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As semeadoras-adubadoras podem apresentar problemas de desempenho de semeadura direta, sendo estes relacionados a solos com altos teores de argila. Com o mapeamento da variabilidade espacial de atributos do solo se torna possível racionalizar o manejo agrícola e promover uma agricultura sustentável. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a variabilidade espacial da distribuição longitudinal de plantas, e a resistência mecânica do solo à penetração (RMSP) em semeadura de feijão cultivado em semeadura direta. Foi utilizada uma malha amostral com 112 pontos espaçados em 25 m, onde determinou-se o estande de plantas, a uniformidade de espaçamento entre plântulas e a RMSP. A Maior parte da área mostrou baixos níveis de espaçamentos aceitáveis (45 e 55%), e consequentemente altos níveis de espaçamentos duplos (15 e 25%) e falhos (15 a 35%), mostrando que o arranjo de plantas na área experimental não está adequado. O estande de plantas apresentou boa uniformidade ao longo da área, com predomínio da faixa de 9 a 11 plantas m-1. A Resistência Mecânica do Solo à Penetração nas camadas de 0,00 - 0,10, 0,10 - 0,20, 0,20 - 0,30, 0,30 - 0,40 m estão dentro dos limites toleráveis, não restringindo o desenvolvimento de plantas.

Study design This is retrospective comparative study. Summary or background data Numerous studies have focused on the efficacy, safety, and restoration of thoracic kyphosis in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis surgery using posteromedial translation method with sublaminar bands and hook claws at the top. The relevance of exchanging the penultimate anchor, that is, the pedicle hook with a pedicle screw in a hybrid construction has not yet been assessed. Objective Our objective was to assess, in adolescent scoliosis Lenke 1 and 3 operated by posteromedial translation using sublaminar bands, the proximal fixation claw influence (transverse-pedicular hook vs. transverse hook-pedicular screw) for postoperative correction and the proximal junctional kyphosis (PJK) at 2 years follow-up. Materials and methods A comparative monocentric retrospective study included adolescent idiopathic scoliosis thoracic requiring surgery, between 2015 and 2017, with 2 years follow-up. Clinical (complications, revision surgery, and scoliosis research society-30) and radiographic (coronal and sagittal parameters) assessment were reported. Radiologic PJK was defined by a proximal junctional angle increase of 10 degrees or more between postoperative period and the last follow-up. Results Sixty patients (age at surgery=16±2 y; mean Cobb angle=58.2±12 degrees) were divided into 2 similar groups according to upper fixation: transverse-pedicular hook (H-H) and transverse hook-pedicle screw (S-H). No statistical differences were found for correction parameters (P>0.05). We reported 2 cases of PJK in H-H group (N=2/30=6.6%) and none in S-H group (N=0/30) (P=0.1) none requiring revision. No infectious or neurological events were reported. Mean scoliosis research society-30 was 126±12.7 in H-H group whereas 129.3±10 in S-H group (P=0.4). Conclusions No differences in postoperative correction and clinical results at 2 years follow-up were found. A claw with transverse-pedicular hook increase proximal junctional angle without significant increase on radiographic PJK incidence compared with a claw with transverse hook and pedicle screws.

Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to computer algorithms used to complete tasks that usually require human intelligence. Typical examples include complex decision-making and- image or speech analysis. AI application in healthcare is rapidly evolving and it undoubtedly holds an enormous potential for the field of solid organ transplantation. In this review, we provide an overview of AI-based approaches in solid organ transplantation. Particularly, we identified four key areas of transplantation which could be facilitated by AI: organ allocation and donor-recipient pairing, transplant oncology, real-time immunosuppression regimes, and precision transplant pathology. The potential implementations are vast—from improved allocation algorithms, smart donor-recipient matching and dynamic adaptation of immunosuppression to automated analysis of transplant pathology. We are convinced that we are at the beginning of a new digital era in transplantation, and that AI has the potential to improve graft and patient survival. This manuscript provides a glimpse into how AI innovations could shape an exciting future for the transplantation community.

