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Background: Root caries and teeth sensitivity are the two most common clinical conditions resulting from poor oral hygiene and incorrect use of dental cleaning aids and methodology. Aim: This study is to evaluate the safe nonabrasive use of charcoal as dentifrice along with its adsorptive properties on salivary bacteria, yeast, and polysaccharides in biofilm matrix. Materials and Methods: The Mohs Scale of Mineral Hardness was used to evaluate abrasiveness of charcoal by investigating the scratches it produces on rubbing steel, copper, and nickel plates. The adsorptive ability of charcoal to bind bacteria was measured using the quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Efficiency to bind polysaccharides by charcoal was performed by the spectrophotometric analysis. Results: The Mohs hardness test showed that charcoal caused less scratches on nickel plates. As nickel plates have a lower hardness index than enamel, this indicates that charcoal might not be significantly abrasive to enamel. Some toothpaste caused scratches on the nickel plates. The benefits of adsorptive nature of charcoal in normal oral hygiene procedure exceed possible side effects by far. Activated charcoal can be used as a safe dentifrice if used in nanometer sized powder form causing minimum abrasion and it can still disturb biofilm formation by adsorbing microbes, biomolecules, acids, and therefore, offer protection to enamel and helps in the prevention of caries. Conclusion: Using finely powdered charcoal with “Gum and teeth rubbing with Index Finger, followed by Tongue cleaning” (GIFT) method is nonabrasive and so safe like other commercial toothbrushes and toothpastes. Further studies investigating the safe use of charcoal are recommended.

Lightweight block cipher PRESENT is an algorithm with SPN structure. Due to its excellent hardware performance and simple round function design, it can be well applied to Internet of things terminals with limited computing resources. As an improved cipher of PRESENT, GIFT is similar in structure to PRESENT and has been widely concerned by academia and industry. This article studies the P permutation law of PRESENT and GIFT, and presents a general differential fault attack(DFA) method with their differential characteristics. For PRESENT, this article chooses to inject a nibble fault before the 30th and 31st rounds of S-box operation. A total of 32 nibble fault ciphertexts are needed to recover the original key. The computational complexity and data complexity are 210.94 and 28, respectively. For GIFT, this article chooses to inject a nibble fault before the 25th, 26th, 27th and 28th rounds of S-box operation. A total of 64 nibble fault ciphertexts are needed to recover the original key. The computational complexity and data complexity are 211.91 and 29, respectively. Compared with other public cryptoanalysis results of PRESENT and GIFT, this general attack method has great advantages. In this article, the DFA of GIFT is experimentally verified and the effectiveness is proved. These experiments have been done on a personal computer and run in a very reasonable time(around 500ms).

The aim of this article is to propose an historical analysis of the fragment FGrHist 128 F3 (= Strab. XV 3, 21) of the historian Polykleitos of Larissa. Polykleitos reports mostly administrative and economic news on the Persian Great King’s activity and testifies to a new approach to the study of the Persian Empire and its tribute system compared to Herodotus: these are complex evidences clarified in the light of the Aristotelian reflection on the oikonomia and the politics of Macedonians in Asia.

Besides sound, the essence of music is inherent in the materiality of the objects that graphically represent, concretely produce, and ideally describe that sound: books, instruments, paintings. The history and didactics of music, therefore, must also include these objects among its research and teaching contents, especially if these are aimed at illustrating the meaning and role of music in a specific era or environment. With a methodological support from anthropological studies on the notion of gift, on the social meaning of collecting, and on the symbolic functions of objects owned, requested or donated, this study probes into the hermeneutic effectiveness of this perspective by specifically investigating the musical collecting of the Duke of Urbino, Guidubaldo II Della Rovere. The study reveals how much the Duke's interests for musical objects have contributed to define his identity and his role in relations with foreign gentlemen of his time.

