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This article contrasts whether the sectors with a GDP close to the average contribute more to the economic system through their employment multipliers and/or dispersion effects than those with a higher GDP. To achieve this, an 11-year horizon (2008-2018) and the 11 main centers of Chile's macro territories [Norte Chico (6) and Patagonia (5)] are used as a reference. The input-output matrices are used as source of information from which the variables GDP, employment multiplier and dispersion coefficients are obtained, the latter understood as those that allow quantifying the scope of the repercussions of an economic activity, by means of its direct and/or indirect effects. The results allow us to conclude that economic activities with a GDP close to the average, such as that of the education sector, show diffused effects that support the idea of facilitating development through changes in their production versus others that, with high GDPs, show concentrated effects that therefore limit their contribution in terms of interaction. These results will contribute to the establishment of economic development policies according to the particularities of each territory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this article is to compare and contrast the ideas of Friedrich von Hayek and Joseph Alois Schumpeter, who both adopted an indeterminist approach in their economic analyses, through a discussion of their relative strengths and weaknesses. The analysis makes extensive references the ideas of Karl Popper and Roy Bhaskar because of their profound impact on philosophical as well as economic thought. The article examines the indeterminism that marks the theories of Hayek and Schumpeter from an ontological and epistemological standpoint. More specifically, it addresses Popper and Hayek on the side of epistemological indeterminism as they theorized indeterminacy on the basis of the uncertainty of the future, and temporality in general, as well as the everchanging and always incomplete nature of knowledge, whereas it analyzes Bhaskar and Schumpeter as ontological indeterminists who saw indeterminacy as resulting from the nature of economic and social systems. The article's conclusion is that epistemological approaches to the study of indeterminacy are bound to remain within a static framework and that an ontological reasoning is needed for a transition to a dynamic framework. In other words, the reasons lying behind discontinuity in economic systems can be found only within the inherent characteristics of those systems. Therefore, any economic analysis should start with a careful assessment of the social reality's nature, because faulty assumptions about it will inevitably lead to disconnect between theory and practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Jangwa Pana is the property of Revista Jangwa Pana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Subjective assessments from various relevant factors to the level of North Macedonia's achievements in the path of European integration are often contradictory and partial for a general conclusion. The analysis of this research lies on this context, which aims to provide answers to the country's achievements towards European integration through analyses and generalizations of the results from the official reports of the European Commission as well as through concrete data about the country's achievements (statistical entities and V-Dem Varieties of democracy) for the development of the political, economic and social system as a whole during the years 2010-2023. The results show that North Macedonia consumes concrete benefits from European funds and associations, but the progress in the country is insignificant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is about Scandinavia—mainly Sweden's—integration into and role within global capitalism. I focus on Sweden because it is the most important in economic terms; and "the Swedish model" is the ideal type of capitalist welfare state and social democracy there is most advanced. It covers the period from colonialism to present-day global commodity chains. It also describes the impact of imperialism on the working class in this process. Finally, it takes up Scandinavia's current role in the imperialist system. The Scandinavian country's economic and political systems cannot be understood without this long and global perspective. The development of global capitalism has significantly influenced the national contradictions that have come to define the "Scandinavian model." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the importance of innovations as a factor for economic growth and competitiveness, ensuring their sustainable development is a universal task for the country. The most intense race for innovation is observed among countries striving for global dominance. This article is dedicated to the study of the specific features of innovation development in the United States, where innovative potential has become one of the cornerstones of their economic strategy and a key driver of their success. The United States has significant distinctions from other countries in terms of culture, institutions, economic organizations, economic regulation, etc., which together create the basic conditions for innovation and require consideration. The focus on innovation development in the United States is driven by intensified competition with other global players, particularly from China. The main goal of the research is to summarize and characterize the systemic features of innovation development in the United States, as well as to identify the key factors intensifying innovation productivity in the country. The study of the systemic features of innovation development in the United States covered the analysis of 1) civilizational factors; 2) institutional system; 3) economic system; 4) innovation system; 5) state innovation policy. The main factors intensifying innovation productivity in the United States were identified as the combination of entrepreneurial and large-scale capitalism, venture capital investment, and territorial agglomerations of innovative structures. The need to consider the peculiarities of innovation generation in the military sector, universities, and non-profit organizations has been justified. The strength of the United States innovation system has been statistically demonstrated, however, the increasing competition in science and innovation from China has been confirmed. This has led to the intensification and change in the type of state innovation policy in the United States, with a focus on targeted support for innovation in industry in the context of the green transition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Entorno Geográfico is the property of Universidad del Valle and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article explores the challenges Japan faces in maintaining a population of 100 million. It