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• Adhesively bonded glass-metal façade elements show a high structural capacity. • Failure of the glass-metal elements is generally initiated within the adhesive. • Glass-metal elements with acrylic adhesive bonding show a higher initial stiffness. • Activation of the glass pane under in-plane loads is improved by grouting blocks. • Non-linear simulations allow a good prediction of the mechanical response. The structural efficiency of transparent façades can be increased by achieving a composite structural behaviour between the framing elements and the glass panes. The use of suitable intermediary materials is substantial for obtaining a composite structural behaviour for both out-of-plane and in-plane loading. This article presents two novel configurations for such glass-metal elements. For the first configuration, a perimetrical bonding with a silicone adhesive between the glass pane and the filigree metal framing is responsible for transferring stresses in out-of-plane direction, and grouting blocks are used near the glass pane corners for transferring stresses in in-plane direction. In the case of the second configuration, a perimetrical bonding with an acrylic adhesive between the glass pane and the filigree metal framing is responsible for transferring stresses in both out-of-plane and in-plane direction. Full-scale tests and finite element simulations with loads acting in three different directions, both separately and combined, are performed for the two configurations. The results of the tests performed under in-plane shear loading reveal a high load-bearing capacity of both configurations and show that failure is initiated within the adhesive joints. The numerical models, which include previously derived non-linear material models for the adhesives, allow a good prediction of the mechanical response of the investigated glass-metal elements. The presented load vs. displacement diagrams illustrate that the elements with acrylic adhesive behave stiffer both under out-of-plane and under in-plane loading before the adhesive starts to yield. Overall, the configuration with silicone adhesive and grouting represents a solution which can be applied in real projects based on existing technical approvals for the involved materials in similar applications. On the other hand, the configuration with acrylic adhesive indicates the potential of glass-metal elements with stiffer adhesives, assuming that the knowledge on such adhesives will continue to grow and that, eventually, new enhanced products will be developed by the adhesive industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plasma lipoprotein patterns currently employed in attempts to identify different forms of hyperlipoproteinemia have been investigated in 113 hospitalized diabetics. For classification two methods have been compared: The first is based on lipid electrophoresis pattern in agarose gel coupled with the measurement of triglycerides and cholesterol. The second is based on plasma lipoprotein pattern obtained by separation of lipoproteins on cellulose acetate and following densitometry combined with estimation of cholesterol and beta-cholesterol and triglycerides in plasma. It could be demonstrated, that the results obtained in agarose system are not convertible to data obtained with the method for quantifying lipoproteins. By quantitative analysis only 4 p.c. of diabetics had type IIa, 4 p.c. type V, the others type IIb or IV. Graphic plots and calculated concentrations of lipoproteins gave differences in lipoprotein profiles between compensated and acidotic diabetics. In diabetes stage 1 most values are in the normal range, in stage 2 prebetalipoproteins increase and betalipoproteins decrease. In some case betalipoproteins are elevated and prebetalipoproteins diminished. In stage 3 with metabolic acidosis we observed an altered lipoprotein profile with confluence of beta- and prebeta-peak. The calculated concentration profile was also different from the others and revealed no certain quantitative information described for other electropherograms containing alpha, beta- and prebeta-bands. This phenomenon was frequently observed in patients with acute viral hepatitis and severe chronic liver disease. The pattern in diabetics is representative for patients with an excess of plasma lipids (the 2.5 fold of normal values in the mean). It is characterised as a broad beta band on the electropherogram similar to type III pattern. Presence of beta migrating lipoproteins in the ultracentrifugal supernatand fraction of d = 1006 could not be demonstrated.