The exceptional rainfall on Oct. 2nd, 2020 on the Maritime Alps and on the Liguria regions have considerably modified the bed morphology of several rivers in the area. Far beyond the rather localized damages observed on the Tinée or on the Fora di Taggia rivers, the Roya and the Vésubie rivers endured exceptional active width widening (see Melun et al., submit.) that triggered considerable infrastructure damages (approx. 1 billion euros worth). This exceptionally intense storm episode (663 mm in 24h at the Mesches Dam in the Roya catchment ; CEREMA, 2021) reactivated sediment supply from hillslopes that triggered a fluvial metamorphosis: the Roya and the Vésubie, that were single channels, mostly of a step-pool morphology prior to the flood, switched to multithreaded riverbeds, characteristic of an excess of sediment supply compared to transport capacity. Based on sediment fluxes monitoring (RFID sediment tracking and geophone) before and during the flood, this study contributes 1/ to characterise the intensity of sediment transport in the Roya main branch during the 2020/10/02 episode, 2/ to develop a prospective conceptual model of sediment connectivity in the Roya catchment and 3/ to stress few essential guidelines for the reconstruction of these Maritime Alps valley bottoms.; Les précipitations exceptionnelles du 2 octobre 2020 sur les Alpes-Maritimes et la Ligurie ont considérablement modifié la morphologie de plusieurs cours d’eau de la région. Au-delà des dégâts assez localisés observés sur la Tinée ou la Fora di Taggia, la Roya et la Vésubie en particulier ont vu leur bande active s’élargir de manière exceptionnelle (cf. Melun et al., submit.), occasionnant des dégâts considérables aux infrastructures (coût estimé :env. 1 milliard d’euros). Ces deux cours d’eau sont passés d’un chenal unique, souvent en step-pool, à une morphologie à chenaux multiples, caractéristique d’un excès de sédiments provenant des versants, réactivés à l’occasion de cet événement particulièrement intense en termes de précipitations (663 mm en 24h aux Mesches ; CEREMA, 2021). En s’appuyant sur les campagnes de mesures (traçage RFID et sismique acoustique passive) avant et pendant l’événement, nous nous proposons de contribuer 1/ à caractériser l’intensité du transport sédimentaire sur la Roya lors de l’épisode du 02/10/2020, 2/ à développer un modèle prospectif de fonctionnement hydro-sédimentaire du bassin de la Roya et enfin 3/ à souligner quelques principes de gestion qui nous semblent essentiels pour la reconstruction de ces vallées maralpines.

This article provides an overview of recent advances in the diagnosis and treatment of extrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas (EH-CCAs), focusing on the role of endoscopy, surgery, and transplantation. It reviews optimal evaluation and management of patients with EH-CCA, including a careful integration of clinical information, imaging studies, cytology and/or histology, as well as a coordinated multidisciplinary approach. It reviews additional therapy such as radio- or chemotherapy either in the neoadjuvant or adjuvant setting. Furthermore, it addresses palliative approaches as well as emerging targeted therapy and immunotherapy. EH-CCAs account for nearly 90% of biliary tract malignancies and present an ongoing challenge for hepatobiliary surgeons.Cet article apporte une vision globale des avancées récentes dans le diagnostic et la prise en charge des cholangiocarcinomes extrahépatiques (CCA-EH), en décrivant les rôles respectifs de l’endoscopie, de la chirurgie et de la transplantation. L’évaluation et la prise en charge sont abordées en intégrant les informations cliniques, les différentes modalités d’imagerie, la cytologie et/ou la pathologie, à travers une approche multidisciplinaire. Nous abordons également les tendances épidémiologiques et les facteurs de risque nouvellement identifiés ainsi que l’apport de la radiochimiothérapie. L’approche palliative, tout comme les thérapies ciblées ou l’immunothérapie sont également discutées. Les CCA-EH représentent 90 % des cancers des voies biliaires et constituent un défi permanent pour les chirurgiens hépatobiliaires.

