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The major goal of this thesis was to explore and summarize the issue of the importance of prebiotics and probiotics in the prevention and treatment of disease in childhood in the form of theoretical work using a variety of literary sources, both Czech and foreign. The most important prerequisite for proper physical growth, health and psychosocial development of the child is good nutrition. The simplest and most natural way of feeding babies is breast-feeding. Breast milk is absolutely perfect composition, optimum temperature and protects infants against various infections and allergies. The colonization of the intestinal microflora, which affects among other things, our immune and digestive system, begins to occur during childbirth (vaginal and fecal microflora from its mother), and from breast milk or the environment. The settlement is delayed if the child was born by Caesarean section. If infants are only breastfed their intestinal microflora is composed of 90% of healthy bifidobacteria and lactobacilli. Probiotics are referred as living organisms (bacteria and yeasts) which have shown positive influence on the health of the host when administered in adequate amounts. Probiotics in pediatric practice has tripled over the last ten years. The most used are bifidobacteria and lactobacilli. Prebiotics are non-digestible food ingredients that beneficially affect the host by selectively stimulating the growth and / or activity of certain strains of intestinal microflora. The first area of concern of the effect of prebiotics and probiotics in the prevention and treatment of various diseases in children were atopic disease whose prevalence in recent decades, greatly affects the whole society. In case of atopic dermatitis and food allergies there are number of optimistic studies that demonstrate the positive effect of combination of probiotics and prebiotics (synbiotics), on the other hand, there are studies on this issue which are rather skeptical and do not confirm this positive effect. Convincing results come from the area of diarrhoea. Regarding acute diarrhoea that are in children caused mainly by rotavirus, was observed clearly positive effects of probiotics, which occur to shorten the duration of rotavirus diarrhea to about 40 hours, or to reduce the number of stools and the duration of diarrhea by approximately one day, and especially where there has been the early administration. Similarly, in a majority of cases the positive impact of the use of probiotics for diarrhoea associated with antibiotic treatment, especially during simultaneous use. Regarding inflammatory bowel diseases, favorable results are achieved in particular in the case of ulcerative colitis, which is the use of a positive effect of probiotics in the treatment of patients with mild to moderate inflammatory activity comparable to drug treatment, but in Crohn's disease, a positive influence is entirely clear. Positive results also come in necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm neonates. However, these results are difficult to interpret because studies. Very similar results in the effects of probiotics and prebiotics are in the prevention of nosocomial sepsis in preterm infants. Although showing some positive effects, particularly in infants with very low birth weight, there was a positive effect of probiotics or prebiotics in different studies fully demonstrated and it would be desirable to assess the safety and effectiveness of future research. It would be necessary to examine which specific types of probiotics should be used and in what dosage. In general, therefore, could be said that despite all the optimistic results of a positive effect of probiotics and prebiotics in the prevention and treatment of various diseases, there is the need for further research, that this positive effect is confirmed or refuted.

Antibiotisch behandelte Patienten der internistischen Kliniken des Städtischen Krankenhauses Kiel wurde eine Prophylaxe mit dem probiotischen Drink Actimel® angeboten. Die Anzahl der Clostridium difficile Infektionen wurde registriert und mit vorangegangenen Zeiträumen, in denen keine Prophylaxe erfolgte, verglichen. Der Einfluss von Risikofaktoren, wie der Gebrauch von Antibiotika, Protonenpumpenhemmer, Alter und Komorbidität der Patienten sowie jahreszeitliche Einflüsse wurde in die Betrachtung der Ergebnisse mit einbezogen. In a prospective case-control study of the medical departments of the Städtisches Krankenhaus Kiel, a prophylaxis with LBCD was offered to patients who were treated with antibiotics during their hospital stay. The CDI incidence during the intervention period from 01.04.2008 to 31.12.2008 was compared with the incidence during a previous period of the same months in 2007. Risk factors with a potential impact on CDI incidence were considered.

The main goal in reversing the allergy epidemic is the development of effective prophylactic strategies. Early life events, such as exposures to microbes, have a major influence on the development of balanced immune responses. Due to their ability to interact with host immune system and to modulate host immune responses probiotics, mainly bifidobacteria and lactobacilli have been used with some success in prevention of allergic disease. In order to be referred to as probiotic, bacterial strain has to undergo rigorous testing. We have selected three new Lactobacillus (L.) strains out of 24 human isolates according to their antagonistic activity against pathogenic bacteria, resistance to low pH and milieu of bile salts. Safety of these strains was proven upon intragastric administration to mice; moreover, we have shown their ability to shift cytokine Th1 - Th2 balance towards non-allergic Th1 response in isolated splenic cells. Allergen specific prophylaxis using probiotics as vehicles for mucosal delivery of recombinant allergen is an attractive concept for development of well-tolerated and effective allergy vaccines. We have shown that neonatal mono-colonization of germ-free mice with the L. plantarum NCIMB8826 strain producing the major birch pollen allergen Bet v 1 attenuates the development of...

The occurrence of coccidiosis is an enormous problem of pheasant farming. The aim of this study is to show, that this disease can be cured by unconventional dietary supplements. Dietary supplements which were used in this study were as follows: prebiotics (Ascophyllum nodosum), probiotics (Lactobacillus fermentum), homeopathics, Sulfacox and scrap from the seed by Vitis vinifera. The experiment took place in the Ranč Daniela farm in the town Hůrka (close to the Horní Planá Town) from 26.7.2014 to 5.10.2014. Six groups of pheasants were made - three experimental groups and one control group. All groups were consisted of 15 individuals. The pheasant Phasianus colchicus was used in this experiment. Dietary supplements were served for two weeks, than the serving stopped for two weeks and continued again. The samples of excrements were tested all the study long using the floatation method in Sheather's sugar solution. The results were marked and evaluated. The favourable effect of Ascophyllum nodosum, homeopatics and Lactobacillus fermentum on the intestinal tract of pheasant was significant.

Probiotic microorganisms are live organisms that facilitate optimal composition of intestinal flora. The thesis deals with the positive influence of probiotic microorganisms on human health. It describes the most frequently used bacteria family, which includes Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Streptococcus and Bifidobacterium. The thesis also deals with health, microbiologic and technological requirements necessary for probiotic effectiveness. It offers an overview of characteristics of products containing probiotic microorganisms, which include pharmaceuticals and selected functional food. In the food group, the thesis particularly focuses on fermented milk products.

