areas characterized to have moderate groundwater potential is 962.11 MCM, while those with poor potential are estimated to be 53.31 MCM. Overall, the results show that 95 % of the study area have moderate to poor groundwater potentiality. Sensitivity analysis, using effective weight and variation index, reveals slope, drainage density and soil as the parameters with the greatest influence on the computation of groundwater potential index. The present study also focuses on the identification of suitable artificial recharge sites, using multi-criteria analysis technique, for augmenting the depleting groundwater reserves of the area. The results reveal that 84.95 % of the study area is either highly or moderately suited for artificial recharge, which is primarily attributed to the predominance of favourable geology and geomorphologic features in the study area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the development of a methodology that can be used for determining the spatial and temporal distribution of additional water volumes required to meet a defined groundwater target, such as an historical peizometric surface. The methodology is demonstrated on a case study concerned with mitigating declining groundwater levels in an alluvial aquifer intensively used for agriculture in the Lockyer Valley, Queensland, Australia. The proposed mitigation measure is the importing of large volumes of purified recycled water (PRW) from a large scale indirect potable reuse scheme into the aquifer system. The developed methodology employs both a groundwater flow model together with linear uncertainty analysis. Therefore for the case study, a distributed parameter numerical groundwater flow model was developed for the Lockyer valley alluvial aquifer system using MODFLOW, calibrated to observed groundwater levels, and further constrained by estimates of diffuse and river recharge from water balance studies. The model was used to simulate groundwater levels in the aquifer over a 20-year period. Optimal spatial and temporal distribution of volumes of imported water required to mitigate declining groundwater levels over that period were then estimated, using a modified version of the MODFLOW General Head Boundary (GHB) package. Uncertainty in the predicted import volumes was estimated using linear bayesian analysis principles. The relative worth of data from each observation bore within the groundwater monitoring network was also assessed in terms of the extent to which predictions of import water volumes were made more reliable when furnished with that data. Application of the methodology to the Lockyer alluvial aquifer system illustrated the suitability of the developed methodology for estimating the additional water volumes required for managed aquifer recharge or groundwater substitution schemes in similarly over-exploited aquifers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The artificial recharge of transboundary Genevese groundwater uses treated water from the Arve River to recharge the aquifer. This system has been in place since 1980. Although the system has demonstrated its worth and has helped to offset the excessive use of the 1960s and 1970s by raising the average water levels in the aquifer by more than 6 m, the region is still subject to water supply problems. In 2011, several events took place at the local, regional and even international levels which prompted the committee responsible for the use of the transboundary aquifer to tackle the water problem as a result of two events: the Fukushima accident of March 2011 with its radioactive cloud travelling across the globe and passing over Switzerland, and the drought of 2010-2011 which ravaged a large part of Western Europe. The present article examines the effects of these potential problems and raises the issue of the role of the Genevese aquifer in the provision of drinking water and its artificial recharge as the subjects of a strategic study on water distribution in crisis situations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trace elements (TEs) are important in water quality monitoring of managed aquifer recharge (MAR) systems, because they need to be tested against maximum permissible concentrations (MPCs), and some can be used as a tracer of either infiltration water, pollution or geochemical processes. The behavior of 55 dissolved trace elements and 20 major constituents is shown for an 800 m long, 35 m deep transect with slow groundwater flow (~0.01-0.1 m/day) and a nearby 100 m long 20 m deep transect with fast groundwater flow (0.3-2 m/day), both between a recharge and recovery canal, in the coastal dune aquifer system of the Netherlands. This study demonstrates how TEs behaved in a pH 7-8 artificial recharge system in coastal sediments, where pretreated Rhine River water has been infiltrated in the period 1957-2007. The spatial and age distribution of the infiltrated Rhine water was mapped using a combination of environmental tracers (Cl/Br, O, H, Cl and SO), allowing the comparison between young and old Rhine water, and between Rhine and dune groundwater. It is revealed which TEs can be used in specific cases as additional tracers (B, F, Mo), which TEs showed clear redox dependent behavior (As, Mo, U) or clear sorptive behavior (B, Ba, Co, Cs, Cu, F, Li, Mo, Ni, Rb, Sb, Sr, U, W), which TEs received significant geogenic inputs (As, Sr, U, W), which 'classical' TEs need much less monitoring compared to the 1970s and 1980s (B, Ba, Be, Cd, Co, Ni, Hg, Pb, Zn), and which TEs can normally be neglected (rare earth elements, precious metals). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Various methods for predicting recharge mounds that form beneath basins during recharge and the subsequent decay after recharge stops have been developed over the past half a century. In this paper several analytical methods were compared for very rapid, rapid and moderately rapid hydraulic conductivity values. Subsequently, the results were matched with numerical methods. Results obtained indicate minimal deviations among analytical solutions for predicting infiltration mounds at low recharge time (≤50 days). In addition, the deviations can be easily amended. Numerical solutions predict higher infiltration mounds (up to 32 % for the results chosen) compared to analytical methods, a variation attributed to the fewer assumptions made when solving governing groundwater equations. Yet at the lowest hydraulic conductivity rate (1.6 m/day) used in this investigation, numerical solutions are comparable to analytical solutions. Despite general unanimity on the superiority of numerical over analytical solutions for predicting infiltration mounds; the two methods have not been tested with observed field data. As a result, and to assist in discerning the best approach, analytical and numerical solutions were validated against results from three distinct field observations. The best match was noted between analytical and observed recharge mounds. In conclusion the practical applicability of each solution under various hydro-geologic conditions is summarized in the form of a table. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Hydrogeology Journal is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Selection of sites for water banking is very crucial for successful recovery of groundwater at the time of need. Attempts were made earlier to demarcate artificial recharge sites, and several indices were proposed for post-event evaluation of site-efficiency. In the present study a step-by-step method has been proposed for pre-event site selection for groundwater banking, based on meteorological, hydrological, hydraulic and hydrogeological parameters. Further, an index has been developed to evaluate site-efficiency. The proposed Normalized Difference Water Recovery Index (NDWRI) is the normalized ratio of water input and output in terms of recharge and productivity. Greater the value of yield, productivity, and the NDWRI higher is the suitability of the site for subsurface water banking. The index assumes a linear relation between recharge and sustainability of well productivity. In this article, the proposed methodology is explained and the related issues are discussed with a case study in the hard-rock Aravalli terrain of India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gravel pit lakes offer a variety of uses after excavation has ceased. One of those uses is the storage, infiltration, aquifer passage, and production of drinking water. We have investigated such a gravel pit lake in The Netherlands that is a state of the art drinking water production facility. The gravel pit lake is a flow-through lake, fed naturally by groundwater (~ 17%) and rainwater (~ 6%), and artificially with Meuse River water (~ 77%). The average concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn in the lake's bottom sediments have increased over a 10 year period. Acidifying redox reactions caused by lowering of the water table and farmland fertilization upstream from the lake explain the mobilization of metals in the soil and subsequent transport with groundwater towards the lake. Dissolved metals (Al, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe Mn, Ni and Zn) and PO 4 3 − flow with the groundwater towards the lake, where they interact with oxygen-rich and alkaline water to (co)precipitate as Fe, Mn and Al oxides. The chemistry of the gravel pit lake water is determined by a complex interplay between the input of NO 3 − and PO 4 3 − , soil composition up stream, biochemical processes in the lake that supply organic material, mixing processes (artificial and natural) that determine the amount of stratification and oxygen, and redox cycling processes in the bottom sediments that influence the concentration of metals and P in the lake water. Gravel pit lakes are young compared to natural lakes and the long term influence of these lakes is still largely unknown. This study confirms that they can form a sink for metals and thus influence the metal budget of a watershed. Compared to other artificial recharge methods, infiltration in a gravel pit lake along a river has certain advantages in that the lake already exists, the transport distance for the water to be infiltrated is short, the pretreatment of the infiltrated water is simple, and the long residence time of the water in the lake and the lake bank filtration attenuates quality variations of the infiltrated river water. For drinking water production or other usage of gravel pit lakes, an integrated monitoring and management of land use, ground- and surface water as well as lake bottom sediments are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]