The presence of median arcuate ligament (MAL) during orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) may cause a significant reduction in the arterial hepatic flow. The aim of the present study is to investigate the impact of MAL on biliary complications in patients who underwent OLT.We performed a retrospective case-control study among patients who underwent OLT in Geneva University Hospital between 2007 and 2017, depending on the presence or absence of MAL. The matching was performed according to age, gender, lab-MELD score at the time of OLT and type of donor (living or dead). The presence of MAL was assessed by an expert liver radiologist on the preoperative CT angiographic evaluation.The incidence of MAL was 6.1% (19 patients). Baseline characteristics were comparable between the two groups. No significant difference in biliary complications was found between patients with and without MAL (37% and 24%, respectively). No patient presented hepatic artery thrombosis. After logistic regression, in patients with MAL, the MAL release and gastroduodenal artery preservation compared to no treatment, showed an odds ratio for post-OLT biliary complications of 1.5 and 1.25, respectively. There was no difference in overall graft survival and in hazard for biliary complications between patients with and without MAL.In the present study, we did not find any difference in the prevalence of biliary and arterial complications between patients with and without MAL. The choice of MAL treatment did not influence in a significant way the overall outcome and development of complications. However, if, at the end of arterial reconstruction, the arterial flow is not adequately established, MAL needs to be treated with the least invasive technique.

Planning for sustainable neighborhoods is a high priority for many cities. It is therefore important to take the right decisions during the planning phase to ensure that important aspects are considered. One of these important aspects is to consider the harvesting of solar energy in the best possible way. It is however difficult to define the best ways to exploit the incoming solar energy. Solar energy can be used by means of active solar energy production, passively by means of daylighting buildings or outside buildings on the ground for direct solar access or thermal comfort. This different usage can sometimes be conflicting (for example at a building level, in order to maximize the photovoltaic production, it may be necessary to use all the surfaces, therefore preventing the access to daylight). The access to daylight in the street is appreciated during cold days, but shading is preferred during the hotter days.

We present experiments where extreme ultraviolet femtosecond light pulses are used to photoexcite large molecular ions at high internal energy. This is done by combining an electrospray ionization source and a mass spectrometer with a pulsed light source based on high harmonic generation. This allows one to study the interaction between high energy photons and mass selected ions in conditions that are accessible on large-scale facilities. We show that even without an ion trapping device, systems as large as a protein can be studied. We observe light induced dissociative ionization and proton migration in model systems such as reserpine, insulin and cytochrome c. These results offer new perspectives to perform time-resolved experiments with ultrashort pulses at the heart of the emerging field of attosecond chemistry.

A l’occasion de l’elaboration d’un projet de convention d’interdiction de ces armes et apres avoir assiste a la conference d’Ottawa (7-10 octobre 1987) ou se sont discutes nombre de points souleves par ce document, le general Compagnon nous fait une synthese de ce sujet, accompagnee de reflexions pertinentes.

La guerre du Golfe a ete l’occasion, pour Saddam Hussein, de brandir la menace de l’arme chimique, une preoccupation majeure pour les belligerants d’une part, et Israel d’autre part. Le general Jean Compagnon, specialiste dans ce domaine, nous rappelle les differentes etapes des negociations concernant les armes chimiques.

Le general Compagnon nous presente cette Convention signee a Paris par 130 Etats le 15 janvier 1993 ; neanmoins, de nombreux pays du Proche-Orient appartenant a la Ligue arabe ont refuse de signer, toujours parce qu’Israel est la. Il nous en fait l’analyse et l’accompagne de commentaires clairs et des objectifs a atteindre.

Le general Compagnon fait le point sur le travail qui a ete accompli dans le domaine de l’interdiction des armes chimiques depuis plus de trois ans, sur l’etat des ratifications et la position des principaux pays. Nous pouvons ainsi constater qu’existent des difficultes qui ne sont pas pres d’etre surmontees.

Six mois apres avoir emis des doutes sur l’avenir de l’interdiction des armes chimiques, le general Compagnon nous explique que cette interdiction semble repartir de l’avant. La Hongrie, en etant le 145e Etat a ratifier la Convention en octobre 1996, a en effet declenche sa mise en œuvre en avril 1997.