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This study examined the effects of electrostimulation (ES) strength training at the same time-of-day on the diurnal fluctuations of maximal voluntary isometric contractions (MVIC) and surface electromyography (EMG). 20 male performed 3 MVICs of knee extension coupled with surface EMG before and after 5 weeks of 3 ES training sessions per week. Each ES training session consisted in 45 isometric contractions. The participants were randomly assigned to either a morning (MTG, 07:00-08:00 h) or an evening (ETG, 17:00-18:00 h) training group. Both groups performed the evaluation tests at 07:00 and 17:00 h. Before ES training, MVIC was significantly higher in the evening compared to the morning for all groups, but there was no significant difference between groups for all EMG parameters. After the ES training, the diurnal variations in MVIC were blunted in the MTG and persisted in the ETG. Significant time-of-day effect was noticed for all EMG parameters but there was no group effect. The elimination of the diurnal fluctuations of MVIC and the appearance of EMG variations by training in the morning hours suggest that neural adaptations are the main source of temporal specificity of neuromuscular performance after ES strength training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Endogenous electrically mediated signaling is a key feature of most native tissues, the most notable examples being the nervous and the cardiac systems. Biomedical engineering often aims to harness and drive such activity in vitro, in bioreactors to study cell disease and differentiation, and often in three-dimensional (3D) formats with the help of biomaterials, with most of these approaches adopting scaffold-free self-assembling strategies to create 3D tissues. In essence, this is the casting of gels which self-assemble in response to factors such as temperature or pH and have capacity to harbor cells during this process without imparting toxicity. However, the use of materials that do not self-assemble but can support 3D encapsulation of cells (such as porous scaffolds) warrants consideration given the larger repertoire this would provide in terms of material physicochemical properties and microstructure. In this method and protocol paper, we detail and provide design codes and assembly instructions to cheaply create an electrical pacing bioreactor and a Rig for Stimulation of Sponge-like Scaffolds (R3S). This setup has also been engineered to simultaneously perform live optical imaging of the in vitro models. To showcase a pilot exploration of material physiochemistry (in this aspect material conductivity) and microstructure (isotropy versus anisotropy), we adopt isotropic and anisotropic porous scaffolds composed of collagen or poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene):polystyrenesulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) for their contrasting conductivity properties yet similar in porosity and mechanical integrity. Electric field pacing of mouse C3H10 cells on anisotropic porous scaffolds placed in R3S led to increased metabolic activity and enhanced cell alignment. Furthermore, after 7 days electrical pacing drove C3H10 alignment regardless of material conductivity or anisotropy. This platform and its design, which we have shared, have wide suitability for the study of electrical pacing of cellularized scaffolds in 3D in vitro cultures.

Introduction: Urinary incontinence (UI) is the involuntary loss of urine. It is highly prevalent in women and has a great biopsychosocial impact. Rehabilitation is established as the first-line treatment, although its use has not been protocolized., Objective: To identify which personal risk factors and type of treatment applied are statistically related to patient improvement., Study Design: Retrospective cohort study., Methods: Retrospective cohort study of female patients diagnosed with urinary incontinence who attended the Pelvic Floor Rehabilitation Clinic of the Río Hortega University Hospital, receiving rehabilitation treatment during the year 2021. The minimum follow-up period was 12 weeks. The presence or absence of improvement was evaluated according to seven objective and subjective variables, and improvement was established as positive evolution in at least five of the seven variables., Results: A total of 114 women with urinary incontinence were analyzed. The most frequent types of incontinence were stress (53%) and mixed (36%). The most important risk factors and associated pathology were episiotomy (68%), repeated urinary tract infections (61%), and constipation (40.9%). None of these factors showed a statistically significant relationship with patient improvement. The most used rehabilitative treatment was kinesitherapy+biofeedback (51%) which showed a statistically significant relationship with the improvement of these patients (P=.037) together with biofeedback+posterior tibial nerve electrostimulation (PTNS) (P=.044)., Conclusion: Biofeedback combined with kinesitherapy or PTNS are established as the most effective rehabilitative procedures., (Copyright © 2023 AEU. Published by Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Major advances have been made in the development of new therapies for chronic wounds. Fenzian™, an electrostimulation system ( ES), has been clinically used for a variety of conditions. The ES was recently tested in the Barbadian population for tolerability and acceptability by asthma patients, with encouraging results. Barbados has an estimated 170 people with diabetes having some form of lower-extremity amputation annually. Here, we describe a case series of 21 chronic ulcer patients with diabetes recruited as inpatients ( n = 10) and outpatients ( n = 11) in a pilot study to evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of ES in the Barbadian population. Results showed statistically significant improvement among those in the inpatient- versus outpatient-recruited group for wound perimeter ( P = 0·04), wound surface area ( P = 0·03) and wound volume ( P = 0·08). We also demonstrate that the improvement continued after cessation of ES treatment. Participants reported increased levels of pain at the end of treatment, and there was no statistically significant change in the reported quality of life. Our results showed greater improvements in reduction of ulcer size for participants from the inpatient- versus outpatient-recruited group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wolfgang Kemmler, Simon von StengelInstitute of Medical Physics, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, GermanyBackground: The primary aim of this study was to determine the effect of 12 months of whole-body electromyostimulation (WB-EMS) exercise on appendicular muscle mass and abdominal fat mass in subjects specifically at risk for sarcopenia and abdominal obesity, but unable or unwilling to exercise conventionally.Methods: Forty-six lean, nonsportive (

Aims and Objectives: The main objective of this study was to evaluate the duration of stimulation over the parotid salivary flow following the use of transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation (TENS) in different age groups. Materials and Methods: The study was carried out in three different age groups. Under group A individuals from 21 to 35 years of age, group B 36-50 years and group C above 51 years were considered. In each group 30 subjects were taken of whom 15 were males and 15 were females. The placement of pads was approximated bilaterally over the parotid glands. The working parameters of TENS unit were fixed at 50 Hz and the unit was in normal mode. Results: Subjects belonging to group B were showing statistically significant increases in the duration of stimulated parotid salivary flow following the use of TENS. Conclusion: TENS can be considered as a non-pharmacological alternative to improve salivation for longer period in xerostomia patients.