Allergy is one of the most common diseases. Identification of early prognostic markers pointing to an increased risk of allergy development is therefore of increasing importance. Cord blood represents an easily attainable clinical material for searching for prognostic markers signalizing future allergy development. Proportions of Th1 cytokines, Th2 cytokines and regulatory cytokines were tested in cord blood of children of allergic mothers (children in relatively high risk of allergy development) in comparison with cord blood of children of healthy mothers (low risk children). Also the activities of lymphocytes, dendritic cells (DC) and regulatory cells (Tregs) were compared in children of healthy and allergic mothers. The generally increased activity of both in vitro stimulated and non-stimulated mononuclear cord blood leukocytes was proved in children of allergic mothers in comparison with low risk children. The increased activity of DC of high risk children was detectable only after polyclonal stimulation. Significantly less pronounced functional properties of cord blood Tregs were found in children of allergic mothers when compared with children of healthy mothers. The increased reactivity of lymphocytes and DC together with the decreased activity of Tregs can support an easier...

Dynamic molecular interactions between the microbiota and the intestinal mucosa play an important role in the establishment and maintenance of mucosal homeostasis. Aberrant host- microbiota interaction could lead to many diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease. The aim of our study was to evaluate the commensal and probiotic bacteria activities and their ability to induce pathological or exert beneficial effects. The most important trigger for immune system development is an exposure to microbial components. Here, we show that there is a time window at about three weeks of age, which enables the artificial colonization of germ free mice by a single oral dose of cecal content. The delayed colonization by either inoculation or co-housing causes permanent changes in immune system reactivity, which may downgrade the results of experiments performed on first generation of colonized animals. In this thesis we report that even non-living commensal bacteria such as Parabacteroides distasonis (mPd) or well known probiotics such as L. casei DN-114 001 (Lc) possess anti-inflammatory effects in experimental model of colitis. The mechanisms that this effect is achieved by the lysate of L. casei DN-114 001 comprise: a) improvement in the gut barrier function, b) correction of the dysbiosis, and c) modulation of the...

Diarrheal diseases of calves are one of the most serious risks of rearing calves and cause economic losses. For this reason, the objective of this work was to assess the influence of means of support in operating conditions for the incidence of diarrheal disease in calves in the early post-weaning stages. A company was chosen for this work in which both the company employees and an external veterinarian were willing to collaborate and provide not only information about the breed in question, but also biological material. This company was JINOS - AGRO Veselí nad Lužnicí. The calves were observed in the period of April - June 2009. The calves were housed in separate boxes the second day after birth until the average age of 56 days. After storage, they were divided into 5 groups: 4 based on the chosen means of support, and a single control group. Faeces samples were collected from the calves and subsequently evaluated. The calves to whom were administered means of support were then evaluated to assess the effect thereof on the incidence of diarrhea, the duration of diarrhea, the method of treatment, and the duration of treatment. The results were summarized and analyzed using a statistical program (STATISTICA 7.0.). There was no statistically significant difference found between the individual groups and the experimental group. An evident and statistically significant difference was found only in the case of a difference between the drugs of the 2 experimental groups, specifically between Lactovita and Homeopatika. Based on this observation, it can be stated that there was no evidence supporting the effectiveness of administered means of support for the incidence of diarrheal disease in calves in the early post-weaning stages.

Einfluss von Probiotika und Omega-3-Fettsaeuren auf die intestinale semiallogene Transplantat gegen Wirt Reaktion der Maus

Positive effect of probiotics consumption on human health was discovered at the beginning of the last century. A number of scientific studies continuously test and clarify this effect to discover more types of probiotic microorganisms and thereby bring new probiotic food and food supplements to the market. The question is, if increasing public awareness and interest corresponds with recent tendency. This study includes theoretical background of the probiotics issue, biological basis, history and technology of probiotics microorganism and discussion of positive effects on consumer's health. The other aim of the study is to find out what knowledge has secondary school students about probiotics and also what role plays probiotics in their lives. Questionnaires were used to achieve these goals and general results are discussed at the end of this work. Keywords: probiotics, nutrition, knowledge, basic education

Die Untersuchung wurde an 30 Lämmern durchgeführt, die im Alter von 15 Tagen in eine Versuchs- und eine Kontrollgruppe aufgeteilt und im Alter von 70 Tagen abgesetzt wurden. Die ersten 55 Tage des Experiments wurden die Lämmer gesäugt, anschließend erfolgte die Versuchsmast über sieben Tage. Die Gesamtdauer des Versuchs betrug 62 Tage. Die Lämmer wurden mit Futtermischungen von gleicher Zusammensetzung gefüttert, wobei der Futtermischung für die Versuchsgruppe das Probiotikum BioPlus® 2B (Bacillus licheniformis und Bacillus subtilis) zugesetzt wurde. Die Fütterung mit Futtermischung und Wiesenheu erfolgte ad libitum. Die erhaltenen Werte wurden mit dem Post-Hoc-Test nach Duncan auf Signifikanzen untersucht. Bei den Lämmern der Versuchsgruppe wurden im Vergleich zur Kontrollgruppe bessere Ergebnisse bezüglich Lebendmasse, Tageszunahme, Futteraufnahme sowie Futterkonversion und Körperkondition festgestellt, die Unterschiede waren jedoch nicht signifikant (p>0, 05) und könnten auf einen höheren Futterverzehr und eine bessere Futterverwertung zurückgeführt werden. Der Einsatz von Probiotika in der Lammfütterung ergab keine Unterschiede bei den Elektrolytkonzentrationen im Blutserum (Ca, P, Na, K, Mg, Fe, Cl). Bei der Messung am 62. Aufzuchttag hatten die Tiere der Versuchsgruppe signifikant niedrigere Harnstoff-, Bilirubin- und Triglyceridwerte sowie deutlich verminderte Aktivitäten der Alanin-Aminotransferase (ALT), Aspartat- Aminotransferase (AST) und Creatin- Kinase (CK), während die Glucosekonzentration und die Aktivität der Alkalischen Phosphatase (AP) signifikant höher waren als bei den Tieren der Kontrollgruppe. Es ergaben sich keine signifikanten Unterschiede im Säure-Basen- Haushalt, bei den Blutgaswerten und der Anionenlücke zwischen beiden Gruppen. Die ermittelten Säure-Basen-Werte und die Anionenlücke lagen jeweils im Referenzbereich für Schafe. Die abweichenden Produktionsergebnisse und Blutwerte der Versuchsgruppe weisen auf eine mäßig erhöhte metabolische Aktivität hin.

