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Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), an avian coronavirus, can be isolated and cultured in tracheal organ cultures (TOCs), embryonated eggs and cell cultures, the first two of which are commonly used for viral isolation. Previous studies have suggested that foetal bovine serum (FBS) can inhibit coronavirus replication in cell cultures. In this study, the replication of IBV in chicken embryo kidney (CEK) cell cultures and the Leghorn hepatocellular carcinoma (LMH) cell line was assessed using two different cell culture media containing FBS or yeast extract (YE) and two different IBV strains. The highest concentrations of viral genomes were observed when the cell culture medium (CEK) contained YE. Similar results were observed in LMH cells. Examination of the infectivity by titration demonstrated that the cell lysate from CEK cell cultures in a medium including YE contained a higher median embryo infectious dose than that from CEK cell cultures in a medium containing FBS. These results indicate that improved replication of IBV in cell cultures can be achieved by replacing FBS with YE in the cell culture medium.

This research evaluated the effect of different non-penetrating cryoprotective agents (NCPAs) in the vitrification of equine spermatozoa. To achieve this, 16 ejaculates from four Spanish horses were collected using an artificial vagina. Each ejaculate was diluted with the Botusemen-Gold® diluent + 1% BSA and divided into four aliquots to form four respective treatments based on conventional freezing (CF, control) and vitrification with NCPAs: 100 mM sucrose (VIT -Su); 100 mM trehalose (VIT-Tr); and 50 mM raffinose (VIT-Raf). CF was performed using liquid nitrogen vapors (LN2), while vitrifications were carried out by submerging 30 µL drops directly into LN2. the results of sperm samples showed that the CF treatment produced higher (P < 0.01) motility, kinematics, and membrane integrity compared to all vitrification treatments. However, all three vitrification treatments exhibited higher values (P < 0.05) for straight-line velocity, linearity, and oscillation than the CF treatment. Furthermore, VIT-Su and VIT-Ra treatments showed higher values (P<0.05) for total and progressive motility, as well as plasma and acrosomal membrane integrity, compared to the VIT-Tr treatment. Finally, all vitrification and CF treatments increased (P<0.05) the length and area of sperm heads compared to their fresh counterparts. In conclusion, despite conventional freezing resulting in higher sperm cryosurvival, vitrification with sucrose and raffinose produced greater motility and membrane integrity compared to trehalose, making it an attractive method for cryopreserving equine spermatozoa.

In the search for more biologically and economically sustainable production systems, the understanding of soil-plant-animal interaction seems to be a relevant element when making decisions. That is why in this work it is proposed to know the relationship of land-plant-livestock, emphasizing the evaluation of some components in a systemic way, as well as the effect that grasslands have on the quality and productivity of the cow. The UPSE production system is located on the extension of the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences of the Peninsula de Santa Elena State University, located in the Manglaralto parish, based on free grazing with Llanero pastures, (Brachiaria dictyoneura). The UTA Production System is located in the Experimental Farm of the Technical University of Ambato, Querochaca Campus, located in the canton of Cevallos, based on rotational grazing with kikuyo (Pennisetum clandestinum) pastures, the parameters of pH and content of Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), Potassium (K), Calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg), Iron, (Fe), Manganese (Mn), Copper (Cu) and Zinc (Zn) were sampled in a single soil sample, collected in the pasture area dedicated to cattle grazing of the two systems. the content of Calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg), Potassium (K) and Phosphorus (P), in a single plant sample, collected in the area the content of the minerals Calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg), Potassium (K) and Phosphorus (P), Urea, and Total Proteins (T.P.) in the blood serum of cattle from the two production systems under study was evaluated. This leads to the conclusion that both grass covers in the case of the two production systems can contribute to generating better responses from the animal components, closing the different cycles that allow grasses and legumes to interact in the soil environment with a direct effect on the grazing animal. This approach to understanding the soil-plant-animal interaction is important in order to contrast the best alternative from the productive point of view and, En la búsqueda de sistemas de producción más sostenibles tanto biológica como económicamente, el entendimiento de la interacción suelo-planta-animal parece ser un elemento de relevancia al momento de tomar decisiones. Es por ello que en el presente trabajo se plantea conocer la relación tierra-planta-ganado haciendo énfasis en la evaluación de algunos componentes de manera sistémica, así como del efecto que tienen los pastizales sobre la calidad y productividad de los animales. El sistema de producción UPSE, está ubicado en los terrenos de la extensión de la Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias de la Universidad Estatal Península de Santa Elena, situada en la parroquia Manglaralto, basado en pastoreo libre con pastizales de Llanero, (Brachiaria dictyoneura). El Sistema de Producción UTA, está ubicado en la Granja Experimental de la Universidad Técnica de Ambato, Campus Querochaca, ubicada en el cantón Cevallos, basado en pastoreo rotacional con pastizales de kikuyo (Pennisetum clandestinum), se muestrearon los parámetros del pH y del contenido de Nitrógeno (N), Fosforo (P), Potasio (K), Calcio (Ca), Magnesio (Mg), Hierro, (Fe), Manganeso (Mn), Cobre (Cu) y Zinc (Zn), en una sola muestra de suelo, recolectadas en el área de pastizales dedicada al pastoreo bovino de los dos sistemas, el contenido de Calcio (Ca), Magnesio (Mg), Potasio (K) y Fosforo (P), en una sola muestra vegetal, recolectadas en el área de pastizales dedicada al pastoreo bovino de los dos sistemas y el contenido de los minerales Calcio (Ca), Magnesio (Mg), Potasio (K) y Fosforo (P), Urea, y Proteínas Totales (P.T.) en suero sanguíneo de los bovinos de los dos sistemas de producción en estudio. Esto lleva a concluir que ambas coberturas de gramíneas en el caso de los dos sistemas de producción pueden contribuir a generar mejores respuestas de los componentes animales, cerrando los diferentes ciclos que permiten interactuar a gramíneas y leguminosas en el ambiente suelo con efecto directo sobre el anima

The production of sheep in Ecuador has made it necessary for producers to have tools and instruments that allow them to have a better criterion of management and control of their animals, seeking to make their production systems efficient, this study is located in the central area of the inter-Andean mountain range, Querochaca Experimental Farm, 15 female crossbred Corriedale sheep from the flock of the production system under study were used, aged between 24 and 48 months postpartum in lactation, in a system in free grazing with Kikuyo, consumption of water at will and mineral supplement, the production system was evaluated, based on a soil analysis, pasture bromatology, mineral serology and morphometry of the animals, descriptive statistics, analysis of means and comparison of reference values were used, The mean values of minerals in the blood of the sheep were Urea 23.59 mg/dl, P 7.55 mg/dl, Magnesium (Mg) 2.15 mg/dl, Calcium (Ca) 9.35 mg/dl and Total Protein (TP) 4.64 g/dl, differing from the values reported by other authors, the average WEIGHT of the ewes was 41.67 kg, DIAM TOR 79.83 cm, ALT GRUP 67 cm and ALT CRUZ 65.73 cm, ANT GRU 15.00 cm, POS GRU 12.00 cm, CHEST 6.33 cm, LENGTH/CANAL 39.87 cm, that were of medium variability, while DIA CAÑA 2.20 cm, had a low variability, the objective was to descriptively analyze the sheep production system, where we can conclude that from the data obtained the production system is semi-intensive, the genotype or race maintains its morphometric and phenotypic traits, corroborated by other authors. From