Is there a circular relationship between trust and ethics? Is it possible to alter their relationship, changing the perception that social actors have of them? How has trust changed in the transition from modernity to post-modernity and how does it change in times of crisis? Starting from the epistemological assumption that progress in the social sciences is determined by the change in the theoretical horizon produced by “a reformulation of metaphysical assumptions”[1] and combining this path with the relational perspective, according to which “not the facts, but the relationship between the facts is what requires analysis”[2], we will examine definitions, meanings, functions and relationships between trust and ethics. Following the theoretical logical method, we will understand that trust and ethical behaviour are particular forms of gift[3] that co-own each other. As such, they are ambivalent in nature and their circle can also produce dysfunctional outcomes that depend on the ability of social systems to modify collective perceptions through forms of communication, in the awareness that distrust constitutes an ineliminable and, paradoxically, preparatory element for the restoration of the trust circle. The relational circle between gift, trust, collective ethics and personal morality does not end with distrust, but changes in a contingent way, determining perverse effects: correct behaviour could produce, unintentionally, a disaster; incorrect actions could generate unforeseen positive effects.The perverse effects cannot be defined as exceptional - as is believed in the theory of rational choice - but recurrent because daily practices are marked by an intuitive, emotional and moralistic trust circle that prevails over logical reasoning, as ascertained by both relational theory and behavioural economics. Functionalist paradigms cannot engineer and optimise the performance of trust. [1] See J. Alexander's strong programme in S. Segre, Le teorie sociologiche contemporanee, Carocci, Rome, 2019, p. 12. It is not enough to observe reality, it is necessary to interpret it, taking into account theories and traditions whose foundations have a metaphysical character. [2] F. Ferrarotti, La sociologia come analisi critica della società, in R. Cipriani (a cura di), Nuovo Manuale di Sociologia, Maggioli, Sant’Arcangelo di Romagna, 2018 p. 24. [3] The classical meaning in M. Mauss, Essai sur le don. Forme et raison de l'échange dans les sociétés archaïques, 1ª ed. 1925, revisited by G. Satta, L’ambiguità del dono. Note su dono, violenza e potere nell’Essai di Mauss, in V. Rasini, Aggressività. Un’indagine polifonica, Mimesis, Milano 2011.

COFB is a lightweight Authenticated Encryption with Associated Data (AEAD) mode based on block ciphers. It was proposed in CHES 2017 and is the basis for GIFT-COFB, a finalist in the NIST lightweight standardization project. It comes with provable security results that guarantee its security up to the birthday bound in the nonce-respecting model. However, the designers offer multiple versions of the analysis with different details and the implications of attacks against the scheme are not discussed deeply. In this article, we look at a group of possible forgery and privacy attacks against COFB. We show that the security for both forgery and privacy is bounded by the number of forgery attempts. We show the existence of forgery and privacy attacks with success probability qd/2n/2, given qd forgery attempts. In particular, we show an attack with 2n/2 attempts using only a single known-plaintext encryption query against COFB. While these attacks do not contradict the claims made by the designers of GIFT-COFB, they show its limitations in terms of the number of forgery attempts. They also show that, while COFB generates a 128-bit tag, it behaves in a very similar manner to an AEAD scheme with 64-bit tag. As a result of independent interest, our analysis provides a contradiction to the main theorem of Journal of Cryptology volume 33, pages 703–741 (2020), which includes an improved security proof of COFB compared to the CHES 2017 version. Finally, we discuss the term nqd/2n/2 that appears in the security proof of GIFT-COFB and CHES 2017, showing why there is a security gap between the provable results and the attacks. We emphasize that the results in this article do not threaten the security of GIFT-COFB in the scope of the NIST lightweight cryptography requirements or the claims made by the designers in the specification document of the design.

The single activity submission describes a teaching idea for a public speaking class focused on researching, preparing, and presenting a speech based on a conspiracy theory. A rationale, instructions for the activity, a debriefing, and an appraisal are included for this classroom-tested idea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Hungarian Medical Journal / Orvosi Hetilap is the property of Akademiai Kiado and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article, in the epistemological debate of the social sciences and in particular within “third” perspectives between the two traditional ones, holism and individualism, presents an epistemological-methodological proposal for social relations analysis. Emerging from the convergence of Paradigm of gift and Social Network Analysis, it shows how the first can find a valid and coherent “complement” in the methodological apparatus of the second, to go “on the field” of empirical observation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

aims to analyze the religious conversion of drug dealers residing in Bairro da Penha, in Vitória, Espírito Santo. Based on biographical interviews, the life narratives of three pastors of the Operando Deus church, who had a previous career in trafficking and later in the church, will serve to reflect on a path that has been increasingly common in the Brazilian peripheries, where worlds of crime and religion are related in the most varied ways. In this article, this relationship is analyzed as a transition between two careers that make up different circulations of gifts in the universes of crime and religion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay explores the importance of Donner le temps II within the context of Derrida's writings on Heidegger and the gift. In the first section of the essay, I situate the publication of the latter half of Derrida's 1978–79 seminar against his writings on the gift generally, beginning in 1968 and ending in 2000. In the second section, I explain how the second volume of Donner le temps relates to the first. In the final three sections of the paper, I focus on three prominent topics of the seminar, so as to show how they impact our previous understanding of major aspects of Derrida's thought: first, the Heideggerian thinking of the es gibt , as it relates to the gift's unconditionality. Second, the problematic of the Kunstwerk , as it informs Derrida's thinking of récit. Third, the problem of Dichtung , as it is linked to the poématique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contrary to the transactional nature of capitalism, family inspires images of relationships that are selfless and without the expectations of reciprocity. Thus, the family construct is often symbolized as an altruistic space and gift to its members. By analyzing Marie NDiaye's play, Papa doit manger, I show that not unlike capitalism, family as an institution, reproduces similar dynamics of exploitation. If family is ascribed as a type of gift economy, it is not, however, a pure gift free from ulterior motives or without agenda. Rather, I argue that family tends to operate more like the archaic gift as examined in Marcel Mauss' ethnographical essay, The Gift. In NDiaye's work, as in Mauss's work, the gift is never free. In my analysis of Papa doit manger, I posit that family engages in a system of exchanges. Consequently, this system is suggested as more insidious than capitalism due to its covert nature and exploitation of family relations requiring sacrifices of its members. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