Bakgrund och syfte: Intresset för enteral administrering av probiotika i förebyggandet av infektioner och diarré har på senare tid ökat. Nosokomiala infektioner och diarré är ett stort problem hos intensivvårdpatienter. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka hur enteral probiotika påverkar sjukdomsförloppet hos intensivvårdspatienter, med avseende på mortalitet, infektioner totalt, ventilatorassocierad pneumoni (VAP) och diarré. Metod: En systematisk litteraturstudie med sökning i Pubmed och Cinahl genomfördes med följande Meshtermer; probiotics, lactobacillus, critical illness och intensive care unit. Därefter genomfördes en metaanalys av randomiserade kontrollerade studier, utförda på vuxna intensivvårdspatienter, där man jämfört patienter som erhållit probiotika med patienter som fått placebo eller annan behandling. Resultat: Totalt 15 studier med sammanlagt 1293 patienter inkluderades. Ingen signifikans med avseenden på mortalitet, infektioner totalt, VAP och diarré kunde utläsas i metaanalysen. En trend mot en minskning av infektioner totalt (p=0,075) och VAP (p=0,090) i probiotikagruppen var dock tydlig. Konklusion: Probiotika kan komma att ha en betydande roll inom intensivvården i framtiden, då det förefaller ha en positiv effekt på infektionsfrekvensen. I dagsläget finns emellertid ej tillräckligt vetenskapligt stöd för användning av probiotika i behandlingen intensivvårdspatienter. Det behövs större och väl genomförda randomiserade multicenterstudier. Background and aim: The interest in enteral administration of probiotics to prevent infections and diarrhea has recently arisen. Nosocomial infections and diarrhea are common problems among intensive care unit patients. The aim of this study was to investigate how enteral probiotics influence the course of intensive care unit patients with focus on mortality, total infections, ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP) and diarrhea. Method: A systematic literature review was undertaken. Pubmed and Cinahl were searched using the following Meshterms; probiotics, lactobacillus, critical illness and intensive care unit. Thereafter a meta-analysis was conducted combining the results of the randomized controlled trials that compared a group of adult intensive care unit patients taking probiotics with a group that did not. Result: A total of 15 studies with a total of 1293 patients were included. For mortality, total infections, VAP and diarrhea no significance was detected in the meta-analysis. However a trend towards a decrease in over all infections (p=0.075) and VAP (p=0,090) in the probiotic group was seen. Conclusion: In the future the probiotics may play an important role in the field of intensive care, as it seems to confer a positive effect on infection rates. However, there is currently a lack of conclusive evidence to support the use of probiotics in the treatment of intensive care unit patients. Larger well designed randomized multicentre studies are required

Munkám során két, a gyakorlatban is használt probiotikum (a dolgozatban PB és PBS jelöléssel) készítmény hatékonyságát értékeltük egy adott lóállományban. A PB termék csak baktériumtörzseket és „bio-mos” nevű prebiotikumot, míg a PBS ezeken kívül vitaminokat, ásványi anyagokat és élesztőt is tartalmazott. Vizsgálataink célja egyrészt olyan módszer adaptálása volt, mellyel egészséges lovakban kimutatható a probiotikumok hatása a ló bélflórájára; másrészt vizsgálni kívántuk, hogy a két termék, a különbségeikből adódóan, vajon különböző mértékben segíti-e a lovakat egészségük megőrzésében. A vizsgálatban 24, különböző fajtájú (magyar félvér, hucul, furioso, welsh póni, haflingi, magyar ügető) klinikailag egészséges ló szerepelt, közülük 12 kanca, 12 pedig herélt. A lovak napközben szabadon, a legelőn tartózkodtak, ahol széna folyamatosan a rendelkezésre állt, éjszakára egyedi bokszokban voltak elhelyezve. Naponta kétszer kaptak roppantott zab, korpa és „müzli” keverékéből álló abraktakarmányt a bokszban, estére szénát is. Víz és nyalósó folyamatosan ad libitum elérhető volt. A három vizsgálati csoportot úgy alakítottuk ki, hogy a különböző tulajdonságú lovak lehetőleg azonos arányban szerepeljenek a kontroll- és a két vizsgálati csoportban. Mindkét takarmány-kiegészítőt 21 napig etettük nyolc-nyolc állattal, a megszokott takarmányba keverve a használati utasítás szerint. A kísérleti etetés megkezdésekor és az azt követő 10. és 21. napon egyedi bélsármintát vettünk mind a három csoportból. A mintákat a mintavételt követő 3 órán belül feldolgoztuk. Szabványos módszerekkel vizsgáltuk a bélsár aerob mezofil (összcsíra-), lactobacillus és coliform baktérium számának változását. Minden alkalommal pH mérést és szulfitredukálási próbát végeztünk. A vizsgálat során az állományban klinikai tünetekben, vagy az általános állapot változásában megnyilvánuló betegséget nem észleltünk. A bélsarak mikrobiológiai vizsgálatának eredményeiből a következő megállapításokat tehetjük: A coliform baktériumszám mindhárom csoportban a kísérlet teljes ideje alatt 10^6 alatt (1,8x10^4 – 5,9x10^4) volt, ami az állatok bélflórájának eubiózisára utal. Ezt támasztják alá a friss bélsár pH-vizsgálatának eredményei is. A probiotikumos kezelés hatására a friss bélsárban mért lactobacillus és összcsíraszám egy nagyságrenddel emelkedett, tehát a probiotikumok az elvárásoknak megfelelően elérték a vastagbelet. Az anaerob rothasztó baktériumszám minden csoportban kisebb volt 10-nél, ez alátámasztja, hogy a lovak bélflórája eubiotikus állapotban volt a kísérlet egész ideje alatt. A kísérleti időszakot megelőzően valamennyi állat bélsarából Salmonella-tenyésztést végeztünk, az állományban Salmonella-ürítés nem fordult elő. Az eredmények alapján arra következtethetünk, hogy ezen probiotikus hatású takarmány-kiegészítők etetése egészséges lovak bélcsatornájának ökoszisztémáját ugyan nem befolyásolta statisztikailag szignifikáns mértékben, de a bélflórára gyakorolt hatás jellemzésére alkalmazott lactobacillus/coliform index értékek a 21. napon (80 vs 227 és 235) arra utalnak, hogy mindkét készítmény jótékony hatású a lovak egészséges bélflórájának megőrzésében. During my study we evaluated the efficacy of two probiotics, being also used in practice, (marked as PB and PBS in the study) in a given horse population. Product PB contained only bacterial strains and a probiotics called “bio-mos”, while product PBS contained vitamins, minerals and yeast as well. The aim of our study was to demonstrate the beneficial effects of the probiotics on the equine intestinal microflora, and also to examine the way how the two different products help the horses to stay healthy. The study included 24 horses of six different breeds; all of them appeared clinically healthy. 12 of them were mares, and 12 were geldings. During the day the horses were freely on pasture, where hay was continuously available, for the night they were placed in individual boxes. Twice a day the horses were fed a mixture of swaged oats, bran and „musli”, for the evenings hay was given as well. Water and lick salt was available ad libitum continuously. The three study groups were designed so that horses with different properties would be preferably in the same proportion also in the control and the two test groups. Eight animals of each group were given both probiotics for 21 days, mixed in the normal feed according to the instructions. The faeces samples were collected at the beginning of the feeding, and on the days 10 and 21 of the study in the morning period, individually, from all the three groups. The samples were processed within 3 hours from collection. The changes of Lactobacilli and coliform bacteria count and of the plate count were tested with culture method. Every time there was pH measurement and sulphite reduction test (anaerobic digester bacteria) performed. Prior to the trial period Salmonella culture was also performed from the faeces of all animals.During the study there were no clinical symptoms or changes in the general health status observed in the stock. Based on the fecal microbiological study results the following conclusions can be made: The stock of the horses proved to be Salmonella-free; the anaerobic digester bacterial count at the start of the experimental feeding, and in the following two sampling dates in all the three groups was below 10^6 (1,8x10^4 to 5,9x10^4) which refers to the eubiosis of the animals’ intestinal flora. This is also confirmed by the findings of the pH test of the fresh faeces. As expected, as a result of the probiotics treatment, the plate number and Lactobacilli count of the fresh faeces has increased by an order of magnitude. It can be concluded from the Lactobacilli/coliform index values (80 vs. 227 and 235 on day 21) which are used to characterize the effects of the treatments on the intestinal flora, that both probiotics favourably influenced the intestinal flora composition.