the mineral analysis of soil, plant and blood chemistry, we can conclude that the relationship in the chain corresponds to this production system. The values obtained in this study for all parameters can function as values for other studies in the region, production system and sheep genotype., La producción de ovinos en el Ecuador ha hecho necesario que los productores cuenten con herramientas e instrumentos que les permitan tener un mejor criterio de manejo y control de sus animales, buscando hacer de sus sistemas de producción eficientes, este estudio se ubica en la zona centro de la cordillera interandina, Granja Experimental Querochaca, se utilizaron 15 ovejas Corriedale mestizas hembras de la majada del sistema de producción en estudio, comprendidas en una edad de entre 24 a 48 meses post parto en lactancia, en un sistema en pastoreo libre con Kikuyo, consumo de agua a voluntad y suplemento mineral, se valoró el sistema de producción, a partir de un análisis de suelo, bromatología del pasto, serología mineral y morfometría de los animales, se usó estadística descriptiva, análisis de medias y comparación de valores referenciales, Los valores promedio de minerales en sangre de las ovejas fueron de Urea 23,59 mg/dl, P de 7,55 mg/dl, Magnesio (Mg) 2,15 mg/dl, Calcio (Ca) 9,35 mg/dl y Proteínas Totales (PT) 4,64 g/dl, difiriendo de los valores reportados por otros autores, el PESO promedio de las ovejas fue 41,67 kg, DIAM TOR 79,83 cm, ALT GRUP 67 cm y ALT CRUZ 65,73 cm, A ANT GRU 15,00 cm, A POS GRU 12,00 cm, AN PECHO 6,33 cm, LARGO/CANAL 39,87 cm, que fueron de variabilidad media, mientras que DIA CAÑA 2,20 cm, tuvo una baja variabilidad, el objetivo fue el de analizar descriptivamente el sistema de producción ovina, donde podemos concluir que a partir de los datos obtenidos el sistema de producción con el que se cuenta es semiintensivo, el genotipo o raza mantiene sus rasgos tanto morfométricos como fenotípicos, corroborados con otros autores. A partir del análisis mineral de suelo, planta y química sanguínea, podemos concluir que la relación existente en la cadena se corresponde en este sistema de producción. Los valores obtenidos en este estudio para todos los parámetros pueden funcionar como valores referenciales para otros estudios en la región, si

The general objective of the research was to legally analyze the advisory opinion 24/17 and its binding nature in Ecuador. The method developed by the researchers was supported from the qualitative perspective, we proceeded with the legal analysis of the investigated topic, the background content of the documentary and bibliographic analysis was examined, the use of methods of theoretical level and empirical level of knowledge was conceived, such as: Analytical-synthetic, inductive-deductive, the information was selected through the interview. It is concluded that the advisory opinion 24/17 is not binding and does not generate legal effects in Ecuador, all this due to the fact that by principle of reserved domain the States are in charge of their internal legal system and this is recognized by the same Convention in Art. 17.2 regarding marriage. It has been determined that the IACHR Court, through an ultra vires exercise, pretends to attribute competences to itself., El objetivo general de la investigación fue analizar jurídicamente la opinión consultiva 24/17 y su carácter vinculante en el Ecuador. El método desarrollado por los investigadores se apoyó desde la perspectiva cualitativa, se procedió con el análisis jurídico del tema investigado, se examinaron el contenido de fondo del análisis documental y bibliográfico, se concibió el uso de métodos de nivel teórico y de nivel empírico del conocimiento, como son: Analítico-sintético, inductivo-deductivo, la información se seleccionó a través de la entrevista. Se concluye que, la opinión consultiva 24/17 no es vinculante ni genera efectos jurídicos en el Ecuador, todo esto debido a que por principio de dominio reservado los Estados donde éstos se encargan de su ordenamiento jurídico interno y así lo reconoce la misma Convención en el Art. 17.2 respecto al matrimonio. Se ha podido determinar que la Corte IDH a través de un ejercicio ultra vires, pretende atribuirse competencias.