Saliva plays a critical role in the maintenance of oral and dental health. Saliva is most valuable oral fluid that is taken for granted. Xerostomia is the main clinical effect that interferes with nutrition and use of dentures, deteriorates oral hygiene and predisposes patients to oral candidiasis and dental problems. Treatment of xerostomia has always been a clinical challenge. Although some treatments have been used to improve the symptoms of xerostomia, none is completely satisfactory for the patients who suffer of this alteration. The objective of this review is to present the advances of neuroelectrostimulation for the treatment of xerostomia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mild electrostimulation of earthworms is commonly used for harvesting celomocyte-containing celomic fluid. We have noticed that frequent electrostimulations of worms can lead to the autotomy of posterior segments followed by their regeneration. Our present study aim was to develop an autotomy model in the eco-physiologically contrasting species, Eisenia andrei and Aporrectodea caliginosa, using direct current (DC), pulsating direct current (PDC), or immersion in the noxious anaesthetic MS222. A. caliginosa was clearly more susceptible to autotomy than E. andrei, with both electrostimulation regimes and MS-222 exposure inducing autotomy in the former species but only repeated PDC stimulations inducing segment loss in the latter. The observations lend credence to the hypothesis that autotomy in earthworms is caused by factors impinging upon the nervous system; they also indicate that repeated PDC stimulations could be an effective and reproducible means of facilitating segmental autotomy so that the fundamental cytological and molecular-genetic mechanisms underpinning the tissue loss event and subsequent regeneration can be studied in depth.

Paediatric anaesthesia and paediatric regional anaesthesia are intertwined. Almost all surgeries unless contradicted could be and should be supplemented with a regional block. The main objective of this review is to elaborate on the recent advances of the central neuraxial blocks, such as application of ultrasound guidance and electrical stimulation in the pursuit of safety and an objective end point. This review also takes account of the traditional technique and understand the benefits as well the risk of each as compared with the recent technique. The recent trends in choosing the most appropriate peripheral block for a given surgery thereby sparing the central neuroaxis is considered. A penile block for circumcision or a sciatic block for unilateral foot surgery, rather than caudal epidural would have a better risk benefit equation. Readers will find a special mention on the recent thoughts on continuous epidural analgesia in paediatrics, especially its rise and fall, yet its unique importance. Lastly, the issue of block placements under sedation or general anaesthesia with its implication in this special population is dealt with. We conducted searches in MEDLINE (PubMed) and assessed the relevance of the abstracts of citations identified from literature searches. The search was carried out in English, for last 10 years, with the following key words: Recent advances in paediatric regional anaesthesia; ultrasound guidance for central neuraxial blocks in children; role of electrical stimulation in neuraxial blocks in children; complications in neuraxial block. Full-text articles of potentially relevant abstracts were retrieved for further review.

Xerostomia is the medical term for the subjective complaint of dry mouth due to a lack of saliva. Xerostomia is sometimes colloquially called pasties, cottonmouth, drooth, doughmouth or des (like a desert). Several diseases, treatments and medications can cause xerostomia. It is also common in smokers. Treatment of xerostomia is a common clinical challenge in the oral medicine practice. Although some treatments have been used to improve the symptoms of xerostomia, none is completely satisfactory for the patients who suffer of this alteration. This review is aimed at presenting new developments for the treatment of xerostomia.