Nowadays probiotics and their positive effect on human health is often discussed topic. Their positive effects on the immune system and intestinal flora are proven scientifically. In recent years, potential effects of probiotics in prevention and treatment of diseases have been the centre of interest. Despite this fact public doesn´t have enough information about effects of probiotic bacteria. The theoretical part deals with a conception of probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics, their features, effects and applications in food and health benefits. The practical part mentions results of public awareness of probiotics. 240 people, devided into 4 groups, took part in this questionnaire survey.

During the experiments I examined different probiotic yoghurt products. The aim of the study was to determine separately the number (titer) of the natural yoghurt flora and the probiotic microflora, found in the products, faster than the usual methods. We used the following products and microbes during the experiments: Unflavoured yoghurt (Danone): Streptococcus thermophylus, Lactobacillus delbruecki subsp. bulgaricus ”Activia” yoghurt (Danone): Streptococcus thermophylus, Lactobacillus delbruecki subsp. bulgaricus, ’Bifidus Acti-regularis’ ”Actimel”: Streptococcus thermophylus, Lactobacillus delbruecki subsp. bulgaricus, ’L. casei defensis’ ”Bakony joghurt plusz”: Streptococcus thermophylus, Lactobacillus delbruecki subsp. bulgaricus, Bifidobakteria, Lactobacillus acidophylus We used the fact that the sugar fermentation ability and the pH range of multiplication of the normal yoghurt flora and the certain probiotics are different. I determined that the normal yoghurt microflora could grow only in the MRS broth with lactose content at pH 6.5. In the other pH 4,5 or 6,5 broth which contained maltose or ribose as sugar source only the certain probiotics can grow. Using this fact these microbes can be differentiated from the normal yoghurt microflora, and with certain limits these microbes can be separated from each other also. We determined with storage examinations that “Danone Activia” yoghurt and “Actimel” contain the required amount of probiotics till the end of the shelf life. In the “Bakony joghurt plusz” product the number of bifidobacteria is low at the beginning of shelf life also; the cause is the lower pH value of the product.

Bakterielle Durchfälle sind eine der Hauptursachen der Kindersterblichkeit. Eine Kur zum diese Durchfälle kann Nutzung von probiotische Bakterien sein. In diesem Projekt habe ich untersucht den Einfluss des E. coli Stamm Nissle 1917 auf verschiedenen Stämme E.coli die Durchfall auslösen können. EcN kann der Wachstum von 13 E. coli Stämme von 32 verzögern. Diese Effekt ist durch Mikrozine Sekretion ausgelöst wurden. Interaktionen von EPEC mit Immunzellen auch untersucht wurden. Die Vitalität des humanen Monozyten nach 5 Stunden nach der Infektion habt niedergegangen. Mögliche immunmodulatorische Effekte von EPEC wurden untersucht mit Gen-Expression-Arrays, qRT-PKR und mi-RNS-Arrays. Bestimmte Aspekte von Wirt-Pathogen-Interaktionen an der Magen-Darm-Barriere untersucht wurden mit Transwell-basierte Cokultur Modell. Dieses System umfasst Caco-2 epithelialen Zelllinie und primären humanen dendritischen Zellen. Ich beobachtetet, dass EcN Überstand die Fortsätze Bildung von DC induziert. Bacterial diarrhoeas are still one of the major reasons of child mortality. One of the promising ways to treat diarrhoeas is by using probiotic bacteria. During this project I assessed the influence of the probiotic E. coli strain Nissle 1917 (EcN) on different diarrhoeagenic E. coli species. E. coli Nissle 1917 was found to inhibit the growth of a number of diarrhoeagenic E. coli strains due to secretion of microcins. In this work interactions of EPEC with immune cells were studied. EPEC was found to decrease the viability of human monocytes after 5 hours of infection. Possible immunomodulatory effects of EPEC were studied using gene expression arrays, qRT-PCR, and mi-RNA arrays. To study certain aspects of host-pathogen interactions at the gastrointestinal barrier Transwell-based coculture model was used. This system includes Caco-2 epithelial cell line and primary human dendritic cells. We observed that EcN supernatant induces the formation of protrusions by DC.