More and more Chinese live in Western countries nowadays and many disputes over transfers between Chinese family members are brought to Western courts. Generally, little documentary evidence on such transactions is available and the oral evidence is commonly divergent as to what was agreed and what happened. Western judges are faced with the puzzle whether the transfer was a gift, a loan, or an equity investment. This article elaborates on the relevant Chinese cultural dimensions and the recent developments. It discusses the cultural relevance in determining the nature of such transfers and investigates whether clearly established Chinese cultural norms could be admissible evidence aiding the interpretation, or even implied terms, of the transaction. It argues that Chinese culture should be seriously considered in assessing the credibility of Chinese witnesses. This article critiques the prevailing common law presumptions, and proposes an analytical model aiming to assist Western judges and lawyers to assess the cultural influence properly for better answers to the puzzles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Christian Philosophy / Filozofia Chrześcijańska is the property of Uniwersytetu im. Adama Mickiewicza (IH UAM) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Studia Poliana is the property of Studia Poliana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Santander. Estudios de Patrimonio is the property of Santander Estudios de Patrimonio and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate the reproductive traits of the non-inbred and inbred AquaAmérica, GIFT and AquaAmérica × GIFTgenetic groups. Six fish from each genetic group were used (2 females:1 male). Females were examined for the presence of eggs in their mouth at every four days, for 12 weeks. Reproduction occurred in all genetic groups (GIFT: 100%; non-inbred AquaAmérica and AquaAmérica ×GIFT: 75%; inbred AquaAmérica: 50%). Female weight, female standard length, total spawning weight, absolute fecundity, relative fecundity, spawn index and hatching rate did not differ significantly between the genetic groups. However, the non-inbred AquaAmérica variety showed lower values (P

The history of ancient Persia is fraught with customs that have either fallen into oblivion or undergone changes. Giving and receiving gifts is one of those customs that have changed but remained cherished over time. Among the sources in which ancient customs of Iran can be found are Bayhaqi’s History and Shahnameh, which portray the circumstances in the royal court of Persia. After the emergence of Islam in the country, caliphs and rulers encouraged, endorsed, and continued the practice of gifting. Formerly, it was conducted on political or economic grounds. During the Ghaznavid period, for instance, precious gifts were presented on different occasions to the court. The purpose of this study is to examine the gifting customs as documented in Shahnameh and Bayhaqi’s History. In the study, the types of gifts, the occasions for giving gifts, and the gifts themselves were examined. In Shahnameh, gifts were given based on epic grounds, while in Bayhaqi’s History, official and political motives were stated. Throughout both books, gifting is a frequent theme. However, the degree of precision varies between the two texts; Bayhaqi discusses the gifts in detail, while Shahnameh provides a general overview.

Tilapia are among the most important farmed fish species worldwide, and are fundamental for the food security of many developing countries. Several genetically improved Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) strains exist, such as the iconic Genetically Improved Farmed Tilapia (GIFT), and breeding programs typically follow classical pedigree-based selection. The use of genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data can enable an understanding of the genetic architecture of economically important traits and the acceleration of genetic gain via genomic selection. Due to the global importance and diversity of Nile tilapia, an open access SNP array would be beneficial for aquaculture research and production. In the current study, a ∼65K SNP array was designed based on SNPs discovered from whole-genome sequence data from a GIFT breeding nucleus population and the overlap with SNP datasets from wild fish populations and several other farmed Nile tilapia strains. The SNP array was applied to clearly distinguish between different tilapia populations across Asia and Africa, with at least ∼30,000 SNPs segregating in each of the diverse population samples tested. It is anticipated that this SNP array will be an enabling tool for population genetics and tilapia breeding research, facilitating consistency and comparison of results across studies.

