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Based on the features and limitations of maritime communication in the associated areas, this paper focuses on the key technology of wide-band communication network at sea under E-navigation framework. New methods and strategies to realize wide-band communication as well as some issues to be tackled for ensuring its development had been addressed. Especially, the WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) technology is applied to set up an offshore network infrastructure. An routing mechanism based on packet store-carry-and-forward was carried out to solve the problem of the intermittent network connectivity in overocean communications. Based on the system modelling, the problem description, and the time-capacity-mapping, the algorithms are given to maximize the packet weight as the resource optimization goal.

In its initial part, the paper presents an overview of popular technologies and systems currently developed or employed in maritime communication. These solutions are used to provide both ship-to-ship and ship-to-shore communication for the purpose of supporting specific services, often dedicated to maritime safety and e-navigation. Utility of such communication systems have been thoroughly verified over the years and their strengths and limitations are also widely known. The later include relatively low maximum throughput and/or high cost of both deployment and operation, caused by the requirement of long communication range and high reliability in difficult propagation conditions. Based on the above overview, the subsequent part of the paper presents preliminary results of research conducted at the Computer Communications Department, Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics, Gdansk University of Technology within the netBaltic project. The project's objective is to create a maritime communication system, able to transparently utilize various transmission technologies to form a multihop network structure and thus provide maritime vessels with Internet Protocol-based communication capabilities in diverse set of conditions and areas. For this purpose a combination of mobility management, mesh and delay tolerant network mechanisms is employed, allowing deployment of a wide range of user-level services, starting with general purpose Internet access, through navigation/weather charts distribution and ending with varied e-navigation functionalities.

The nascent of e-navigation brought to light new challenges into the maritime world. One of them is assuring safe and reliable communication in remote locations (e.g. seas and oceans) to fully utilize benefits offered by innovative e-navigation solutions. The netBaltic project, proposed a new approach to communication based on self-organizing heterogeneous mesh network. Additionally, based on test-bed results, the project outlines new challenges for three selected e-navigation services such as Electronic Nautical Chart, numerical weather forecast and weather routing such as preparing and distributing chart updates packages in a timely manner, generating and delivering weather forecasts based on area-specific conditions in a highly compressed format and developing inter-vessel data transmission protocol.

While IMO's e-Navigation project's scope is to enhance safety of navigation by improved ship-to-shore-cooperation, the EU's FP7 project MUNIN's aim is to develop a concept for an autonomous dry bulk carrier, that is at least as safe as a manned vessel. As e-Navigation has a strong focus on improving the human element in shipping and MUNIN tends towards an unmanned bridge, a common baseline might look quite contradictory at first, but they share the need to ensure and enhance the safety of navigation. After an introduction into e-Navigation and the MUNIN project, this paper will demonstrate with two examples, how MUNIN's results address identified e-Navigation's gaps and addresses e-Navigation's user needs. Thus, MUNIN contributes to the development and implementation of the prioritized e-Navigation solutions.

New e-navigation strains require new technologies, new infrastructures and new organizational structures on bridge, on shore as well as in the cloud. Suitable engineering and safety/risk assessment methods facilitate these efforts. Understanding maritime transportation as a sociotechnical system allows the application of system-engineering methods. Formal, simulation based and in situ verification and validation of e-navigation technologies are important methods to obtain system safety and reliability. The modelling and simulation toolset HAGGIS provides methods for system specification and formal risk analysis. It provides a modelling framework for processes, fault trees and generic hazard specification and a physical world and maritime traffic simulation system. HAGGIS is accompanied by the physical test bed LABSKAUS which implements a physical test bed. The test bed provides reference ports and waterways in combination with an experimental Vessel Traffic Services (VTS) system and a mobile integrated bridge: This enables in situ experiments for technological evaluation, testing, ground research and demonstration. This paper describes an integrated seamless approach for developing new e-navigation technologies starting with simulation based assessment and ending in physical real world demonstrations