A Danone Activia probiotikus joghurt-készítményekben található Bifidobaktériumok kimutatására alkalmazott gyors, egyszerű és reprodukálható módszer alkalmazását tűztük ki célul, illetve ugyanezzel a módszerrel vizsgáltuk az eltarthatóságot az idő és a hőmérséklet függvényében. Eredményeink az alábbiakban foglalhatók össze: • Mikroszkópos vizsgálatokkal bizonyítottuk, hogy az Activia natúr probiotikus joghurtban valóban vannak Bifidobaktériumok. • Határhígítással meghatároztuk a joghurtban található Bifidobaktériumok számát (MPN=108/ml). • A Bifidobaktériumok meghatározására M-levest használtunk 2 napos 37 0C-os inkubálással. A leves szelektivitását hagyományos joghurt-kultúrát tartalmazó joghurt-készítmény leoltásával, MPN-módszerrel is igazoltunk, továbbá a redoxpotenciál-változás detektálásán alapuló MicroTesteres mérésekkel is. Mindkét esetben az alkalmazott táptalaj egyértelműen szelektívnek bizonyult Bifidobaktériumra. • Sorozatos átoltásokkal Bifidobaktérium-színtenyészetet hoztunk létre, melyben a baktériumok számát könnyen, gyorsan meghatároztuk a redox-potenciál-mérésen alapuló új módszerrel. A vizsgálatok többször megismételhetők voltak. • A tárolási kísérletek során bizonyítottuk, hogy a 250C-on tárolt Activia joghurtokban a Bifidobaktérium-szám 103/ml alá csökkent már egy hét után. Ezzel szemben a hűtőben (40C-on) tartott joghurtokban a baktériumok száma a lejárati időn túl 10 nappal még meghaladta a követelményt (106/ml). The aim of our work was using a new, simple, rapid, reliable and repeatable method for selective determination of Bifidobacterium from Danone Activia yogurts. We examined also with this new method the keeping of the yogurts at different temperatures. Our results are summarized as follows: • The investigations with microscope proved that there were bifidobacteria in Activia yogurts. • The number of bifidobacteria was determined by dilution (MPN=108/ml). • The number of bifidobacteria can be determined by the use M-bouillon with 2 days incubation at 370C. The selectivity of the bouillon was examined by MPN method, MicroTester (based on measuring of decrease of redox potential) and inoculating of Bifidobacterium-free yogurts. • The number of bifidobacteria can be quantified simple, rapid and repeatable with this new method, measuring of redox potential. (We inoculated the Bifidobacterium week by week incubation at 370C.) • During the keeping-experiments was proved the decrease of number of bifidobacteria under 103/ml after a week in Activia yogurts incubation at 250C. But incubation at 40C (keeping int he refrigerator) was determined the number of bifidobacteria over 106/ml after 10 days from the end of quality time.

The aim of this work was to provide a detailed breakdown of horse nutrition, to mention the importance of dietary supplements. The main part deals with the basics of horse nutrition, the bare necessities of nutrients, the proportion of maintenance rations and the technique of feeding. Afterwards, I outline the properties and effects of varied herbal plants such as garlic, hemp, hyssop, white horehound, coltsfoot and oats. Flaxseed, biotin, zinc, yeast and probiotics are dietary supplements improving the quality of fur, horsehair and hoofs. The feed will be analysed by standard methods. As far as horse excrement is concerned, we are going to observe its shape, colour, consistency, pH value and smell. The assessment of horse excrement will serve as a judgement about the activity of digestive system. The ethology observations will provide information on daily activity of a horse, on particular activities, to which the horse gives its attention during a day, and the amount of time it dedicates to them. As far as horses with respiratory disorders are concerned, we will observe the signs of their health problems and the rate of these problems occurring both at rest and in action. The information will be completed by the measurement of body proportions useful to body weight calculation. The statistical and economic methods will be selected in terms of the results accomplished during the research.

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde in einem in vitro-Modell mit porcinen intestinalen Epithelzellen (IPEC-J2) der Einfluss des probiotischen E. coli Nissle 1917 (EcN) auf die Infektion mit atypischen EPEC (aEPEC) untersucht. EcN reduzierte bei Vorinkubation auf IPEC-J2 die aEPEC-Infektion drastisch. Konfokale Laserscanning- und Elektronenmikroskopie zeigten, dass EcN die Adhäsion und Mikrokoloniebildung inhibierte, jedoch nicht die Ausbildung von Attaching and Effacing-Läsionen adhärenter aEPEC. Der inhibierende Effekt von EcN wurde durch dessen sehr gute Adhäsionsfähigkeit an IPEC-J2 vermittelt. Die F1C-Fimbrien wurden als wichtigster Adhäsionsfaktor von EcN identifiziert. Darüber hinaus waren auch H1-Flagellen durch Ausbildung interbakterieller Verbindungen maßgeblich an der Adhäsion des Stammes beteiligt. In gleichem Maß wie die Vorinkubation von EcN reduzierte die Koinkubation seines Kulturüberstandes die aEPEC-Infektion, was auf die Abgabe eines inhibierenden Faktors in den Kulturüberstand schließen lässt. Dieser Faktor wurde auch von anderen pathogenen sowie nicht pathogenen E. coli-Stämmen in Schüttelkultur gebildet und scheint deshalb nicht spezifisch für EcN zu sein. Jedoch ermöglichte erst die gute Adhäsionsfähigkeit von EcN auf der Epithelzelloberfläche die Abgabe ausreichender Mengen des Inhibitors und eine Beeinflussung der aEPEC-Infektion. Die Ergebnisse weisen darauf hin, dass durch EcN die initiale Anheftung von aEPEC an die Wirtszelle unterbunden wird. Der inhibierende Effekt von EcN auf die aEPEC-Infektion war zeitabhängig. Im Gegensatz zur Vorinkubation erhöhten Ko- und Nachinkubation von EcN die Adhäsion von aEPEC und hatten einen geringeren inhibierenden Effekt auf die Mikrokoloniebildung. Dieser gegensätzliche Effekt auf die Adhäsion von aEPEC wird möglicherweise von einem zweiten Faktor hervorgerufen. Dieser scheint nur dann wirksam zu sein, wenn der inhibierende Faktor in zu geringer Konzentration oder erst nach Adhäsion von aEPEC vorliegt. In this study, the effects of the probiotic E. coli strain Nissle 1917 (EcN) on host cell infection with atypical enteropathogenic E. coli (aEPEC) were investigated in an in vitro porcine intestinal epithelial cell model (IPEC-J2). In pre-incubation experiments, EcN drastically reduced the infection efficiencies of aEPEC. Using confocal laser scanning microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, it was shown that EcN inhibited the attachment and formation of microcolonies, but not the formation of attaching and effacing lesions by adherent aEPEC. The inhibitory effect was mediated by the adherent properties of EcN to epithelial cells. The F1C fimbriae were identified as the most important adhesion factor of EcN in vitro. Furthermore, the H1 flagellae were also shown to be involved in the adhesion of EcN, serving as bridges between bacterial cells. Co-incubation of culture supernatants of EcN reduced the infection efficiencies of aEPEC to the same extent as in pre-incubation with EcN bacteria, indicating the secretion of an inhibitory factor by EcN. This factor was also secreted by other pathogenic and non-pathogenic E. coli strains in shaking culture and therefore does not appear to be specific for EcN. However, the outstanding ability of EcN to adhere to epithelial cells largely contributes to the secretion of sufficient concentrations of this inhibitory factor und to the influence on the aEPEC infection. The results suggest that EcN interferes with the initial adhesion of aEPEC to host cells. The inhibitory effect of EcN was found to be time-dependent. In contrast to pre-incubation experiments, co- and post-incubation of EcN actually increased the adhesion efficiencies of aEPEC and showed only minor effects on microcolony formation. This second effect of EcN on aEPEC adhesion, possibly due to a second factor, appears only to be effective when the putative inhibitory factor is either present at low concentrations or after aEPEC is already adherent to host cells.