The aim of the present study is to clarify the lay experience of grace through person-level narratives. This empirical qualitative study follows a bottom-up approach, not restricted by specific theoretical assumptions, and includes a large and heterogeneous group of Belgian participants. The sample (recruited online) was composed of 456 participants (64% women, mean age = 50.04, age range from 18 to 93 years). Data consisted of 456 written narratives describing the experience of grace. They were analysed using a thematic analysis and thematic network approach with the help of a qualitative data management package Nvivo 12 pro. The resulting thematic network visualizes the experience of grace in the flow of time with (a) antecedents, grace can happen anywhere and anytime, but difficulties often precede grace; (b) the core experience is one of receiving an unmerited free gift in response to failure or brokenness or as an encounter with goodness and beauty, and this can be given by the divine or by other people and lastly (c) consequences entails a transformation at the intrapersonal, interpersonal and/or situational level. Our approach allows for an ecological and bottom-up understanding of grace as experienced nowadays in a secularized country and can empirically inform future studies about the connection between grace and psychological flourishing.

Here, we discuss essential milestones in developing and establishing method in vitro fertilization (IVF). Moreover, we also outline most prominent breakthroughs and discoveries performed in diverse time, each of which brought mankind closer to emergence of the first successful results after applying IVF in human. In addition, we also consider a history of IVF introduced in Russia as well as current issues requiring to be solved in the nearest future.

An uncollected tax is a debt to the state. In Fiji, individuals’ pay income tax if they earn more than FJD$30,000 under the Income Tax Act 2015 (ITA). Thus, the purpose of this paper is to critically evaluate the stand of debt forgiveness by the lender to the borrower in the Fiji Income Tax Act 2015. Furthermore, the paper has discussed the Islamic viewpoint of debt that is forgiven. The findings indicated that Fiji looks upon the forgiven debts as income in the hand of the borrower and thus is taxed whereas the Islamic view is that such taxes should not be imposed taking into account the verse of the Quran (2:280).

The central character of Denis Villeneuve's 2016 film Arrival, Dr. Louise Banks (Amy Adams), is a linguist tasked with deciphering a logographic alien language in time to avert a seemingly impending global war. I argue that the alien heptapods' logographs exemplify the understanding of language advanced by Jacques Derrida in seminal texts such as Of Grammatology (1976), while also engaging some of the themes concerning time and gift-giving that he develops in later, more explicitly political works. Derrida argues that written signifiers, rather than being a mere vehicle for representing speech, confer their own, supplemental meaning onto communication. Furthermore, he emphasizes that writing is not bound by the same linear temporality as spoken utterances, inasmuch as it is inscribed in a format which allows it to be revisited repeatedly. The significance of this disruption of linear temporality becomes clear in Derrida's later works such as Specters of Marx (1994) and On Cosmopolitanism (2001), where he describes such disruption as a necessary condition for the type of political change he believes is needed in the world. The ability to experience time in a nonlinear fashion allows Banks to prevent the looming war, in an illustration of the connection that Derrida draws between time, violence, and politics. However, it also puts humanity in the heptapods' debt, thus exemplifying the paradox of genuine gift-giving that Derrida claims is impossible. Despite the complex ethical questions it invokes, however, the unique nature of the gift in Arrival signals that this gift might be a genuinely altruistic offering after all.

The present paper brings forward an analysis of the Orthodox icon, made by deploying the model of semi-logical hexade which describes the situation of creative communication. Starting with the presentation of the socio-cultural context in which the icon appears and continuing with the other parameters of the hexade – the purpose which justifies the activation of the creative act, whom is this icon addressed, who created it, what psychological mechanisms have concurred to its birth and which is the result of this creative process – our focus has been the defining and description of what the icon is.

Joint property, is a property that two or more person jointly own eachcomponent. The partner material possessions, even to the extent of hisportion, are subject to permission of others and without it create civilliability. But, all partner immaterial possessions are valid in relation to hisportion and does not require the permission of others. There is, however,some debate over the contract of gift; because it is necessary for itsformation, besides the agreement (as immaterial possession), the delivery (asmaterial possession).There are two general views on this topic in jurisprudence and Iranianlaw. The first view distinguishes between “divisible and indivisible” and also“immovable and immovable” property and on the basis of this distinction,rules on the validity of gift on the joint property. Against this view, there isanother belief that it holds that the gift on the joint property to be valid,without making any distinction between the joint properties. There are, ofcourse, differences on the quality of joint property delivery. Some insist onNecessary permission of partners, some believe that the delivery is fulfilledby eviction the partner, and finally, some with outline the concept of theimmaterial delivery, consider the possibility of donee dominance over thedonated property sufficient. In Iranian law there is no specific provision incivil law, however, it seems, citing the sufficiency of immaterial dominationfor the realization of delivery and not needing the material delivery, validityof gift on the joint property to be acceptable.