discusses the declining birth rates and aging population, attributing these trends to factors such as a decline in marriage rates, economic uncertainty, and a rigid work culture. The article emphasizes the impact of the population decline on economic development, fiscal burden, and national security, and suggests the need for technological innovation, social systems that engage seniors, and strengthening alliances to address these challenges. It also discusses policies and changes in Japan aimed at addressing educational disparities, gender norms, workforce participation, and the integration of foreign workers. The article highlights the challenges of attracting and integrating skilled foreign professionals, and suggests the need for policies that support families, improve the work environment, and provide language lessons. It also discusses strategies to minimize Japan's security risk, deepen regional economic security cooperation, and consider international relationships outside of Asia. The article references policies from other countries, such as France, the UK, Sweden, and Singapore, that address low birth rates and aging populations, and emphasizes the need for Japan to implement similar measures. [Extracted from the article]

Indonesia, with the world's largest Muslim population, sees the application of Sharia values in economic behavior as imperative. Sharia principles are increasingly extending to non-financial services beyond the traditional domains of banking and financial institutions. The Sharia economic supervision system includes the DSN-MUI, a regulatory construct. However, a critical issue arises due to legal loopholes, notably the non-state status of DSN-MUI established by the Indonesian Ulema Council. This research addresses the legal policy direction concerning Sharia economic supervision in Indonesia, specifically examining its connection to DSN-MUI. The investigation aims to understand why these legal policies result in an uneven implementation of the Sharia financial supervision system. Employing qualitative research methods, document searches were conducted, and the findings were presented descriptively for inductive analysis. The research reveals that legal policies concerning Sharia economic supervision require strengthening DSN-MUI's position in overseeing Sharia economic practices. The imbalance in the Sharia financial supervision system is attributed to a dual monetary system adopted by state administrators, contradicting Article 31 Paragraph (1) of the 1945 Constitution, which advocates for a family-based financial system. This misalignment of Sharia economics in the national economic framework renders the construction of a Sharia economic supervision system by DSN-MUI nonimperative, non-integrative, and incomplete. Consequently, this may impede the growth of Sharia economics in Indonesia. Efforts should be made to rectify legal policies and institutional structures to ensure a more cohesive and supportive environment for Sharia economic practices to flourish in the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The economics of renewable energy sources are very important factors to encourage its use in the short and long run. The most important economic factor is associated with the initial investment cost of renewable energy systems. Despite their significance, operational costs do not primarily drive the decision to adopt specific renewable energy systems. The objective of this review is to investigate the economics of renewable energy systems in the agricultural sector concerning the initiative investment cost, the operational cost, and the economic returns of these systems. The results showed that the initiative investment cost in the solar energy systems was the cheapest compared to the systems. This fact contributed to the high distribution of these systems in agricultural activities. The operational cost of the other systems including the wind, geothermal, and bioenergy systems were lower than the solar energy system, but still, their use in agricultural activities was for specific purposes. The economic returns of various renewable energy systems depend on their intended use and the nature of agricultural activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Crítica de Relaciones de Trabajo, Laborum is the property of Ediciones Laborum S.L. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Quality of life is a historical product of cultural, social, economic and political systems and it cannot be explained separately from the above structures. Therefore, the concept of quality of life is a composite variable and its status depends on the level of development of societies. The Qajar era is the age of conflict over tradition and modernity. Confrontation with the new world and the West has had a significant impact on the intellectual and cultural developments of Iranian society in this period. In the meantime, the press, considering its long history in Iran as a written legacy left by the predecessors, is one of the valuable sources of information for understanding the cultural, political, social and economic situation of the Iranian society. Therefore, in this research, an attempt has been made to understand the prevailing atmosphere of popular thoughts in the Qajar period and to examine the press sources published at that time, most of these sources are available in the Astan Quds Razavi press archive, and to consider the components of the quality of life, the condition of the people Khorasan should be investigated by content analysis method. The findings of the research showed that the components of security and access to services have the highest frequency and the variables of transportation and housing have the lowest values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Transformations in Business & Economics is the property of Vilnius University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The macroeconomic mode of economic growth, the backward-pyramidal evolution from the capitalist structure, the emergence of the free enterprise, and the corporate form of business organizations in our system of free markets are all examined in this research. This study aims to provide insight into the particularities of the many aspects of the governance process. This study focuses on privately held businesses that are publicly held by shareholders or social part owners. It also examines the state-corporate relationship and its effects on geo-social, political, and economic spheres. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper highlights the key features of the Christian and Islamic Economic systems and encourages Christians and Muslims to work together to develop not only a system of Christian Economics, but also a pan-Abrahamic system of economics called Holy Book Finance. The paper outlines various methods of inter-faith collaboration to make this vision a reality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change and its effects are one of the main concerns of both administrations and citizens in many countries. One of the most important causes of climate change is greenhouse gas emissions, especially CO2, and its reduction is a target for governments around the world. In this sense, the article aims to measure the regional imbalances in CO2 emissions, through the use of a spatial shift-share analysis of the variable intensity of emissions. This methodology will be applied to the regional emissions of Chile for the year 2014, which will be obtained from the application of a multi-regional input–output model. The results of the paper have been structured in two parts: firstly, regional imported and exported emissions have been estimated, from which the responsibilities of the producer and the consumer were determined. Secondly, the Shift Share analysis has been applied to determine regional imbalances in emissions. Large imbalances have been found in the distribution of the intensity of emissions at a regional level. These imbalances may be due to differences in regional economic and production systems, which are manifested through the components that represent the sectoral structure, the localization economies and the regional effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the economic ideas of Miguel de Cervantes and Juan de Mariana during the economic crisis in 17th-century Spain. Cervantes, the author of "Don Quixote," and Mariana, a theologian and thinker, both experienced the economic decline of the period. The article highlights their different backgrounds and experiences, as well as their shared concerns about the monetary crisis and inflation in Spain. It also mentions Mariana's controversial book on royal institutions, which was burned in Paris for its defense of tyrannicide. The article concludes by discussing the distinction between silver inflation and billon inflation, and the impact of monetary policy on Spain's economic crises. While their ideas may not align with modern economic views, they provide valuable insights into the challenges faced by society at that time, many of which are still relevant today. [Extracted from the article]

This paper explores the economic system of the Achaemenid Empire in southern Phoenicia through the study of transport wine amphorae, as well as other ceramic vessels, to show that local trade was primarily conducted in an open, free economic system, with minimum intervention of the empire. Furthermore, structures previously unearthed along the coast and defined as fortresses used to monitor trade, are reconsidered in light of their plan, function and date. It was found that the Persian regime focused on taxation and periodic inspection, attesting that the imported Greek wine transported in amphorae flowed freely into the beakers and goblets of the population of southern Phoenicia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Millars: Espai i Història is the property of Millars: Espai i Historia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Covid-19 pandemic has wrought significant challenges on both national and regional economic systems, resulting in an exacerbation of poverty and a deceleration of economic growth. These repercussions have led to increased social tensions and discontent. Tuscany a key player in the Italian and European economies, warrants scrutiny concerning its economic structure post-pandemic, particularly in relation to the role played by industry districts and the ways for it to get out of the crisis and get back on track. This paper undertakes an analysis of the strengths and weaknesses of the Tuscan economy, with a focus on EMAS-APO industry districts. It examines the region's standing in terms of national and European ERCI competitiveness, placing it at an average level. Additionally, the region ranks in the third decile of the DESI digitalization, indicating a commendable technological dynamism. An equally satisfying spending power in R&D, in percentage of GDP higher than the national one, and ranking 6th in the regions' rank, is flanked by a particularly vigorous innovation capacity of the production sector. Employing a symmetric branch-by-branch SAM 2019 analysis, derived from a sector-by-product 2014 SAM constructed by IRPET, serves as the foundational step in understanding the interventions and investments necessary for resuming growth. While affirming Tuscany's competitiveness, digitalization and technological dynamism, the analysis underscores the pivotal role of manufacturing. Notably, the textile, fashion and leather sectors hold significant weight, along with the slightly less impactful paper and pharmaceutical sectors, and the noteworthy role of tourism. The region emerges as innovative, competitive and export-oriented, albeit with certain sectors grappling with environmental challenges. The IMM based analysis reveals a satisfactory average integration degree of the production system, suggesting that, for an effective, robust and sustainable post-Covid recovery and economic resurgence, focused investments and demand stimulus policy should be directed towards the textile, fashion and leather industries. Additionally, there is a strong indication to channel investments into pharmaceuticals and health care, and on transportation (especially freight transportation), as well as wholesale and retail trade. While weaker, there is a notable suggestion to invest in metallurgy, computer hardware, tourism and paper industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drug production and trafficking, and the related development of criminal groups, are among the most serious problems of the modern world. Issues related to the drug business appear when the institutions and the economic and social systems of the state disintegrate. An example of this is Afghanistan, which has recently become the world's largest producer of opiates. The growing production of opiates has had negative consequences for Afghan society, causing various social problems, and for the international community, strengthening organized criminal groups involved in drug trafficking around the world. The aim of this study is to look for the most important factors causing the rapid increase in opiate cultivation in Afghanistan, and to assess how the Taliban's return to power will affect the drug business. The study was carried out through an analysis of available scientific literature, including statistical studies, as well as various compilation documents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cascading risks that can spread through complex systems have recently gained attention. As it is crucial for decision‐makers to put figures on such risks and their interactions, models that explicitly capture such interactions in a realistic manner are needed. Climate related hazards often cascade through different systems, from physical to economic and social systems, causing direct but also indirect risks and losses. Despite their growing importance in the light of ongoing climate change and