Alpine grassland vegetation supports globally important biodiversity and ecosystems that are increasingly threatened by climate warming and other environmental changes. Trait-based approaches can support understanding of vegetation responses to global change drivers and consequences for ecosystem functioning. In six sites along a 1314 m elevational gradient in Puna grasslands in the Peruvian Andes, we collected datasets on vascular plant composition, plant functional traits, biomass, ecosystem fluxes, and climate data over three years. The data were collected in the wet and dry season and from plots with different fire histories. We selected traits associated with plant resource use, growth, and life history strategies (leaf area, leaf dry/wet mass, leaf thickness, specific leaf area, leaf dry matter content, leaf C, N, P content, C and N isotopes). The trait dataset contains 3,665 plant records from 145 taxa, 54,036 trait measurements (increasing the trait data coverage of the regional flora by 420%) covering 14 traits and 121 plant taxa (ca. 40% of which have no previous publicly available trait data) across 33 families., Alpine grassland vegetation supports globally important biodiversity and ecosystems that are increasingly threatened by climate warming and other environmental changes. Trait-based approaches can support understanding of vegetation responses to global change drivers and consequences for ecosystem functioning. In six sites along a 1314 m elevational gradient in Puna grasslands in the Peruvian Andes, we collected datasets on vascular plant composition, plant functional traits, biomass, ecosystem fluxes, and climate data over three years. The data were collected in the wet and dry season and from plots with different fire histories. We selected traits associated with plant resource use, growth, and life history strategies (leaf area, leaf dry/wet mass, leaf thickness, specific leaf area, leaf dry matter content, leaf C, N, P content, C and N isotopes). The trait dataset contains 3,665 plant records from 145 taxa, 54,036 trait measurements (increasing the trait data coverage of the regional flora by 420%) covering 14 traits and 121 plant taxa (ca. 40% of which have no previous publicly available trait data) across 33 families.

The cutting edge of health sciences research is defined not only by its ability to respond to current challenges, but also by its boldness in delving into complex and not yet fully understood areas. "Contemporary Research from a Multidisciplinary Perspective. Book 5. Health Sciences" represents a pillar of advanced knowledge, committed to illuminating pragmatic solutions to persistent problems in the health field, as well as advancing the understanding of critical issues. This fifth volume addresses a variety of topics that reflect the dynamism and diversity inherent in health research. The result of exceptional collaboration between prominent authors and the Latin American Editorial Network of Contemporary Research, this book transcends the boundaries of conventional knowledge, reaffirming the commitment to academic excellence and innovation. The Network has played a crucial role in the conception, development and publication of this work, ensuring that each contribution reflects an unwavering commitment to the highest scientific standards. This volume is distinguished by its commitment to the democratization of knowledge. Following the tradition of the series, all chapters are available for free download under a Creative Commons license, thus facilitating universal access to the latest advances in the Health Sciences. This effort is possible thanks to the Latin American Editorial Network for Contemporary Research platform, which serves as an invaluable resource for researchers, health professionals, and the general public interested in the subject. Each chapter has undergone a rigorous editorial process, including an exhaustive anti-plagiarism control and external blind peer review, guaranteeing not only the quality and originality of the information presented, but also the reliability of the conclusions. The topics addressed in this book, from optic nerve melanocytoma to psychological management strategies in pediatric patients, through bibliometric analysis in a, Prólogo La vanguardia de la investigación en Ciencias de la Salud se define no solo por su capacidad para responder a los desafíos actuales, sino también por su audacia al adentrarse en áreas complejas y aún no completamente entendidas. "Investigación Contemporánea desde una visión Multidisciplinar. Libro 5. Ciencias de la Salud" representa un pilar de conocimiento