Abstract Background Tilapias (Family Cichlidae) are the second most important group of aquaculture species in the world. They have been the subject of much research on sex determination due to problems caused by early maturation in culture and their complex sex-determining systems. Different sex-determining loci (linkage group 1, 20 and 23) have been detected in various tilapia stocks. The ‘genetically improved farmed tilapia’ (GIFT) stock, founded from multiple Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) populations, with some likely to have been introgressed with O. mossambicus, is a key resource for tilapia aquaculture. The sex-determining mechanism in the GIFT stock was unknown, but potentially complicated due to its multiple origins. Results A bulk segregant analysis (BSA) version of double-digest restriction-site associated DNA sequencing (BSA-ddRADseq) was developed and used to detect and position sex-linked single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers in 19 families from the GIFT strain breeding nucleus and two Stirling families as controls (a single XY locus had been previously mapped to LG1 in the latter). About 1500 SNPs per family were detected across the genome. Phenotypic sex in Stirling families showed strong association with LG1, whereas only SNPs located in LG23 showed clear association with sex in the majority of the GIFT families. No other genomic regions linked to sex determination were apparent. This region was validated using a series of LG23-specific DNA markers (five SNPs with highest association to sex from this study, the LG23 sex-associated microsatellite UNH898 and ARO172, and the recently isolated amhy marker for individual fish (n = 284). Conclusions Perhaps surprisingly given its multiple origins, sex determination in the GIFT strain breeding nucleus was associated only with a locus in LG23. BSA-ddRADseq allowed cost-effective analysis of multiple families, strengthening this conclusion. This technique has potential to be applied to other complex traits. The sex-linked SNP markers identified will be useful for potential marker-assisted selection (MAS) to control sex-ratio in GIFT tilapia to suppress unwanted reproduction during growout.

For historical reasons, Mauritian civil law has been influenced by French civil law. However, despite the differences between Mauritian civil law and French civil law and the indisputable autonomy of the Mauritian civil law, it is impossible to deny that the latter is strongly inspired by the French civil law and that the Mauritian judge will in most cases refer to the decisions rendered by French courts - and in particular by the Court of Cassation - as well as to the French doctrine. This statement is applicable to Mauritian Law on Matrimonial Property Regimes which is inspired by French civil law. In this article we will first provide a brief overview of the Mauritian Law on Matrimonial Property Regimes, followed by an analysis of the validity of a gift of professional income generated by a married person to his concubine.

A medical practitioner or researcher’s contribution is judged not only on the basis of number of patients treated or the years of practice, but also, through publications. It is through your publications, your work is validated and the lifelong techniques is disseminated to your juniors, fellows, residents and even to your colleagues. Publishing also is a source for academic development and enrich yourself to critically review others work too. In addition, your publication provides research gap for future researchers to conduct additional studies. In many countries and even in Nepal, publication is also a basis of promotion in academics. So, research, scientific writing and publishing is a part of medical and dental academia.1 The happiest moment for any medical practitioners and researchers is getting your work published in prestigious journals around the world. To come to this stage of publication, the scientific work has to undergo series of rigorous process. Conceiving any study, searching the gap, discussing with peers, writing the proposal for ethical clearance are the initial stages. After obtaining the ethical clearance the proposal undergoes several months of data collection, experimentation and analysis. The last part is scientific writing and sending the manuscript for publication. Any research should also maintain academic integrity and research ethics.2 Any studies with significant findings, done by maintaining the biomedical ethics, written in an organized way have more chances for acceptance for publication.2 However, in the line of publication, the issues of scientific misconduct are also rising.

In an unprecedented global environment marked by energy dependence. Access to electricity in rural Moroccan areas revolutionizing everyday life and ways of social interaction. So that, the uses of mobile phone become normal and more important. This study aims to explore, in light of the importance of access to electricity and mobile phone’s uses, the role of the Gift in the consolidation of the social relationships on marriage occasions in Moroccan rural communities; by prioritizing the families’ point of view. Based on comprehensive biographical interview; it has been performed during 3 months (June; July and August 2022; because it’s the wedding period after the crops-gathering seasons); with 15 families in rural area in south East of Morocco. The verbatim was content analyzed. It allowed us to detect two levels: the first one is based on descriptive logic in relation to families view; indicating the importance of marriage in village knowledge’s as well as the role of electric energy and mobile phone in their daily lives. While the second is building on an interactionism standpoint and shedding light on redefinition of social relationships. Results show; on one hand, the importance of electric energy, and on the other hand; marriage as practice governed by social norms that recreate cohesion between families through ritual such as gifts witch have seen a big retreat due to the mobile phone uses.