The aim of this study was to determine the performance evolution of a group of athletes after 8 weeks of training that combined electrostimulation (NM ES) and plyometrics (PT). 78 medium level sprinter athletes participated, 40 women and 38 men (age, 15.9±1.4 years old, body mass index, 20.5±1.68 kg/m2; weight 58.53±8.05 kg; height, 1.68±0.07 m). The sample was randomized into four groups [Control (PT only), NM ES + PT, PT + NM ES, and Simultaneous (plyometric jumps were performed through the passage of current). Improvements were obtained in the Abalakov jump of 3.57% (p < 0.01), 13.51% (p < 0.001), 1.23% (p < 0.01), and 0.77%, and in the sprint of 0.45%, 3.87% (p < 0.05), 4.56% (p < 0.01) and 7.26% p < 0.001 for the control group, NM ES + PT group, PT + NM ES group, and Simultaneous group, respectively. It was concluded that a) improvement in vertical jump requires the application of the NM ES prior to PT; b) the sprinter athlete must combine the workout simultaneously or apply the ES after the PT training; and c) in sportspeople that require improvement in both the vertical jump and speed tests (e.g. basketball) the simultaneous method is not recommended, the order of application of NM ES and PT being non-determinant. Finally, the time needed to obtain significant improvement in strength training through a combination of NM ES and PT is substantially lower (15 days) than the time needed to improve speed (30 days).

The experimental results show that electrical stimulation has a positive effect on the biochemical changes and technological properties of beef meat. Given the beneficial changes reported in the literature, we used a portable device for electrical stimulation of the beef carcasses that can be used in small size slaughterhouses.

The research goal was to estimate the effectiveness of complex pharmacophysiotherapy of patients with initial glaucoma simplex on the basis of analysis of morphology, visual cortex electrobiological activity and regional blood flow level. 80 patients (149 eyes) aged 60-75 were examined. All of them had an initial glaucoma simplex of II or III stage and normalized intraocular pressure. Depending on the stage of glaucoma there were two groups of patients and each group contained two sub-groups. patients of sub-group A were treated by percutaneous electrostimulation with feedback based on visual evoked biopotentials; and patients of sub-group В were treated by traditional electrostimulation. All patients got complex eye examination before and after the therapeutic course, and in 3 months after it. Method of selection of optimal electrostimulation parameters was worked out for the appropriate retina ganglionary cell effect. Individually selected electrostimulation in combination with nootropics contributes to eye hemodynamics improvement. Addition of magnetotherapy to the complex therapy of patients with eye hemodynamics leads to improvement of functional results. the increase of functional results of complex therapy with magnetotherapy that affects cervical sympathetic ganglia has been determined in patients with eye hemodynamics

The incidence of bradyarrhythmias in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is 0.3% to 18%. It is caused by sinus node dysfunction (SND), high-degree atrioventricular (AV) block, or bundle branch blocks. SND presents as sinus bradycardia or sinus arrest. First-degree AV block occurs in 4% to 13% of patients with ACS and is caused by rhythm disturbances in the atrium, AV node, bundle of His, or the Tawara system. First- or second-degree AV block is seen very frequently within 24 h of the beginning of ACS; these arrhythmias are frequently transient and usually disappear after 72 h. Third-degree AV blocks are also frequently transient in patients with infero-posterior myocardial infarction (MI) and permanent in anterior MI patients. Left anterior fascicular block occurs in 5% of ACS; left posterior fascicular block is observed less frequently (incidence < 0.5%). Complete bundle branch block is present in 10% to 15% of ACS patients; right bundle branch block is more common (2/3) than left bundle branch block (1/3). In patients with bradyarrhythmia, intravenous (IV) atropine (1-3 mg) is helpful in 70% to 80% of ACS patients and will lead to an increased heart rate. The need for pacemaker stimulation (PS) is different in patients with inferior MI (IMI) and anterior MI (AMI). Whereas bradyarrhythmias are frequently transient in patients with IMI and therefore do not need permanent PS, there is usually a need for permanent PS in patients with AMI. In these patients bradyarrhythmias are mainly caused by septal necrosis. In patients with ACS and ventricular arrhythmias (VTA) amiodarone is the drug of choice; this drug is highly effective even in patients with defibrillation-resistant out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. There is general agreement that defibrillation and advanced life support is essential and is the treatment of choice for patients with ventricular flutter/fibrillation. If defibrillation is not available in patients with cardiac arrest due to VTA, cardiopulmonary resuscitation is mandatory.