increasing global connections, such indirect risks are not well understood. Applying two fundamentally different economic models—a computable general equilibrium model and an agent‐based model—we reveal indirect risks of flood events. The models are fed with sector‐specific capital stock damages, which constitutes a major methodological improvement. We apply these models for Austria, a highly flood exposed country with strong economic linkages. A key finding is that flood damages pose very different indirect risks to different sectors and household groups (distributional effects) in the short and long‐term. Our results imply that risk management should focus on specific societal subgroups and sectors. We provide a simple metric for indirect risk, showing how direct and indirect losses are related. This can provide new ways forward in risk management, for example, focusing on interconnectedness of sectors and agents within different risk‐layers of indirect risk. Although we offer highly relevant leverage points for indirect risk management in Austria, the methodology of analyzing indirect risks can be transferred to other regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on a system analysis of the facility as a complex production and economic system, a multi-level hierarchical structure of an integrated management system for the main production of a cotton processing enterprise has been developed as the main task of corporate management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The object of the research is a holistic economic evaluation system of R&D results under the circular economy conditions. The system is based on the example of an innovative product – a three-wheeled electric scooter for disabled people, developed by specialists of the Lviv Polytechnic National University (Ukraine). For this purpose, the prospects and problems of the market of the analyzed product in the context of circular economy development are studied and its market place is determined. The price indicators of the R&D result are substantiated based on the aggregation of cost, competitive and income methodological components of the holistic evaluation system, taking into account the provisions of the circular economy. Financial indicators of the project for implementing the R&D result based on the proposed holistic evaluation system are formed. The applied value of the developed holistic evaluation system is to provide the evaluator (developer, consumer, investor) with a range of price indicator values, among which one can choose the necessary, based on contractual conditions, market changes, etc. Unlike the existing methodological developments in the field of pricing for R&D results, the proposed holistic system makes it possible to aggregate the current evaluation approaches. Such aggregation is based on determining and choosing the optimum product price from a set of possible (suitable for the corresponding product, market, business, etc.). The system provides comprehensive economic evaluation, creates the basis for developing flexible management solutions and effective forecasting under the circular economy conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy, a basic input to the economic system, plays a pivotal function in development; at the same time, it raises concerns and hurdles to global economies as a result of negative externalities associated with its usage. Economies set various measures to limit these negative externalities and encourage citizens toward renewable energy utilization. Considering a panel of high-income economies over the period of 1990–2020, we empirically examine whether energy-related tax policies (ENT) are helpful to tackle the issue of energy-related greenhouse gas emissions (ENGHGs). Furthermore, we also investigate the role of digitalization (DIG) and financial risk (FINR) for its possible impact on ENGHGs. The advanced econometric techniques include diagnostic tests, Method of Moment Quantile Regression (MMQR), for robustness validation quantile regression, and finally Dumitrescu and Hurlin panel causality check. The findings reveal that ENT policies of selected economies are not helpful to limit ENGHGs in 25th and 50th quantiles effectively. Nevertheless, due to the progressive rise in ENT in the 75th and 90th quantiles, ENT significantly helps to smoothen the path towards a sustainable future. Furthermore, GDP increases, while improvement in FINR decreases ENGHGs. As the selected economies are developed and high-income, it is suggested that a progressive rise in ENT may further limit the issue of ENGHGs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What factors have played a role in Iran's struggle against this epidemic? This article is the second part of research that has been conducted to analyze the factors affecting Iran's battle against this epidemic. The study has been done in two stages, qualitatively and quantitatively. The four final factors (five factors presented in the first part) will be analyzed as follows: "Iranian-Islamic culture of citizens," "comprehensive media support for the fight against COVID-19", "Iran's information technology capacities," "unique features of Iran's economic system. The implications of these factors for crisis governance and public administration for other countries can be instructive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China is making great efforts to build an ecological civilization. To reveal the effectiveness and spatial characteristics of the ecological civilization development in China, we constructed an Ecological Civilization Evaluation Index (ECI) based on the economic-social-natural complex system. We evaluated the development level of the ecological civilization in China from 2004 to 2020 and discussed the coupling and coordination relationship between subsystems. We found that the ecological civilization of China has achieved remarkable results. The relationship among the three subsystems has been improved to some extent, but the high-quality development of the economic system still requires effort. The development level of the ecological civilization in China presents spatial heterogeneity. From east to west, 30 provinces can be classified into four different types of development. On the whole, the development of China's ecological civilization has provided experiences for the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current economic system it's characterized by the globalization and the search for the better conditions to locate the production process, this research propose a model for the study of the economic development and the business environment in the economies of the transpacific region based on the factorial correspondences analysis to create an index intended to measure the competitiveness and the efficiency, measuring aspects related with intellectual property, foreign direct investment, government efficiency, foreign trade, government spending and economic development. The results shows that there is not a direct relationship between the economic growth and the business environment for the transpacific region, the highest levels of competitiveness and efficiency are showed by the United States, China, Canada and Japan, in contrast South Korea and Chile present average results and lower results for Malaysia, Indonesia, Mexico, Colombia, Philippines and Peru. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, I examine Frankenstein and A Christmas Carol to depict pathological male grief and its relation to larger cultural and economic systems. The lenses brought to this endeavor are pastoral and psychoanalytic. By pastoral, I mean, generally speaking, the ways faith and care are manifested in relationships and are, therefore, integral to the reality of grief and mourning. More specifically, male pathological grief reflects distortions of both care and faith. In terms of a psychoanalytic lens, I rely on depictions of psychological defenses, unconscious motivations, and an altered version of Christopher Bollas's notion of transformational objects to depict and understand the psychopathology of Victor Frankenstein's and Ebenezer Scrooge's grief. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Combined Heat and Power Units Economic Dispatch (CHPUED) is a challenging non-convex optimization challenge in the power system that aims at decreasing the production cost by scheduling the heat and power generation outputs to dedicated units. In this article, a Kepler optimization algorithm (KOA) is designed and employed to handle the CHPUED issue under valve points impacts in large-scale systems. The proposed KOA is used to forecast the position and motion of planets at any given time based on Kepler's principles of planetary motion. The large 48-unit, 96-unit, and 192-unit systems are considered in this study to manifest the superiority of the developed KOA, which reduces the fuel costs to 116,650.0870 USD/h, 234,285.2584 USD/h, and 487,145.2000 USD/h, respectively. Moreover, the dwarf mongoose optimization algorithm (DMOA), the energy valley optimizer (EVO), gray wolf optimization (GWO), and particle swarm optimization (PSO) are studied in this article in a comparative manner with the KOA when considering the 192-unit test system. For this large-scale system, the presented KOA successfully achieves improvements of 19.43%, 17.49%, 39.19%, and 62.83% compared to the DMOA, the EVO, GWO, and PSO, respectively. Furthermore, a feasibility study is conducted for the 192-unit test system, which demonstrates the superiority and robustness of the proposed KOA in obtaining all operating points between the boundaries without any violations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses a shift in scholarly focus from the traditional query about state revenues in early medieval Iberia to exploring local economic dynamics and how individuals shaped broader economic systems. It delves into questions about how people managed their economy, the reasons behind economic decisions, and the relationships between local communities and the state.

The purpose of the article is to create a concise nonlinear mathematical model for analyzing the growth of fixed assets in a specific industry. The emergence of chaotic behaviour in economic systems was explored, focusing on fluctuations. The study employed methods such as systems analysis, correlation analysis, nonlinear dynamics, and differential equations. It was identified that sharp technological innovations as the primary drivers of short-term fluctuations impacting fixed asset development. The resulting nonlinear dynamic model allowed for flexible operation, transitioning between equilibrium, periodic, and chaotic states based on coefficient values for asset growth rates and time constants reflecting economic system dynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article critically examines the jurisprudential line developed in recent times by the civil chamber of the Chilean Supreme Court regarding the exclusion of credit with state guarantee for the financing of higher education studies of the bankruptcy liquidation procedure. After identifying the conditions of application of the specialty criterion and the principles that inform the bankruptcy proceedings, it is explained why, contrary to what the room maintains, the mechanisms contemplated in title V of Law No. 20.027 are not really special in view of the bankruptcy liquidation procedure regulated by Law No. 20.720. In general, it is maintained that not all regulations associated with general or special hypotheses of insolvency are part of bankruptcy law. To the extent that the regulation does not refer to a collective process, with bodies that tend to increase the recovery rate of creditors and/or safeguard the credit system and economic public order, the regulation is not part of bankruptcy law. In this understanding, it is concluded that the mechanisms contemplated by Law No. 20.027 are not part of bankruptcy law, since all of them are nothing more than means of individual protection, even when they are associated with a hypothesis of insolvency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The high input feeding system has been found most efficient in fodder-scarce areas of Pakistan. However, the economic worth of the system is questionable due to the high feed conversion ratio (FCR) of the goats. The current study was planned to improve the Beetal male kid's performance using a compensatory growth tool. A total of twelve male Beetal kids with an average weight of 20±2 kg and approximately 6 months old were randomly selected and kept for 85 days including 15 days of an adjustment period. There were two phases of the experiment. During the restriction phase; the animals were divided into three groups i.e. T1=feeding @2% of body weight (BW), T2=feeding @3% of BW, and T3=feeding @4% of BW. In the re-alimentation phase; all the animals were fed ad-libitum. The animals were kept in individual pens and were offered total mixed pelleted ration by following NRC recommended feeding standards. All the animals had free access to fresh and clean water. They were kept under the same husbandry practices. The results showed that ADG was highest (P<0.001) in T3 (887 g/d) followed by T2 and T2 due to higher intake during restriction phase. However, this was reversed in re-alimentation phase where the ADG was highest (P<0.001) in T1 (153 g/d) followed by T2 (112.10 g/d) and T3 (100.08 g/d) mainly due to compensatory growth phenomena. The ADFI data also support the ADG trend as it was higher in the groups showing higher gains. This trend was also followed by body measurements. The FCR was significantly (P=0.014) lower (6.83) in the T1 group during the re-alimentation period followed by T2 and T3. Total feed cost was also significantly (P<0.05) lower in T1 (Rs. 1938). Serum glucose was also higher (P=0.04) in group T1 (63.11 mg/dl) and least in T3 (55.97 mg/dl). This is also confirming the physiological