The importance attributed to the figure of volunteering in the recent code of the Third Sector induces us to reflect on the deeper nature of this activity. Volunteering activity, in fact, is closely related to gratuitousness and gift. In going deeper into this concept, the article opens with the analysis of gift in Paul Ricoeur, who reworked the theory of gift in Marcel Mauss intersecting it with the theme of recognition. The “gift” was a concept used to emphasize and enhance the social economy, especially by the Social Doctrine of the Church, giving an esteemed recognition to so- cial solidarity cooperatives. The latter are a significant part of the third sector and are considered as the expression of a civil society. All this is inserted and operates within a system based on the principle of subsidiarity which recognizes and promotes the social articulation in which those very intermediate bodies of society that operate in order to satisfy certain needs from the point of view of social solidarity find themselves.

This article tries to answer the question, whether the concept of «social ministry» is applicable in the case of Buddhism. The article analyzes some examples of the consideration of «gift/giving» and «social ministry» in the Buddhist canonical and post-canonical texts, and draws a comparison of the ideas of social ministry in Buddhism and Christianity is made. Since the basic doctrinal points of Buddhism radically different from the Christian, the Christian concept of social ministry and comparable Buddhist concepts differ considerably. Thus, the social ministry in Buddhism is not understood as a service to God. However, the social service in the sense of charity and works of mercy has always been present in Buddhism. Conceptually, the Buddhist «social ministry» can be seen as a doctrine of gift/giving and the ministry of an exemplary Buddhist ruler. These concepts are considered on the basis of Buddhist canonical and post-canonical texts, namely the sutta «Lion’s roar of the world-holder» from the Pali Canon and Vasubandhu’s treatise «Encyclopedia of the Abhidharma» («Abhidharmakosha», 4–5th centuries). The Mahayana ideal of the Bodhisattva and the concept of great compassion (mahakaruna) also had a significant impact on charity and mercy in the countries of the spread of Buddhism. Between Buddhism and Christianity, if we consider them in the aspect of social ministry and charity, there are also similarities. First and foremost is the idea of compassion and mercy towards those who suffer. Both the Christian and Buddhist texts say about the value of such actions and the reward for them.

Identifying associations between phenotype and genotype is the fundamental basis of genetic analyses. Inspired by frequentist probability and the work of R.A. Fisher, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) extract information using averages and variances from genotype-phenotype datasets. Averages and variances are legitimated upon creating distribution density functions obtained through the grouping of data into categories. However, as data from within a given category cannot be differentiated, the investigative power of such methodologies is limited. Genomic Informational Field Theory (GIFT) is a method specifically designed to circumvent this issue. The way GIFT proceeds is opposite to that of GWAS. Whilst GWAS determines the extent to which genes are involved in phenotype formation (bottom-up approach), GIFT determines the degree to which the phenotype can select microstates (genes) for its subsistence (top-down approach). Doing so requires dealing with new genetic concepts, a.k.a. genetic paths, upon which significance levels for genotype-phenotype associations can be determined. By using different datasets obtained in ovis aries related to bone growth (Dataset-1) and to a series of linked metabolic and epigenetic pathways (Dataset-2), we demonstrate that removing the informational barrier linked to categories enhances the investigative and discriminative powers of GIFT, namely that GIFT extracts more information than GWAS. We conclude by suggesting that GIFT is an adequate tool to study how phenotypic plasticity and genetic assimilation are linked., Competing Interests: DISCLOSURES Authors declare no conflict of interest, financial or otherwise.