Mechanism of microbiome assembly and function driven by cathode potential in electro-stimulated microbial reductive dechlorination system remain poorly understood. Here, core microbiome structure, interaction, function and assembly regulating by cathode potential were investigated in a 2,4,6-trichlorophenol bio-dechlorination system. The highest dechlorination rate (24.30 μM/d) was observed under − 0.36 V with phenol as a major end metabolite, while, lower (−0.56 V) or higher (0.04 V or −0.16 V) potentials resulted in 1.3–3.8 times decreased of dechlorination kinetic constant. The lower the cathode potential, the higher the generated CH 4 , revealing cathode participated in hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis. Taxonomic and functional structure of core microbiome significantly shifted within groups of − 0.36 V and − 0.56 V, with dechlorinators (Desulfitobacterium , Dehalobacter), fermenters (norank_f_Propionibacteriaceae , Dysgonomonas) and methanogen (Methanosarcina) highly enriched, and the more positive interactions between functional genera were found. The lowest number of nodes and links and the highest positive correlations were observed among constructed sub-networks classified by function, revealing simplified and strengthened cooperation of functional genera driven by group of − 0.36 V. Cathode potential plays one important driver controlling core microbiome assembly, and the low potentials drove the assembly of major dechlorinating, methanogenic and electro-active genera to be more deterministic, while, the major fermenting genera were mostly governed by stochastic processes. [Display omitted] • Cathode potential regulation lead to the differed dechlorination performance. • Low potential stimulated cathode participated hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis. • Microbiome structure shifted and more positive interactions under low potential. • Simplified and strengthened microbial cooperation by cathode potential assembly. • Group of − 0.36 V drove assembly of major functional genera more deterministic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Two systems with identical components have been prepared for insulin release. • Despite their chemical resemblance, they exhibit very different release profiles. • In one, the release is rapid by diffusion and the rest by external stimulation. • In the other, the release is slow by degradation of the carrier. • The combination of the two system might allow a complete glycemic control. Innovative insulin delivery systems contemplate combining multi-pharmacokinetic profiles for glycemic control. Two device configurations have been designed for the controlled release of insulin using the same chemical compounds. The first insulin delivery system, which displays a rapid release response that, in addition, is enhanced on a short time scale by electrical stimulation, consists on an insulin layer sandwiched between a conducting poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) film and a poly- γ -glutamic acid (γ -PGA) hydrogel. The second system is constituted by γ -PGA hydrogel loaded with insulin and PEDOT nanoparticles by in situ gelation. In this case, the insulin release, which only starts after the degradation of the hydrogel over time (i.e. on a long time scale), is slow and sustained. The combination of an on-demand and fast release profile with a sustained and slow profile, which act on different time scales, would result in a very efficient regulation of diabetes therapy in comparison to current systems, allowing to control both fast and sustained glycemic events. Considering that the two systems developed in this work are based on the same chemical components, future work will be focused on the combination of the two kinetic profiles by re-engineering a unique insulin release device using γ -PGA, PEDOT and insulin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We describe a multi-tasking flexible system that is able to release a wide spectrum antibiotic (levofloxacin, LVX) under electrostimulation and act as a pH sensor for detecting bacterial infections. Combining anodic polymerization with plasma polymerization processes we engineered dual pH- and electro-responsive polymeric systems. Particularly, the manufactured devices consisted on a layer of poly(hydroxymethyl-3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PHEDOT) loaded with the LVX antibiotic and coated with a plasma polymer layer of poly(acrylic acid) (PAA). The PHEDOT acted as conductive and electro-responsive agent, while the PAA provided pH responsiveness, changing from a compact globular conformation in acid environments to an expanded open coil conformation in alkaline environments. The assembly between the PHEDOT layer and the PAA coating affected the electrochemical response of the former, becoming dependent on the pH detected by the latter. The conformational change experienced by the PAA layer as a function of the pH and the redox properties of PHEDOT were leveraged for the electrochemical detection of bacteria growth and for regulating the release of the LVX antibiotic, respectively. The effectiveness of the system as a stimulus-responsive antibiotic carrier and pH sensor was also investigated on strains of Escherichia coli and Streptococcus salivarius. [Display omitted] • A multi-tasking system to detect and fight against bacterial infections is shown. • Layers of electropolymerized PHEDOT and plasma polymerized PAA are coupled. • PAA provides pH responsiveness for detecting bacteria growth. • PHEDOT allows the controlled release of antibiotic by electrostimulation. • The effectiveness of the dual system is proved on different bacteria