avanzado, comprometido con iluminar las soluciones pragmáticas a problemas persistentes en el campo de la salud, así como avanzar en la comprensión de temáticas críticas. Este quinto volumen aborda una variedad de temas que reflejan el dinamismo y la diversidad inherentes a la investigación en salud. Fruto de la colaboración excepcional entre destacados autores y la Red Editorial Latinoamericana de Investigación Contemporánea, este libro trasciende las fronteras del conocimiento convencional, reafirmando el compromiso con la excelencia académica y la innovación. La Red ha desempeñado un papel crucial en la concepción, desarrollo y publicación de esta obra, asegurando que cada contribución refleje un compromiso inquebrantable con los más altos estándares científicos. Este volumen se distingue por su compromiso con la democratización del conocimiento. Siguiendo la tradición de la serie, todos los capítulos están disponibles para su descarga gratuita bajo licencia Creative Commons, facilitando así el acceso universal a los últimos avances en las Ciencias de la Salud. Este esfuerzo es posible gracias a la plataforma de la Red Editorial Latinoamericana de Investigación Contemporánea, que sirve como un recurso invaluable para investigadores, profesionales de la salud y el público general interesado en la materia. Cada capítulo ha sido sometido a un riguroso proceso editorial, incluyendo un exhaustivo control antiplagio y una revisión por pares ciegos externos, garantizando no solo la calidad y originalidad de la información presentada, sino también la fiabilidad de las conclusiones. Los temas abordados en este

Prólogo La vanguardia de la investigación en Ciencias de la Salud se define no solo por su capacidad para responder a los desafíos actuales, sino también por su audacia al adentrarse en áreas complejas y aún no completamente entendidas. "Investigación Contemporánea desde una visión Multidisciplinar. Libro 5. Ciencias de la Salud" representa un pilar de conocimiento avanzado, comprometido con iluminar las soluciones pragmáticas a problemas persistentes en el campo de la salud, así como avanzar en la comprensión de temáticas críticas. Este quinto volumen aborda una variedad de temas que reflejan el dinamismo y la diversidad inherentes a la investigación en salud. Fruto de la colaboración excepcional entre destacados autores y la Red Editorial Latinoamericana de Investigación Contemporánea, este libro trasciende las fronteras del conocimiento convencional, reafirmando el compromiso con la excelencia académica y la innovación. La Red ha desempeñado un papel crucial en la concepción, desarrollo y publicación de esta obra, asegurando que cada contribución refleje un compromiso inquebrantable con los más altos estándares científicos. Este volumen se distingue por su compromiso con la democratización del conocimiento. Siguiendo la tradición de la serie, todos los capítulos están disponibles para su descarga gratuita bajo licencia Creative Commons, facilitando así el acceso universal a los últimos avances en las Ciencias de la Salud. Este esfuerzo es posible gracias a la plataforma de la Red Editorial Latinoamericana de Investigación Contemporánea, que sirve como un recurso invaluable para investigadores, profesionales de la salud y el público general interesado en la materia. Cada capítulo ha sido sometido a un riguroso proceso editorial, incluyendo un exhaustivo control antiplagio y una revisión por pares ciegos externos, garantizando no solo la calidad y originalidad de la información presentada, sino también la fiabilidad de las conclusiones. Los temas abordados en este

Highlights • We present the first results of a deep learning model based on a convolutional neural network for earthquake magnitude estimation, using HR-GNSS displacement time series. • The influence of different dataset configurations, such as station numbers, epicentral distances, signal duration, and earthquake size, were analyzed to figure out how the model can be adapted to various scenarios. • The model was tested using real data from different regions and magnitudes, resulting in the best cases with 0.09 ≤ RMS ≤ 0.33. Abstract High-rate Global Navigation Satellite System (HR-GNSS) data can be highly useful for earthquake analysis as it provides continuous high-frequency measurements of ground motion. This data can be used to analyze diverse parameters related to the seismic source and to assess the potential of an earthquake to prompt strong motions at certain distances and even generate tsunamis. In this work, we present the first results of a deep learning model based on a convolutional neural network for earthquake