modification in feed restricted animals that are responsible for compensatory growth. It is concluded that the growth performance of Beetal male kids can be improved by giving them restricted feeding @2% BW followed by re-alimentation which also improves the feed efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper was written as the keynote address for the Annual Study Day of the Irish Group Analytic Society in November 2021. Writing it gave me an opportunity to gather my thoughts about not only the deep fear and constraint I had lived with personally over the previous 18 months, but also challenged me to rethink the social consequences of the inequalities that are built into our world. I start from a position that assumes that the political and economic context in which we live influences not only our thinking and emotional life, but also our practice. As Foulkes explained many times, and he had life experiences to confirm this theory, 'the individual is social to the core' (1948). This means that I see a dialectical association between the external world in which I live and my internal sense-making psychic world. I notice that this link often gets missed. I suggest that what we might be taking through the portal of the pandemic will depend on our economic system, its connection to political structures, and how these contextual often 'out-of-sight' forces impact our lives concretely and psychically while framing our capacity to think about the situation we find ourselves in. Even though it is difficult to know what the long-term effects might be, I have found exploring these dilemmas in the social context of an on-going Larger Group gives me a form of comfort that enables me to expand my thinking and remain conscious in the face of unrelenting and frightening socio-political change. I understand the Larger Group as a place where it is possible to witness these social and political forces as they manifest themselves in the group and to explore how they connect to those that arise from my family recognizing that it is not a large Small Group but, from de Maré's perspective, operates as an as-if society that generates different meanings. As de Maré often said,'It is important to talk'. I have learned that talking with others in these settings, helps me to break through into new language to escribe my experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper argues for reforming the rules governing the control of remedial clauses in (Commonwealth) common law jurisdictions. In simple terms, this paper argues that remedial terms should not be seen, as some would have it, as creating a debt or ironclad obligation on the promisor. Instead, such clauses should be treated as a security against default, which is adjustable according to circumstances prevailing at the time of breach or enforcement. This argument is based on two socioeconomic levers--radical uncertainty and (the imperative to curb) over-indebtedness. Based on the first lever, a case is made for applying hindsight in enforcing remedial provisions. The second lever aims to demonstrate the fragility of economic systems and that widespread indebtedness, coupled with the strict enforcement of remedial clauses, can weaken promisor firms' resilience in a climate of economic contraction or recession. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Systematically understanding the theoretical implications of the planetary boundaries (PB) framework and expanding its application in the theoretical system of sustainable development is strategic for tracking the frontiers of international sustainable development research and extending the paths of China's sustainable development practice. Based on the implications and characteristics of the planetary boundaries framework, this study explores its value contribution in the field of sustainable development research from three aspects: thinking paradigm, evaluation methodology, and global governance. This framework deepens the understanding of the shift of the relationships between economy, society, and the environment from a growth model to an inclusive one through the quantifica-tion of the ' safe operating space' for human activities, exhibiting the characteristic of ' strong constraints.' The integration of quantifi-able boundaries with environmental sustainability assessment methods such as life cycle assessment, footprint family, and input-output analysis further develops the toolkits for sustainable development assessment. Moreover, the integration and application of the framework with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) system enhances the global influence of this theory. The concept of ecological civilization is a new paradigm and manifestation based on the crystallization of local experience, containing solid theoretical and practical foundations. It is an important point of departure for the localization of the PB framework and practice to dialectically understand its logical relationship with the idea of ecological civilization from the concepts, such as only one earth and rational growth, and the differences in the logical action. Based on these, the study puts forward new thoughts to further promote the implementation of China's sustainable development strategy. With the help of the PB framework, we can explore the modernization direction of the harmo-nious coexistence of human beings and nature, improve the basic cognition of this coexistence, and deepen its beneficial collision with China's environmental governance capabilities and modernization of governance system. Multi-dimensional explorations, such as expanding the research scale of SDGs-PB, heterogeneity adjustments, and strengthening data support, are conducive to promoting the organic integration of the PB framework with China's SDGs. We can give full play to the function of this framework as a methodological tool to support the realization of China's 'dual carbon' goals, focusing on the boundary constraints in the economic system of green, low-carbon, and recycling development and the setting of thresholds in the tasks of achieving the ' dual carbon' goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most studies of the frequency of reswitching and reverse capital deepening were based on two or three sector models and came to the conclusion that these phenomena are rare. Here it is shown that the probability of isolated reswitching tends to zero in large economic systems. The assumptions of the new mathematical theorems proposed are supported by an empirical enquiry. The randomness of input–output systems can help to explain the result, but is not essential. If the number of switch-points tends to infinity in large systems, it is not certain that even one represents a case of reverse capital deepening. The focus of the critique of capital will have to change. • The controversy on the frequency of reswitching takes a new turn after 60 years. • It is shown that the probability of reswitching approaches zero in large models. • Conditions for quasi-linear wage curves have been generalised (Appendix). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This Article explores the concept of “extrinsic value” for stocks. While classic finance theory holds that demand for a firm’s stock is perfectly elastic, this view of the stock market is increasingly false. The modern stock market is much more like other markets than purists might think, subject to the vagaries and whims of demand. Under this Article’s proposed framework, extrinsic value—in essence, a demand premium—is a key component of a new “value triad.” In this triad, stock derives value from three distinct sources: extrinsic value (demand-driven factors), intrinsic value (firm fundamentals), and control. This Article provides an initial exploration of extrinsic value and its implications for stock market pricing. Once extrinsic value is acknowledged, numerous puzzling market anomalies suddenly make sense. Meme stocks, multiplier effects, index premia, the emergence of ESG as a distinct asset class, and investor “perks” of trivial value all fit uneasily within the orthodox paradigm but are easily explained in a world of demand-driven prices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cascading crises of the novel coronavirus pandemic era are seen, by some observers, as the constitutive components of a broad "polycrisis." It is a useful term, but, as some have pointed out, while it registers the fact of coinciding crises it does little to explain the interaction of those crises. Indeed, polycrisis is a misleading conceptualization of the pandemic era in part because the cascading character of the present crisis is a function of a shared ultimate cause. What we have been experiencing is best understood as a crisis of capitalism, the result of industrial humanity's deformed relationship with the natural world. This is more specific than an obvious contending description that would render the present crisis in anthropogenic terms, as a result of human activity. Instead, the present crisis is the product of specific forms of human activity and particular elements of humanity, namely, capital. This being the case, we might speak instead of a broad, structural crisis that is, in turn, experienced as a crisis cascade. This "paradox of polycrisis" has historiographical implications, and this article concludes by suggesting how contemporary historians can confront the crisis and write history for our times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microfinance institutions play essential roles in poverty reduction in Indonesia. However, its practices are often insensitive to local values. Using postcolonial theories, this article explores how Sundanese (an Indigenous ethnic group native to the western region of Java, Indonesia) in the Subang district of the Sunda Region of West Java, Indonesia, utilize gintingan (an Indigenous economic system based on the rice trade) as an Indigenous microfinance practice, to fulfill their significant needs. This research adopts an ethnography approach conducted in four rural villages from 2011 to 2019. Information was gathered mainly through participatory observation and informal interviews with villagers. The analysis yields that people use gintingan to preserve their cultural practices, such as gotong royong (mutual cooperation). The findings suggest how gintingan becomes a space for the people to challenge conventional microfinance institutions. The research invites policymakers to rethink a culturally sensitive and decolonized approach to eradicating economic problems in rural areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper is an attempt at applying Samir Amin's lens in the analysis of socio-economic development in Africa. Social and economic development in Africa has been substandard, largely because of the economic system followed and because effective structural transformation has not taken place – Samir Amin's works explained what needed to be done to transform Africa (and the broader global south). It is in this context that the paper posits that post-colonial Africa has had to contend with disruptive socio-economic and political realities instituted by European colonialism, slave trade and inappropriate integration of Africa to the so-called global economy. The fundamental explanation for the poor socio-economic development in Africa is global capitalism, and one of the possible solutions is in Samir Amin's delinking proposal as well as the restructuring of the African economies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the dynamics of the concept of state-owned enterprises in Vietnam, which manifests the changes in ideological orientation relating to the role of the state sector and of the economic management system. Indeed, the economic reform (Doi moi policy) and the integration into the global economy have fostered the participation of the private sector in the economy through the process of state-owned enterprise equitization. The analysis of the concept of state-owned enterprises over time however argues that the change, which has been subject to both internal and external impulses over time, is not fundamental as the key element of socialist ideology, the public ownership of the means of production remains the guiding principle of Vietnam's economic development. In other words, the Vietnamese Government continues to its control over the national economy through the operation of state-owned enterprises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rise in violent economic nationalism against foreign national interests in South Africa, particularly Nigerians and their investments poses some critical challenges to the liberal international economic system. This study investigates the impact of South Africa's economic nationalism on Nigerians' investments in South Africa. The study adopted the rational choice theory as the theoretical framework and mixed method of data gathering which relies on a documentary review, an unstructured interview and a focus group analysis involving Nigerians that were evacuated from South Africa. The findings revealed that violent economic nationalism among South Africans and the reprisal attacks in Nigeria have undermined Nigerians' investment potentials and created a host of issues in their economic relations including low productivity, temporary unemployment of workers in the investment industries, reduction of foreign exchange earnings and stagnated trade activities between the two countries among others. The study concludes that notwithstanding the perennial eruptions of violent episodes of economic nationalism in South Africa, the two countries have demonstrated commitment to boosting and sustaining their trade relations. It notes the absence of synergy between South Africa's demand for inclusive labour employment and Nigerians' investment activities. The study recommends close coordination between governments and the enforcement of rule of law in both countries