strains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exogenous electrical stimulation (ES) facilitates skin wound healing and accelerates cell proliferation. Scaffolds fabricated with electrically-conductive materials combined with ES further promote cellular activity. Here, an electrospun membrane made of poly (lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) coated with chitosan (CS) via polydopamine (PDA) serving as a linker was developed and evaluated in vitro for the proliferation and migration of fibroblast cells involved in skin wound repair. PLGA/PDA/CS exhibited multiple optimal characteristics for cell proliferation and dressing materials including good mechanical properties, low cytotoxicity, a super-hydrophilic surface, and an excellent swelling ratio suitable for the absorption of wound exudates. Because of ionic charges, wet PLGA/PDA/CS had an electrical conductivity of 2.85 × 10-3 S/cm, which was comparable to the highest electrical conductivities observed with natural skin. Upon intermittent ES of 100 mV, PLGA/PDA/CS increased fibroblast proliferation 2 and 1.3 times compared to PLGA and PLGA/PDA, respectively. These results demonstrate the potential of PLGA/PDA/CS as a biodegradable polymeric surface for the ES of cells involved in skin wound healing. It also shows that polymers with low electrical conductivity in dry conditions can become suitable for the ES of humid wounds where ionic conductivity is occurring. [Display omitted] • A PLGA/PDA/CS membrane was fabricated for electrostimulating cell proliferation. • PLGA was electrospun and coated with adhesive PDA to anchor CS on its surface. • In humid conditions, PLGA/PDA/CS exhibits a good electrical conductivity. • Compared to PLGA and PLGA/PDA, PLGA/PDA/CS improves fibroblast electrostimulation. • PLGA/PDA/CS also has suitable wettability and swelling ratio for wound dressing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Excess azo dyes are detrimental to natural water systems and human health. To effectively treat dye wastewater, two-dimensional cylindrical electrodes were introduced into traditional biofilm reactor (BR), and thus a novel two-dimensional biofilm electrode reactor (2D-BER) was developed. In the 2D-BER, at low current density from 0.53 ± 0.05 mA m-2 to 12.61 ± 1.24 mA m-2, the electrostimulation increased microbial growth; while at higher current density above 12.61 ± 1.24 mA m-2, the electrostimulation exhibited an inhibition effect to microorganisms. Microbial decolorization in the 2D-BER demanded the participation of co-substrate as carbon source, and the order of decolorization with different co-substrates was glucose > sucrose > starch. An appropriate concentration of glucose improved dye decolorization, but high level of glucose (1 g/L) resulted in a slight decline of decolorization. UV-Vis, FT-IR and GC-MS analysis showed that azo dye was firstly decomposed into various aromatic anilines and then degraded into small molecules. By analyzing the differences in the microbial communities in the 2D-BER and BR, it was found that the electrostimulation prompted the growth and proliferation of electroactive decolorization bacteria, such as Bellilinea , Desulfobulbus , Geobacter and Desulfovibrio , thus leading to high decolorization rate constant of 0.0313 h-1 in the 2D-BER. Considering the excellent decolorization due to the synergism of bioelectrochemistry and microbial catalysis, the electrostimulation technology shows good application prospects in azo dye wastewater treatment. [Display omitted] • Appropriate potential increased microbial biomass and azo dye decolorization. • Bio-decolorization under electrostimulation conformed to first-order kinetics. • Glucose as co-substrate exhibited higher decolorization than other substrates. • The bio-reduction of azo dyes was closely related to H 2 producing pathways. • Electrostimulation promoted both electroactive bacteria and dye reducing bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A doença arterial periférica faz parte de um grupo de patologias vasculares que evolui de forma lenta e progressiva. A proposta deste artigo foi avaliar, por meio de revisão bibliográfica, os possíveis benefícios da eletroestimulação crônica como tratamento coadjuvante para pacientes arteriopatas. De acordo com a literatura analisada, concluímos que a eletroestimulação é capaz de provocar alterações importantes no perfil metabólico das fibras musculares, convertendo-as do tipo II para o tipo I, o que induz o crescimento capilar, a densidade capilar e o suprimento de oxigênio. Desta forma, este recurso terapêutico aumenta a capacidade aeróbica oxidativa e a resistência à fadiga dos músculos isquêmicos. Assim, a eletroestimulação é mais um recurso terapêutico capaz de melhorar a habilidade para caminhar destes pacientes, diminuindo gastos com cirurgias de revascularização e complicações maiores.Peripheral arterial disease is included in a group of vascular diseases whose evolution is slow and progressive. This article aimed at performing a literature review to evaluate the benefits of chronic electrostimulation as adjuvant treatment for arteriopathic patients. Based on the literature, we concluded that electrostimulation can generate important changes in the metabolic profile of muscle fibers, switching them from type II to type I, which leads to capillary increase, capillary density and suppression of oxygen. Therefore, this therapeutic resource increases aerobic oxidative capacity and ischemic muscle resistance to fatigue. Thus, electrostimulation is another therapeutic option able to improve these patients' walking ability, reducing expenses related to revascularization surgeries and major complications.