magnitude estimation, using HR-GNSS displacement time series. The influence of different dataset configurations, such as station numbers, epicentral distances, signal duration, and earthquake size, were analyzed to figure out how the model can be adapted to various scenarios. We explored the potential of the model for global application and compared its performance using both synthetic and real data from different seismogenic regions. The performance of our model at this stage was satisfactory in estimating earthquake magnitude from synthetic data with 0.07 ≤ RMS ≤ 0.11. Comparable results were observed in tests using synthetic data from a different region than the training data, with RMS ≤ 0.15. Furthermore, the model was tested using real data from different regions and magnitudes, resulting in the best cases with 0.09 ≤ RMS ≤ 0.33, provided that the data from a particular group of stations had similar epicentral distance constraints to those

Numerous microearthquakes, ML ≤ 3.8, corresponding to background seismicity and swarms were observed from September 3, 2017, to January 1, 2018, mainly in the Tesistán Valley, north of the Guadalajara Metropolitan Zone (GMZ). We located 188 tectonic microearthquakes and identified 11 clusters of similar events from a spatio-temporal analysis and waveform cross-correlations. Our results confirm the presence of continuous seismicity in the GMZ that long went unobserved. Most M L ≥ 2.5 events and some clustered events are located in the northeastern Tesistán, close to the NNE-SSW fault corresponding to the eastern edge of the Zapopan Graben, a structure evidenced by 2015–2016 seismicity. Seismicity recorded during 2020 by a recent local seismic network installed in Zapopan reaffirms that frequent microseismicity is related to active faults that cross the cities of Zapopan and Guadalajara. The microseismicity distribution suggests minor faults with the same orientation and sense of displacement as the main structures bounding the Zapopan Graben, which corresponds to structures known as synthetic faults. This arrangement is common within the Basin and Range tectonic province. The seismicity in the northeast boundary of Jalisco Block is closely related to faults formed by Cenozoic deformation events that might be reactivated due to modern crustal dynamics. Active faults and the possibility of synthetic structures are a hypothesis that necessitates long-term seismic monitoring in order to assess the seismic hazard in the GMZ, which is a crucial factor for urban planning., Secretaría de Energía Mexico-Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (CONACyT), Academic Research Group, Civil Defense of Zapopan, Jalisco, Depto. de Física de la Tierra y Astrofísica, Fac. de Ciencias Físicas, TRUE, pub

Está depositada la versión postprint del artículo, Historically, the city of Guadalajara has been affected not only by great regional earthquakes (M > 7.0) associated with the subduction process and regional crustal structures but also by local seismic sequences, that caused moderate to severe structural damage to buildings, whose source is not clear. Between December 2015 and May 2016, two seismic sequences occurred, affecting the city of Guadalajara. Both seismic sequences were recorded by the Jalisco Seismic Accelerometric Telemetric Network. The preliminary locations for May 2016 sequence estimated by the Antelope automatic system show alignment with an NNE-SSW trend, west of the city of Guadalajara. The subsequent relocations of theses earthquakes show two N–S alignments at the west of the city of Guadalajara, which agree with December 2015 hypocenters. The focal mechanisms analysis of the earthquakes shows that most of them correspond to normal fault mechanisms that are parallel to the hypocentral alignments suggesting the existence of two active faults responsible for the seismic sequences. Furthermore, these structures might constitute a graben, which we refer to as Zapopan Graben. Additionally, we calculated that these faults are 21 and 28 km length, respectively, which indicates that could have the potential to generate shallow earthquakes that reach magnitudes of 6.2 and 6.5, and could cause significant damages in the Guadalajara Metropolitan Zone., Centro Mexicano de Innovacion en Energia - Geotermica (CeMIEGeo), Proyecto Secretaria deEnergiaConsejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (SENERCONACyT), Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia - Fondos Mixtos Jalisco (CONACyTFOMIXJal), CONACyT-FOMIXJal, Universidad de Guadalajara, Depto. de Física de la Tierra y Astrofísica, Fac. de Ciencias Físicas, TRUE, pub