especially, laws to protect foreign investors and investments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pandemics have been a recurrent phenomenon throughout the course of history. However, the levels of fear and hysteria brought by the COVID-19 outbreak, forcing regimes across the globe to impose stringent lockdowns, had never been witnessed before. While these lockdowns proved beneficial in reducing both the infection and mortality rate, they created an impossible environment for governments across the globe to effectively and efficiently govern, which in turn gave birth to numerous economic challenges, especially in developing countries like Pakistan. In Pakistan, where the common person was already finding it very difficult to makes ends meet, the pandemic incurred tremendous economic hardships like unemployment, poverty and decline in per capita income. Consequently, Pakistan's economy struggled as it experienced a negative economic growth rate, inflation and a significant reduction in exports. As a by-product of the economic crunch, the flawed Pakistani governance system came under the spotlight, as it found itself struggling to tackle the day-by-day worsening situation. Strikingly, due to the infamous longstanding province–centre rift, Pakistan was neither able to promulgate an effective unified lockdown strategy nor to provide basic necessities to its citizens. This article analyses the governance and economic problems faced by Pakistan due to the COVID-19 outbreak from the prism of the dependency paradigm, which highlights the exploitative nature of developed–developing/underdeveloped states. Also, it provides policy prescriptions to strengthen Pakistan's economic system to deter future pandemics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the effects of Islamic economic and social systems within a democratic environment on the causal relationships among uncertainty, informal economy, corruption, and economic growth. For this purpose, we considered a set of Middle East/North Africa MENA countries considered to be in economic difficulty and undergoing the democratic transition process (Tunisia, Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Yemen, and Iraq) for the period of 2000–2018. Our contribution is to use the social index that measures the degree of Islamicity in each country in terms of economic and political matters. We examine the effects of Islamicity and democracy on uncertainty, informal economy, corruption, and economic growth using a vector autoregression (VAR) model. Our empirical findings show that, if a theoretical Islamic system is applied in practice, it must be accompanied by a democratic regime to effectively mitigate uncertainty, informal economy, and corruption and contribute to economic growth. Democracy is a necessary component for achieving an optimal level of Islamicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To ensure development sustainability, the linear economic approach is being transformed into a cyclical model. For the pulp and paper industry (PPI), which occupies a significant place in the Russian economy, the shift of circular principles to the field of bioeconomics is becoming more important. This requires the development of basic biotechnological approaches implemented in closed cycles (biorefining). The aim of this study was to develop the biotechnological foundations of the circular economic system of the pulp and paper industry. To achieve the goal, the factors for the implementation of the circular mechanism in the pulp and paper industry were established. The composition of pulp and paper waste was systematized, taking into account the places of their occurrence; the directions and forms of the biorefining of pulp and paper secondary renewable resources were determined; and the principal possibility of obtaining bioethanol, based on the whole complex of sugars from cellulose production wastes, is shown. A wide range of general scientific methods was involved (analysis, synthesis, classification, modeling, etc.). Statistical methods were used to process experimental results in the field of pulp and paper waste bioconversion. The biotechnologies involved included methods of destruction, detoxification, and conversion of useful resources into secondary raw materials and final products. From the standpoint of the environmental approach, there are serious efficiency imbalances in the pulp and paper industry, which justify the implementation of circular mechanisms for organizing economic systems. The overall efficiency is ensured by the use of renewable resources and obtaining environmental effects. Algorithms and parameters of green biotechnological regulations for pulp and paper industry waste recycling provide the possibility of microbiological production of a complex of products: biocomposites, bioplastics, medical products, fertilizers, feed additives, vitamin supplements, and bioenergy resources. A strategy for the efficient biochemical processing of pulp and paper waste into green ethanol was determined. The possibility of increasing the efficiency of alcoholic fermentation using various biocatalysts was experimentally confirmed. The technological features of this method, associated with the need for microaerobic fermentation modes, were determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyses the influence of economic growth on inequality, concentrating on the role of governments as mediators. The period studied is from 2000 to 2020, encompassing 11 post-Soviet countries. The primary estimation method used is the two-stage least squares for panel data. Despite the differences in the economic and political systems at the current development stage, the post-Soviet countries share a common pattern in terms of the relationship between economic growth, the labour income share and the level of inequality, which we first show in this article. Government expenditure has the potential to reduce inequality. However, its effectiveness depends largely on government efficiency and the development of democratic institutions. Despite the increase in government spending on education, more is needed to reduce income inequality. Increased economic performance, productivity, and high-quality state institutions are necessary for this change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the contribution of the growth model approach to the analysis of political economies by highlighting the novelty of an analytical framework which includes the international integration of national economic systems and the benefits of introducing the role of aggregate demand in sustaining and shaping economic growth trajectories. It suggests that an integration of demand- and supplyside approaches would represent a particularly promising perspective and advocates for the development of a specific focus on agency in explaining the specificities of each national economic systems and their global integration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]