Srokowski Grzegorz, Piekorz Zuzanna, Siedlaczek Marcin, Kowalik Tomasz, Paduch Daria, Srokowska Anna, Zukow Walery. Wpływ prądów TENS średniej częstotliwości na czynność bioelektyczną mięśni prostowników nadgarstka = The influence of mid-frequency TENS currents on bioelectrical activity of the wrist extensor muscles. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2015;5(9):768-791. ISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.44371 http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/2015%3B5%289%29%3A768-791 https://pbn.nauka.gov.pl/works/688573 Formerly Journal of Health Sciences. ISSN 1429-9623 / 2300-665X. Archives 2011–2014 http://journal.rsw.edu.pl/index.php/JHS/issue/archive Deklaracja. Specyfika i zawartość merytoryczna czasopisma nie ulega zmianie. Zgodnie z informacją MNiSW z dnia 2 czerwca 2014 r., że w roku 2014 nie będzie przeprowadzana ocena czasopism naukowych; czasopismo o zmienionym tytule otrzymuje tyle samo punktów co na wykazie czasopism naukowych z dnia 31 grudnia 2014 r. The journal has had 5 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Poland parametric evaluation. Part B item 1089. (31.12.2014). © The Author (s) 2015; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland and Radom University in Radom, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 25.08.2015. Revised 25.09.2015. Accepted: 30.09.2015. Wpływ prądów TENS średniej częstotliwości na czynność bioelektyczną mięśni prostowników nadgarstka The influence of mid-frequency TENS currents on bioelectrical activity of the wrist extensor muscles Grzegorz Srokowski1, Zuzanna Piekorz1, Marcin Siedlaczek1, Tomasz Kowalik2, Daria Paduch1, Anna Srokowska2, Walery Zukow3 • 1. Katedra Fizjoterapii Zakład Kinezyterapii i Masażu Leczniczego, UMK w Toruniu CM im. L. Rydygiera w Bydgoszczy, ul. Techników 3, 85- 000 Bydgoszcz • 2. Katedra i Zakład Podstaw Kultury Fizycznej, UMK w Toruniu CM im. L. Rydygiera w Bydgoszczy, ul. Świętojańska 20, 85- 077 Bydgoszcz • 3. Wydział Kultury Fizycznej, Zdrowia i Turystyki, Uniwersytet Kazimierza Wielkiego w Bydgoszczy Korespondencja: Grzegorz Srokowski, Katedra Fizjoterapii Zakład Kinezyterapii i Masażu Leczniczego, UMK w Toruniu CM im. L. Rydygiera w Bydgoszczy, ul. Techników 3 85 - 810 Bydgoszcz, g.srokowski@gmail.com Anna Srokowska, Katedra i Zakład Podstaw Kultury Fizycznej, UMK w Toruniu CM im. L. Rydygiera w Bydgoszczy, ul. Świętojańska 20, 85 - 077 Bydgoszcz, a.srokowska@cm.umk.pl Streszczenie Wstęp: W świecie dynamicznego rozwoju techniki i nauki, z których człowiek czerpie wiele korzyści, łatwo jest spotkać na drodze przeszkody, które są zagrożeniem dla naszego zdrowia oraz prawidłowego funkcjonowania. Cel pracy: Istotnym problemem badawczym jest wpływ poszczególnych zabiegów fizykalnych na konkretną grupę mięśniową. Dzięki badaniom za pomocą EMG możemy skutecznie ocenić skutki terapii po zastosowaniu prądów TENS średniej częstotliwości. Celem pracy była analiza z wykorzystaniem EMG, wpływu prądów TENS średniej częstotliwości na czynność bioelektryczną mięśni prostowników nadgarstka. Wyniki badań własnych: Szczegółowe wyniki przeprowadzonych badań przedstawiono w tabelach i zilustrowano wykresami. Materiał i metoda: W badaniach uczestniczyło 19 osób, które nie zgłosiły większych dolegliwości ze strony badanej grupy mięśniowej. W grupie badawczej uczestniczy zarówno kobiety jak i mężczyźni. Głównym narzędziem badawczym, które pozwoliło na analizę badań był pomiar za pomocą EMG, gdzie została oceniona czynność bioelektryczna (rónica potencjałów) mięśni w spoczynku, podczas skurczu koncentrycznego w ruchu zgięcia grzbietowego nadgarstka oraz wykonanie próby maksymalnego skurczu dowolnego MVC. Analiza zapisu EMG mięśnia prostownika promieniowego nadgarstka oraz prostownika łokciowego nadgarstka wykazała spadek częstotliwości wyładowań bioelektrycznych mięśnia pod wpływem działania prądów TENS średniej częstotliwości. Wnioski 1. Analiza zapisu EMG mięśnia prostownika promieniowego nadgarstka oraz prostownika łokciowego nadgarstka wykazała spadek częstotliwości wyładowań bioelektrycznych mięśnia pod wpływem działania prądów TENS średniej częstotliwości. Badanie to pozwala na obiektywne udokumentowani aktywności mięśni zaangażowanych w ruch podczas czynności funkcjonalnych. 2. Kinezjologiczne EMG pozwala na szybką i skuteczną możliwość weryfikacji działania prądów TENS podczas postępowania rehabilitacyjnego, jest skuteczną metodą terapeutyczną. Słowa klucze: elektrostymulacja, TENS, EMG. Abstract Introduction: In the world with dynamic progress in technology and science where human is taking a lot benefits. Its easy to meet on our way obstacles which are dangerous for our health and proper functioning of the body. The aim of the study: Main problem of research is influence invidual physical treatments on specific group of muscles. Because of surveys where we are using EMG we can successfully judge effects of therapy after we used currents TENS with midium frequency. Purpose of my thesis was analysis influence of currents TENS with midium frequency on bioelectric function of muscles rectifiers wrist. Material and methods: In reasearch took part 19 people, which didn't say anything about disorder with tested group of musles. In this group took part women and mans. The main instrument which allowed for analysis researches was survey with help EMG where we valued bioelectric function (potentials difference) not active muscles during concentrix contraction astir tergal flexion of wrist and make test of maximum any contraction - MVC. Analysis of record sEMG muscle rectifier radial of wrist and muscle rectifier cubital of wrist showed decrease in frequency bioelectric dischargers of muscle because of work currents TENS with midium frequency. Results of the study: The detailed results of the study are presented in tables and illustrated on the graphs Conclusions: 1. Analysis of the ECG radial wrist extensor muscle and ulnaris showed a decrease in firing rate of bioelectric muscle under the influence of currents of medium frequency TENS. This study allows for an objective document activity involved in muscle movement during functional activities. 2. Kinesiology EMG allows for quick and effective action possible to verify TENS currents during the rehabilitation procedure, it is an effective therapeutic method. Key words: electrostimulation, TENS, EMG.