The work investigates the regulatory influences of probiotic bacteria on allergic immune responses with specific focus on perinatal influences on later allergy development., Unter Allergie wird eine Dysregulation des Immunsystems verstanden, bei der es zu pathologischen immunologischen Reaktionen, wie z.B. Rhinokonjunktiviten, Pruritus oder gar Asthma bronchiale, gegen normalerweise harmlose Antigene kommt. Allergien zählen heute zu den häufigsten und volkswirtschaftlich wichtigsten Erkrankungen Europas, insbesondere auch deshalb, da gerade Kinder und Jugendliche häufig betroffen sind. Es ist also auch von größtem sozioökonomischem Interesse, nach neuen Möglichkeiten zur Prävention und Therapie dieser Erkrankungen zu suchen. Die Forschung beschäftigt sich aktuell unter anderem mit den prä- und frühen postnatalen Einflüssen auf die Entstehung von Allergien. So sollte die vorliegende Arbeit untersuchen, wie eine gezielte Ernährung mit Zellkulturüberständen von Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGGM) während der Schwangerschaft die Toleranzmechanismen gegenüber Allergenen in den Nachkommen beeinflussen kann. Im Mausmodell konnte dabei gezeigt werden, dass bei den Nachkommen der perinatal mit LGGM behandelten Muttertiere einige für allergische Reaktionen in der Lunge typische Charakteristika signifikant vermindert wurden. So wurde im Vergleich zur Kontrollgruppe eine geringere peribronchiale Infiltration durch eosinophile Granulozyten beobachtet. Auch konnte eine Abschwächung einer TH2- zugunsten einer stärker TH1 gewichteten Immunantwort aufgezeigt werden. Keine Unterschiede wurden aber bei den Konzentrationen an OVA-spezifischen Immunglobulinen gemessen, sodass insgesamt festzuhalten bleibt, dass eine Therapie mit LGGM zwar die Manifestation einer Allergie abschwächt, die Sensibilisierung als Grundstein in der Pathogenese aber hierdurch nicht verhindert wird. In vitro-Untersuchungen zur Differenzierung therapeutisch wirksamer Bestandteile des LGGM mit einer Makrophagenzelllinie zeigten, dass nicht DNA-Bestandteile, sondern Proteinase-sensible Moleküle für die immunregulatorischen Effekte verantwortlich zu sein scheinen. Im Hinblick auf die Möglichkeit, ein natürliches Pharmakon als Nahrungsergänzung für Schwangere herzustellen, das weitgehend befreit von potentiell pathogen wirksamen Bestandteilen des gesamten Bakteriums sein sollte, bleibt es das Ziel weiterführender Studien zu klären, welche Substanz(en) des LGGM genau für die immunmodulatorisch wirksamen Effekte verantwortlich ist/sind.

Syfte: Syftet med studien var att inventera lactobacillanvändandet i vården av patienter på Akademiska sjukhuset i Uppsala. Metod: Enkäter skickades ut till 67 vårdavdelningar på sjukhuset. Svarsfrekvens var 79 % och bortfallet 21 %. Resultat: Huvudresultatet i studien är att en stor del (76 %) av avdelningarna vid Akademiska sjukhuset i Uppsala använder sig av lactobaciller i vården av patienter. Den mest frekvent använda produkten är Proviva saft/fruktsoppa (54 %). De samlade filprodukterna står tillsammans för 24 % av användandet. Den främsta indikationen varför lactobacillprodukter ges är vid antibiotikabehandling för att undvika relaterade magproblem. Nästa stora indikationsgrundande tillstånd är den generella användningen då man serverar exempelvis filprodukter på generell basis ("det enda som finns”). Diskussion: Att användningen av Lactobaciller är så utbredd kan bland annat vara ett resultat av intensiv marknadsföring som tilltalat både vårdpersonal och patienter. Vid några av de adminsitreringsgrundande tillstånden som avdelningarna angett finns kliniska studier som kan tänkas ligga till grund för administration, men mycket av distributionen tycks ske utan evidens som grund. Slutsats: Lactobaciller används i stor utsträckning i vården av patienter på Akademiska sjukhuset och vid många olika tillstånd, men med tonvikt på olika mag-tarm åkommor och främst vid antibiotikabehandling.

Nutrition of children of each age has its particular aspects. For the new born and infantile age it is mainly breast-feeding that is very significant. Nutrition with breast milk is ideally balanced, ensures the intake of high-quality nutrition that is well tolerated by the young organism and ensures the optimal growth and psychological development of the child. Thanks to its composition, breast milk increases the protective impact on the child with respect to infections and creates a natural bond between the mother and the child. In the Thesis, I was trying to look up decisive moments in the infantile nutrition concept both in this country and worldwide and to map the issue of breast feeding and formula feeding since the end of the Second World War up to the present. Also, I wanted to emphasize the irreplaceability of breast milk as wel as supplementing of artificial milks with probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics and their importance in the nutrition of children. Objective No. 1 of the Thesis has been to look up the key points in the infantile nutrition concept in the world since the beginning of the nineteenth century and since 1945 until this day in the Czech Republic. Objective No. 2 has been to prove that infantile formula nutrition has been focusing also on the immunological aspect apart from the nutritional ones. Objective No. 3 has been to create and aducational program proposal, which can serve as a practical guide for the application of theoretical data in clinical practice. Data necessary to achieve the determined objectives have been acquired by studing, analyses and comparison of available written documents relating to the natural and formula nutrition of infants. Most of these documents have been intended for the educational purposes at secondary school and universities in the Czech Republic. Also, data heve been taken from publications for parents and broad public published since 1945 until this day. By way of illustration, certain charts containing schemes of artificial nutrition corresponding to the time of creation have been used. On these schemes I wanted to show the chages in the concepts brought about by the development not only in the knowledge and thinking of people dealing with the nutrition of infants but also in the new possibilities and technology of the food processing industry.

This bachelor thesis deals with nutraceutical impact of fermented products on human immunity, on the state of oxidative stress and on the quality of life. It presents probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics and their expected influence on human health.

This bachelor thesis deals with nutraceutical impact of fermented products on human immunity and self - defence mechanisms. It presents probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics and their supposed healthy influence on human immunity and self - defence mechanisms. We can also find here comparing of conclusions of the intervention on immunity of organisms and the status of cell immunity and the quality of life.