Background: Hospitals use Press Ganey surveys to evaluate patient satisfaction. The goal of our study was to evaluate whether surgeon-driven gifting to patients postoperatively affects Press Ganey Survey responses., Methods: There were 1,468 patients undergoing arthroplasty at our institution who were randomized to receive a thank-you gift, a small bouquet of flowers, and a note from their provider after surgery, or nothing for completing their preoperative arthroplasty registry questionnaire. Press Ganey surveys were sent to patients who received and did not receive flowers immediately after their hospital stay and after the patients' first postoperative visit. Scores were reported as the mean score and the fraction of responses with a top-box rating. One-sided student t-tests and Fisher's exact tests were used to assess statistical significance., Results: Hospital Discharge: Patients who received flowers had higher Press Ganey survey scores than patients who did not receive flowers. For example, for "physician's concerns for questions," they had higher scores (mean difference: 3.7 ± 1.6 points, P = .012) and a 9% higher top-box rating (P = .032). For "staff attitude toward visitors," they also had higher scores (mean difference: 2.8 ± 1.3 points, P = .019) and a 7% higher top-box rating (P = .049). First Follow-up: Patients who received flowers had a higher top-box rating for "concern provider showed for questions" and "amount of time provider spent with you" by 6% (P = .046) and 11% (P = .009), respectively. They also had higher scores for "information provider gave about medications" (mean difference: 4.0 ± 1.6 points, P = .009) and 11% higher top-box rating (P = .006)., Conclusions: Press Ganey Surveys were higher in orthopaedic patients who received bouquets of flowers from their arthroplasty surgeons compared to patients who did not. At follow-up, improved Press Ganey scores persisted if the patient received flowers. The gift of flowers generates patient loyalty to their surgeon., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The paper discusses Shakespeare's preoccupation with the Christian notions of divine love, forgiveness and justice in The Tragedy of King Lear. In my reading I employ Jean-Luc Marion's phenomenological reflection on the givenness of love and Hans-Urs von Balthasar's theology of Paschal mystery. I take issue with the Marxist and existentialist interpretations of Shakespeare's tragedy which prevailed in the second half of the 20th century. My aim is not a simple recuperation of the "redemptionism" of the play, but an in-depth consideration of Christian allusions in the play which may tie love and forgiveness to justice and throw light on the ending of King Lear. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1932, Baroness Ilona Nopcsa wrote a letter to King Carol II of Romania in which she informed him about a Romanian national costume that was in her possession. This traditional dress, which originally belonged to Carmen Sylva, was a gift from King Carol I and the ladies from the Romanian elite. At Vienna International Exhibition, this dress had been a central exhibit in Romania‟s gallery. The Romanian traditional costume hadbecome a part of Nopcsa‟s family patrimony thanks to Ilona‟s uncle, Ferenc Nopcsa, master of the court to Empress Sissi between 1868 and 1894. She had proffered the Romanian dress to the Baron for his services. In exchange for the Romanian costume, Ilona Nopcsa asked the King of Romania for 300 jugars from her former domain located in Aradul Nou and Zădârlac from Arad County which had been expropriated in the 1920s, or from State reserves.This paper will analyse the journey of this Romanian traditional costume, from the middle 19th century until 1932, emphasising on the contexts in which it was presented. The second part of this paper will focus on the social and economic circumstances in which Ilona Nopcsa proposed to return the dress to Romania‟s king. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Összefoglaló.Bevezetés: Magyarországon 2021. január 1-jétől a hálapénz minden formájának adása és elfogadása bűncselekmény, kivéve a legföljebb a minimálbér 5%-át (8370 forintot) elérő ajándékot. Míg a tilalmat az orvosok esetében jelentős béremelés kompenzálja, addig a szakdolgozók korábban is kevéssé vizsgált hálapénzjuttatásának helyzetére és megváltozására vonatkozóan alig vannak adatok. Célkitűzés: A szakdolgozói hálapénz 2020 végi kiinduló helyzetének feltárása és az új jogszabályi előírások becsülhető hatásainak vizsgálata a szakdolgozók által nyújtott információ alapján. Módszer: 2020 őszén 167 egészségügyi szakdolgozó kérdőíves felmérése történt meg a Szegedi Tudományegyetem Szent-Györgyi Albert Klinikai Központjában a hálapénzadás motivációinak, formáinak és körülményeinek, valamint összegének megismerése érdekében. Az eredményeket elsősorban leíró statisztikai formában elemeztük, különös tekintettel a műtéti, a belgyógyászati és a gyermekgyógyászati szakterületek között mutatkozó különbségekre; és összevetettük az új törvény hatására várható változásokkal. Eredmények: A 167 válaszadóból 93-an műtéti/operatív területen, 54-en belgyógyászati jellegű területen, 18-an pedig a gyermek/ifjúsági ellátásban dolgoznak. Mindegyik szakterületen megjelent a hála mellett a korrupciós célú juttatás, de ezzel és a hálapénzjelenséggel legkevésbé a gyermekgyógyászati terület volt érintett. A nagyobb értékű ajándék ritka, de a kisebb értékű rendszeresen alkalmazott juttatás. Egy hét benntartózkodás esetén a válaszadók átlagosan 10 851 forintot (36 USD) kaptak hálapénzként, míg egy-egy alkalommal 5326 forintot (18 USD). Az összegek – hasonlóan az orvosi hálapénzhez – jelentős eltérést mutattak az egyes területek között, a műtéti szakmákban pedig meghaladták az új törvényi korlátot. A magánellátásban kapott hálapénz kisebb arányú, a munkahelyen kívül átadott juttatás pedig kifejezetten ritka. Következtetés: A korrupciós célú hálapénz az egészségügyi szakdolgozói szférában ugyan jelen van, de nem jellemző. A szakdolgozóknak juttatott hálapénz büntetőjogi szankcionálását nem kompenzálja az orvosokéhoz hasonló béremelés. A pénzbeli juttatás ajándéktárgy formájában történő juttatása minden területen jelent veszteséget, a műtéti területen az értékben kifejezett veszteség is jelentősebb lehet. A büntetőeljárási fenyegetettség nem elegendő a magyarországi hálapénzrendszer megszüntetéséhez, további társadalompolitikai intézkedések szükségesek az egészségügyi dolgozók és a betegek attitűdjének megváltoztatásához. Orv Hetil. 