Statement of the Problem: Treatment with salivary substitutes and stimulation of salivary flow by either mechanical or pharmacologic methods has side effects and only provides symptomatic relief but no long-lasting results. Purpose: To assess the effectiveness of extraoral transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation (TENS) as a mean of stimulating salivary function in healthy adult subjects; as well as to determine the gender and age-dependent changes in salivary flow rates of unstimulated and stimulated parotid saliva. Materials and Method: Hundred patients were divided into two groups; Group I aged 20-40 and Group II aged ≥ 60 years. The TENS electrode pads were externally placed on the skin overlying the parotid glands. Unstimulated and stimulated parotid saliva was collected for 5 minutes each by using standardized collection techniques. Results: Eighty seven of 100 subjects demonstrated increased salivary flow when stimulated via the TENS unit. Ten experienced no increase and 3 experienced a decrease. The mean unstimulated salivary flow rate was 0.01872 ml/min in Group I and 0.0088 ml/min in Group II. The mean stimulated salivary flow rate was 0.03084 ml/min (SD= 0.01248) in Group I, and 0.01556 ml/min (SD 0.0101) in Group II. After stimulation, the amount of salivary flow increased significantly in both groups (p< 0.001). Statistical comparison of the two groups revealed them to be significantly different (p< 0.001), with Group I producing more saliva. Genderwise, no statistically significant difference was seen among the subjects in Group I (p = 0.148), and those in Group II (p= 0.448). Out of 12 subjects with 0 baseline flows, 7 continued to have no flow. Five subjects observed side effects, although minimal and transient. Conclusion: The TENS unit was effective in increasing parotid gland salivary flow in healthy subjects. There was age-related but no gender-related variability in parotid salivary flow rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a computer model of an urinary bladder detrusor (UBD) smooth muscle cell (SMC), we investigated coupled changes in the membrane potential (MP), partial transmembrane currents, and intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca]), caused by parasympathetic stimulation. The respective data should help to determine the biophysical basis for the choice of parameters of medical rehabilitation electrical stimulation of the UBD. Ionotropic and metabotropic effects of such stimulation having different latency periods (LPs) were simulated by, respectively, an increase in the conductivity of purinoreceptor channels of the sarcolemma and a delayed (by 70 msec) increase in the permeability of calcium channels of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (store) sensitive to inositol triphosphate (IP3), the end-product of a chain of reactions triggered by activation of muscarinic cholinergic receptors. The modeled SMC responded to single stimulation by generation of action potential (AP) close in its parameters to those in the prototype. Application of long series of identical stimuli caused, after a transient interval, forced stationary oscillations of the MP and [Ca]. The magnitudes of the latter decreased, and the mean level increased with shortening of the interstimulus intervals (ISIs). It was found that the stimulation outcome needing prior experimental refining was determined by such parameters of the parasympathetic action as the durations of the purine and muscarinic components and the delay between these components. It has been shown that, during stimulation with ISIs shorter than the above-mentioned delay, the subsiquent stimulus activates P2X channels before expiration of the delay of the IP3-channel activation evoked by the preceding stimulus. This is actually equivalent to shortening of the interval between successive activations of P2X- and IP3-channels. Simple quantitative expressions were obtained for the parameters of stimulation; a given difference in the LPs of purine and muscarinic effects of parasympathetic stimulation allowed us to calculate the ISIs providing more efficient rehabilitation stimulation of the UBD parasympathetic nerves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present paper we highlight the main research stages of the laboratory of plant cell and tissue culture at the Institute of Biology, Bucharest from the moment of its beginning until present. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim To investigate the potential role of a novel electrostimulation device in augmenting the femoral vein venous blood flow following total knee replacement surgery. Material and methods A total of 30 consecutive patients undergoing total knee replacement were allocated to receive either peroneal nerve electrostimulation plus low molecular weight heparin and below-knee compression stockings (Group 1, electrostimulation group, n = 15, mean age: 63.40 ± 5.91 years, male: female ratio 9:6) or low molecular weight heparin and below-knee compression stockings alone (Group 2, control group, n = 15, mean age: 63.86 ± 7.47 years, male: female ratio 8:7). Electrostimulation was performed for 1 h in every 4 h after the operation. Peak blood velocity in the femoral vein was evaluated with Duplex ultrasonongraphy in supine position. Presence of leg edema and calf diameter was also taken into consideration as outcome measures, which were recorded both before surgery and at the time of discharge from hospital. Results Postoperative peak blood flow velocity in the femoral vein was significantly higher in electrostimulation group compared to control group (17.46 ± 2.86 cm/s vs. 13.84 ± 3.58 cm/s, p < 0.02). Electrostimulation group achieved a significant increase in peak blood flow velocity in the femoral vein after the operation (mean increase 67.48 ± 17.38%, p < 0.001). Conclusion Electrostimulation of the common peroneal nerve enhanced venous flow in the lower limb and may potentially be of use as a supplementary technique in deep venous prophylaxis following lower limb orthopedic operations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electric field is known as an important regulator to guide the development and regeneration of many tissues. The aim of this study was to investigate the osteogenic differentiation potential of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) cultivated on silk-fibroin films in response to different parameters, i.e. frequency, voltage, distance between electrodes, and/or culture conditions (growth medium or osteogenic medium). Silk films were prepared in the presence of platinum wires to study the impact of exogenous electrostimulation on the cells for up to 14 days. The experimental groups can be defined as high voltage in osteogenic differentiation medium, low voltage in osteogenic differentiation medium, and low voltage in growth medium in this study. Compared to the unstimulated controls (silk films without platinum wires), low voltage (10 mV) did not influence proliferation, while it enhanced osteogenic differentiation according to early and late osteogenic markers in osteogenic differentiation medium. In growth medium, low voltage increased cell proliferation in contrast to osteogenic medium. On the other hand, high voltage (500 mV) stimulated cell proliferation and only late osteogenic markers in osteogenic medium. The results suggest the potential to exploit exogenous biophysical control of cell functions towards tissue-specific goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives To investigate the effect of 4-chloro-7-trifluoromethyl-10 H-benzo[4,5]furo[3,2-b]indole-1-carboxylic acid, a new benzofuroindole derivative, on the intraurethral pressure in a rat model of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Methods Benign prostatic hyperplasia was induced by testosterone and 17β-estradiol, which were administered intramuscularly once a day for 12 weeks. The effects of 4-chloro-7-trifluoromethyl-10 H-benzo[4,5]furo[3,2-b]indole-1-carboxylic acid and tamsulosin on the intraurethral pressure induced by the electrostimulation of hypogastric nerves after a single intravenous injection of 4-chloro-7-trifluoromethyl-10 H-benzo[4,5]furo[3,2-b]indole-1-carboxylic acid (10 mg/kg) or tamsulosin (10 μg/kg) were evaluated in a benign prostatic hyperplasia model. The electrostimulation-induced intraurethral pressure was measured just before and after the injection of 4-chloro-7-trifluoromethyl-10 H-benzo[4,5]furo[3,2-b]indole-1-carboxylic acid. Bodyweight and genitourinary organ weights were recorded, and serums and tissues were subjected to hormone assays and histopathology. In addition, the expression of α1-adrenoceptors in the prostate was measured by western blotting. Results The benign prostatic hyperplasia groups showed increased prostatic index, increased concentrations of testosterone, free testosterone and estradiol in serum, and increased epithelial thickness of the prostate. An injection of 4-chloro-7-trifluoromethyl-10 H-benzo[4,5]furo[3,2-b]indole-1-carboxylic acid or tamsulosin significantly inhibited the elevation of electrostimulation-induced intraurethral pressure. In addition, 4-chloro-7-trifluoromethyl-10 H-benzo[4,5]furo[3,2-b]indole-1-carboxylic acid did not cause a significant change in the blood pressure compared with tamsulosin. While the benign prostatic hyperplasia group showed increased the expression of α1-adrenoceptors, the 4-chloro-7-trifluoromethyl-10 H-benzo[4,5]furo[3,2-b]indole-1-carboxylic acid or tamsulosin injection into a rat model of benign prostatic hyperplasia decreased the expression of α1-adrenoceptors. Conclusions These findings show that 4-chloro-7-trifluoromethyl-10 H-benzo[4,5]furo[3,2-b]indole-1-carboxylic acid might be beneficial for lowering the intraurethral pressure associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia, and it could represent a therapeutic option for benign prostatic hyperplasia patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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