Formålet med denne oppgaven er å undersøke om baktarm og fermenteringskammer hos torsk kan være infeksjonsvei for Vibrio anguillarum. Videre skal en forsøke å påvise om en probiotisk bakterie, Carnobacterium maltaromaticum kan begrense eventuelle skader som V. anguillarum påfører tarmen. Det er kjørt 5. ulike behandlingsregimer med tre fisk i hver gruppe. For å redusere antall forsøksdyr er det bruket en in vitro metode. ”The intestinal sack” metoden har tidligere vist å være hensiktsmessig når en ønsker å studere tarmskader forårsaket av patogene bakterier samt interaksjoner mellom patogene agens og melkesyrebakterier. Oppgaven har en mikrobiologisk del hvor en ser på sammensetningen av bakterier i tarmsegmentene etter tre av behandlingene, med tre fisk i hver av gruppene. Histologiske endringene som følge av de ulike behandlingene ble visualisert ved hjelp av lysmikroskopi (LM), transmisjon elektron mikroskopi (TEM) og scanning elektron mikroskopi (SEM). Resultatene fra den mikrobiologiske delen av forsøket viser at bakteriene (V. anguillarum og C. maltaromaticum) som tarmsegmentene er eksponert for har evne til å feste seg til tarmen. Dette kan være med på å påvirke sammensetningen av bakterier i tarmen. Fra mikroskopi delen ser en resultater som er noe ulikt fra det man har påvist hos laks. Blant annet finner man ikke igjen de store ødeleggelsene av epitelcellene hos torsk. Resultatene kan tyde på at V. anguillarum ikke har tarm som hovedinfeksjonsrute. Ut fra resultatene er det vanskelig å entydig kunne si noe om den probiotiske bakterien har effekt eller ikke. Siden den patogene bakterien ikke viser å ha forårsaket entydige skader. Det som imidlertid er påfallende for baktarmen hos torsk, er den store mengdene med goblet celler som en observerer. Fermenteringskammeret hos torsk har vist seg å være noe annerledes oppbygd enn resten av tarmen, med lengre mikrovilli og mindre avgrenset terminal web.

Det finns en rad Functional Food produkter på marknaden och vi har valt att fokusera på probiotiska livsmedel. Syftet med arbetet var att kartlägga hur probiotiska produkter används i vården, av äldre, på vårdboenden i Malmö. Förundersökningen visade att 25 av 30 vårdboenden använde probiotika, men förståelsen för vad som menades med probiotika påverkade svaren. Vi valde att djupintervjua personal på sex kommunala vårdboenden och av resultatet framgår det att olika faktorer påverkar användningen av probiotika inom vården. I undersökningen kom det tydligt fram att det främsta användningsområdet för probiotiska livsmedel var att motverka mag- och tarmbesvär. Anledningen till användandet berodde dock på flera faktorer. Det tydligaste sambandet som framkom var mellan användning och informationskällor, dvs. experter inom området. Dessa var läkare och dietister som förmedlade trovärdig information om produkternas funktioner. Även produktens konsistens, smak, näringsinnehåll och pris kan begränsa eller gynna användningen. Av resultatet framkom även att probiotika skapar en trygghet genom att det säljs som ett livsmedel och inte som piller. Beaktansvärt är att inget av boendena valde probiotiska produkter efter de effekter som kan påvisas på förpackningen (som Skånemejeriers Proviva). De utgick ifrån att produkterna bar med sig samma positiva egenskaper gentemot mag- och tarmbesvär.

Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war die Ermittlung der praecaecalen und faecalen Verdaulichkeit von Praebiotika und praebiotischen Kohlenhydraten auch in Kombination mit probiotischen Mikroorganismen (= Symbiotika) beim Schwein. Des Weiteren wurden die Auswirkungen von Prae-, Pro- und Symbiotika auf die Nährstoffverdaulichkeit und ausgewählte mikrobielle Parameter in Chymus und Kot untersucht. Zur Bestimmung der praecaecalen Verdaulichkeit wurde die Methode der Ileorectal-Anastomose in End-zu-End Technik unter Erhalt der Ileocaecalklappe ausgewählt. Die Wahl des Tiermodells fiel auf das Schwein, da es ebenso als Modelltier für die menschliche Ernährung anerkannt ist. Drei Stoffwechselversuche mit insgesamt sieben ileo-rectostomierten und sieben intakten Schweinen (Paralleltiere mit intaktem Verdauungstrakt) wurden durchgeführt. Alle Tiere erhielten die gleichen Behandlungen. Als prae- und probiotische Futterzusätze wurden Lactulose, mittel- (DP 10-12) und langkettiges (DP ≥ 23) Inulin, Mannanoligosaccharide und die probiotischen Bakterienstämme Enterococcus faecium DSM 10663 und DSM 7134 verwendet. Neben der praecaecalen und faecalen Verdaulichkeit der Zusatzstoffe wurde die Nährstoffverdaulichkeit, die Trockenmasse-/Nährstoffausscheidung und folgende mikrobielle Parameter erfasst: bakterielle Besiedlung, pH-Wert, NH3-Konzentration, flüchtige Fettsäuren/Milchsäure und Stickstoffbilanz von Chymus und Kot. Folgende praecaecalen Verdaulichkeiten wurden ermittelt: Lactulose 79 %, langkettiges Inulin 98 %, mittelkettiges Inulin 57 %, Kombination von mittelkettigem Inulin + E. faecium (DSM 10663) 55 %. Die faecale Verdaulichkeit von Lactulose, mittel- und langkettigem Inulin bzw. mittelkettigem Inulin + E. faecium (DSM 10663) betrug jeweils 100 %. Die Nährstoffverdaulichkeit und die untersuchten mikrobiellen Parameter wurden durch die Zulage von Prae-, Pro- und Symbiotika nur geringfügig beeinflusst. Aus den Ergebnissen der vorliegenden Versuche geht hervor, dass praebiotische Kohlenhydrate beim Schwein zu einem erheblichen Ausmaß bereits im Dünndarm abgebaut werden. Positive Effekte der prae-, pro- und symbiotischen Kohlenhydrate wie sie aus der Humanernährung bekannt sind, konnten nur begrenzt nachgewiesen werden. Aufgrund der Tatsache, dass das Schwein mit seiner herkömmlichen Ernährung bereits viele praebiotische Komponenten aufnimmt ist es fragwürdig, ob das Konzept der Praebiotika im Schweinebereich überhaupt greift. The aim of the present study was to investigate the precaecal and faecal digestibility of prebiotics and prebiotics combined with probiotics (= synbiotics) in pigs, in order to obtain information about their reactions in the gastrointestinal tract. Furthermore, the effects of these substances on nutrient digestibility and microbial characteristics in chyme and faeces were examined. For the present investigation the ileo-rectal anastomosis in end-to-end technique with preserved ileo-caeco-colic valve was used as surgery method. The pig was chosen as animal model because in previous extensive studies the domestic pig was validated as a proven experimental model for studying aspects of digestive physiology in humans and monogastric animals. Three metabolic trials were carried out with a total of seven pigs prepared with ileo-rectal anastomosis and seven pigs with intact digestibility tract as partners for the surgically fitted pigs. All pigs were treated similarly. As pre- and synbiotic feed additives the following substances were used: lactulose, middle- (DP 10–12) and long-chain (DP ≥ 23) inulin, mannanoligosaccharides and the probiotics Enterococcus faecium DSM 10663 and DSM 7134. Besides the precaecal digestibility of the pre- and synbiotics nutrient digestibility and microbial parameters such as bacterial concentration, daily digesta and nutrient excretion, pH-value, NH3-concentration, volatile fatty acids/lactic acid and nitrogen balance in chyme and faeces were examined. The following precaecal digestibilities were determined: lactulose 79 %, long-chain inulin 98 %, middle-chain inulin 57 %, and middle-chain inulin combined with Enterococcus faecium (DSM 10663) 55 %. The faecal digestibility of lactulose, middle and long chain inulin and middle-chain inulin + E. faecium (DSM 10663) was determined as 100 %. The addition of pre-, pro- and synbiotics influenced the examined nutrient digestibility and microbial parameters only marginally. It can be concluded that prebiotics are digested and absorbed by pigs to a considerable degree in the ileum. The intention to scientifically prove the positive effects of pre-, pro- and synbiotic carbohydrates in pig nutrition, as they are known from human nutrition, was only partly successful. Due to the fact, that the pigs receive high amounts of prebiotic components with their usual feed anyway, it is questionable whether with this prebiotic concept any additional beneficial effects can be achieved in pig nutrition.