2021; 162(41): 1658–1668. Summary.Introduction: In Hungary, since January 1st, 2021, the giving and acceptance of all forms of informal payments constitute a crime, except for gifts of a value of no more than 5% of the minimal monthly salary. While in the case of physicians, a pay rise compensates the loss of revenue, we hardly have data on the nurses' attitude in relation to the acceptance of informal payments. Objective: We intend to uncover the situation of informal payments at the end of 2020 and to examine the effects of the new legal regulation, based on information from nurses. Method: In the fall of 2020, we questioned 167 nurses in the Albert Szent-Györgyi Health Center of the University of Szeged, Hungary, in order to highlight the motivations, forms, circumstances, and sums of informal payments. We analyzed the results by means of descriptive statistical methods, with special regard to the differences among surgical, internal medical and pediatric fields. We analyzed the results with a view to the new legal regulations. Results: Out of 167 respondents, 93 work in operative field, 54 in internal medical care, and 18 in pediatric care. Besides gratitude, corruption appeared in all the three fields, however, pediatric care was the least touched by corruption. Gifts of a higher value are rare, however, small gifts are common. The respondents received 10 851 HUF (i.e., 36 USD) as informal payment from in-patients after one week, while, occasionally, 5326 HUF (i.e., 18 USD). The sums – similarly to informal payments to physicians – vary from field to field in healthcare. In the surgical field, the sums surpassed the new legal limit. Informal payments are given in private healthcare more rarely than in public healthcare. Informal payments given outside the workplace hardly ever occur. Conclusion: The informal payment with the goal of corruption is present in the sphere of nurses, however, it is not typical. The criminal sanctioning of informal payments to nurses is not compensated by a pay rise similar to that of physicians. The fact that informal payments are substituted by gifts results in loss of revenue in all fields of healthcare, however, this loss is the most salient in the surgical field. The criminal sanctioning is not sufficient to eliminate informal payments in Hungary; further socio-political measures are to be taken with the goal to change the attitude of healthcare workers and patients. Orv Hetil. 2021; 162(41): 1658–1668. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to evaluate that dietary protein levels and culture salinity levels affect the health status of juvenile genetically improved farmed tilapia (GIFT, Oreochromis niloticus). Graded protein levels of six diets were prepared, ranging from 18.20% to 49.49% (dry basis), and were used in cultured GIFT at two salinity levels (0‰ and 8‰) for 8 weeks. The results suggested that appropriate protein levels reduced pro-inflammatory gene expressions in the intestine including interleukin 1β (IL-1β), interleukin 8 (IL-8) and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) mRNA levels at two salinity levels (P < 0.05). 8‰ salinity significantly decreased the expression levels of IL-1β, TNF-α and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) (P < 0.05). The anti-inflammatory factor interleukin 10 (IL-10) was significantly increased by 36.42% protein level (P < 0.05). Regarding antioxidant capacity, appropriate protein levels and 8‰ salinity significantly improved the antioxidant capacity of fish by regulating the activities of intestinal total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and the levels of glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA). Furthermore, appropriate protein levels and 8‰ salinity also significantly enhanced the antioxidant gene expressions associated with the Nrf2/keap1 signaling pathway by regulating the expression levels of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), GPx, catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). According to GPx activities and the mRNA levels of IL-10, the optimum dietary protein levels for GIFT juveniles were 31.12%–32.18% (0‰) and 34.25–35.38% (8‰) based on second-degree polynomial regression analysis. The present study found that appropriate protein levels and 8‰ culture salinity are critical in maintaining the health of GIFT juveniles by improving antioxidant and immune capacity. • Protein deficiency could damage the body's immune capacity and antioxidant capacity. • Compared to 0‰ culture salinity, 8‰ culture salinity could improve antioxidant and immune capacity. • The levels of protein and culture salinity affected antioxidant and immune capacity through the Nrf2 and NF-κB signaling pathway. • The optimum dietary protein levels were 31.12%–32.18% (0‰) and 34.25–35.38% (8‰) based on immunity and antioxidant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]