Einleitung: Das Probiotikum E. coli Nissle 1917 (EcN) wird seit einigen Jahren erfolgreich in der Behandlung chronisch entzündlicher Darmerkrankungen angewendet, der zugrunde liegende Wirkmechanismus ist jedoch nur unzureichend geklärt. T-Zellen spielen in der intestinalen Immunhomöostase und der Pathogenese von CED eine zentrale Rolle. Ziel: Den Einfluss von EcN auf humane T-Zellen weitergehend zu charakterisieren. Methoden: CD3-stimulierte periphere und Lamina propria T-Zellen wurden mit verschiedenen Konzentrationen eines E. coli Nissle 1917 konditionierten Mediums (EcN-CM) oder aber hitzeinaktivierten E. coli Nissle 1917 (hi-EcN) kultiviert. Die Expression von zellzyklus- und apoptoseassoziierten Regulationsproteinen sowie DNA-Gehalt, Zellzykluskinetik, Apoptoserate und Zellexpansion wurden durchflusszytometrisch und im Western Blot bestimmt. Die Sekretion von Cytokinen wurde mit dem Cytometric Bead Assay bestimmt. Ergebnisse: EcN-CM, nicht aber hitzeinaktivierte E. coli Nissle 1917 hemmt die Zellzyklusprogression und die Expansion von stimulierten, humanen peripheren T-Zellen. Ursächlich hierfür ist eine verminderte Expression der Cykline A, B1, D2 und E mit einer konsekutiv verminderten Phosphorylierung des Retinoblastomaproteins. Periphere T-Zellen sezernieren unter EcN-CM vermindert IL-2, IFN-gamma und TNF-alpha, während die Sekretion des antiinflammatorischen IL-10 durch EcN-CM heraufreguliert wird. Im Gegensatz zur potenten Beeinflussung des Zellzyklus, wurde die Apoptose von PBT durch E. coli Nissle 1917 nicht moduliert. Während periphere T-Zellen durch EcN-CM in ihrer Zellzyklusprogression und Expansion gehemmt wurden, zeigte sich kein derartiger Effekt auf ortständige Lamina propria T-Lymphozyten. Diskussion: Bei chronisch entzündlichen Darmerkrankungen kommt es zu einer Rekrutierung und Aktivierung von peripheren T-Zellen in die intestinale Mukosa. Durch die differenzielle Beeinflussung des Immunsystems, bei der aktivierte periphere T-Zellen inhibiert, die ortsständigen T-Zellen jedoch in ihrer Funktion nicht gestört werden, könnte E. coli Nissle 1917 dazu beitragen, die mukosale Entzündungsreaktion zu limitieren, während die intestinale Immunhomöostase gewahrt bleibt. Als wirksames Agens kommen kleine, hitzestabile bakterielle Produkte wie Lipopolysaccharide, bakterielle Lipoproteine, CPG-DNA, Lipoteichonsäuren und Peptidoglykane in Frage. Die Ergebnisse der vorliegenden Arbeit liefern weitere Hinweise, dass Probiotika einen breiten Einfluss auf das humane Immunsystem haben und decken zugrundeliegende Mechanismen auf. Introduction: Although probiotic Escherichia coli strain Nissle 1917 (EcN) has been proven to be efficacious for the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases, the underlying mechanisms of action still remain elusive. T cells play a major role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. Aims: To analyze the effects of E. coli Nissle 1917 on cell cycling and apoptosis of peripheral blood and lamina propria T cells. Methods: Anti-CD3-stimulated peripheral or lamina propria T cells were treated with E. coli Nissle 1917-conditioned medium (EcN-CM) or heat-inactivated E. coli Nissle 1917. Expression of cell cycle or apoptosis related proteins was determined by immunoblotting, DNA content, cell cycle kinetics, cell expansion and apoptosis were measured by flow cytometry. Cytokine levels in culture supernatants were assessed by cytometrc bead array. Results: EcN-CM but not heat-inactivated EcN inhibits cell cycling and expansion of peripheral T cells. EcN-CM decreases expression of Cyclin A, B1, D2 and E and thus reduces phosphorylation of retinoblastomaprotein in CD3-stimulated peripheral T cells. Further, secretion of proinflammatory cytokines IL-2, IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha is reduced while antiinflammatory IL-10 is increased under treatment with EcN-CM. In contrast to peripheral T cells, expansion and cell cycle progression of lamina propria T cells was not affected by EcN-CM. Apoptosis of was not modulated by EcN-CM. Discussion: The differential reaction of circulating and tissue-bound T cells towards E. coli Nissle 1917 may explain the beneficial effect of EcN in intestinal inflammation. EcN may downregulate the expansion of newly recruited T cells into the mucosa and thus limit intestinal inflammation, while already activated tissue-bound T cells may eliminate deleterious antigens in order to maintain immunological homeostasis. Possible agents, for which immunomodulatory effects are known, include heat-stable bacterial products like lipopolysaccharids, bacterial lipoproteins or bacterial DNA-motifs.