The Inter-VTS Data Exchange Format IVEF service is the draft standard designed for exchange of information on sea traffic between the vessel traffic systems and between the vessels. Standardization of this service is under way as a part of the next-generation navigation system, called e-Navigation. The International Association of Lighthouse Authorities suggests, on its recommendation V-145, the IVEF service model and the protocol for provisioning of this service. But the detailed configuration of this service must be designed by the users. IVEF service is aimed at establishing a common framework to ensure exchange of ship information between vessel traffic service VTS centers gained via automatic ship identification device, closed-circuit television, radar system and other devices. Robust exchange of marine traffic information between VTS centers through IVEF service will enable related authorities to identify location of domestic and international ships in the coastal waters real-time and predict expected sea route, thus ensure effective sea route control and pre-emptive response to potential disasters or accidents. This paper suggests, based on the basic service model and protocol provided in the recommendation V-145, the implementation of the Jeju-VTS middleware, which will facilitate exchange of information on sea traffic. This paper developed a system enabling IVEF service simulation under an Internet of Things environment made possible by improving IVEF software development kit, which is an open source. For this, a mobile phone loaded with Android platform and desk top PC has been used for emulation of a ship on voyage and VTS center. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

After DTV transition, frequency allocation to efficiently utilize 700 MHz band, which is remained as Digital Dividend, is in progress domestically and internationally. This paper investigates global frequency allocation of 700 MHz band and utilization of the band, and analyzes domestic wireless technology methods and requested frequency bandwidth by use. In addition, the paper suggests what needs to be considered in case of building public integrated radio network that focuses on disaster and safety network; the integrated radio network also includes railway network and e-Navigation. Key words: 700 MHz, Public Integrated Radio Network, Disaster and Safety Network, Railway Network, e-NavigationRSTA UVW5?XY%Z[ 2014\]^_

IMO and IALA have undertaken projects that GMDSS Modernization and E-navigation, which refer to "Future digital communications systems" for a more efficient transmission of voice and data communications in the VHF maritime mobile service. ITU has also resolved in WRC-07 Resolution 357 to study the use of spectrum-efficient technologies in order to provide for the operation of ship and port security and maritime safety systems. IALA and ITU WP5B have coordinated for the technical developments and the spectrum issues. Recommendation ITU-R M.1842-1 has approved by WP5B meeting. This revision provides a wideband data service both 50kHz and 100kHz in the VHF maritime mobile service. This paper has studied E-navigation, its needs for data exchange that includes explanations of the current methods for transmitting data by VHF that based in land mobile radio service. A further technologies trend is estimated for Recommendation ITU-R M.1842-1, that is based on the land mobile radio standards with some tailored to fit the needs of the maritime mobile service. 논문 14-39C-07-10 The Journal of Korea Information and Communications Society '14-07 Vol.39C No.07 http://dx.doi.org/10.7840/kics.2014.39C.7.582 582 ※ 본 연구는 미래창조과학부 및 정보통신산업진흥원의 IT융합 고급인력과정 지원사업의 연구결과로 수행되었음(NIPA-2014-H0401-14 -1009), 또한, 이 논문은 2013년도 정부(교육부)의 재원으로 한국연구재단의 지원을 받아 수행된 기초연구사업임(NRF-2009-0093828). First Author:Mokpo Maritime University Dept. of Marine Electronic and Communication Enginnering, yr9367@hanmail.net, 정회원 ° Corresponding Author:Mokpo National University Dept. of Information & Electronics Engineering, srlee@mokpo.ac.kr, 정회원 * 목포해양대학교 해양정보통신공학과, microkim@mmu.ac.kr ** 목포해양대학교 해양컴퓨터공학과, choijo@mmu.ac.kr, 종신회원 논문번호:KICS2014-05-173, Receved May 8 2014; Revised June 12, 2014; Accepted June 12, 2014 논문 / 해상용 VHF 디지털통신 시스템의 성능평가 방안 583 그림 1. RR 부록 18의 VHF 주파수배치 Fig. 1. VHF frequency arrangement of RR Appendix 18 그림 2. 새로이 재배치된 RR 부록 18 Fig. 2. VHF band by new Appendix 18 I. 서 론 GMDSS는 1999년에 본격적으로 개발된 이후 해상 통신에 커다란 변화를 가져왔다. 그러나 조난경보의 실패율이 높고, 운용이 복잡하며, 위치추적 거리가 짧 은 단점 때문에 최근 들어 현대화의 필요성이 제기되 었다. 특히, 해상통신에서 직면하고 있는 문제는 주파 수자원의 부족과 점차 증가해가는 정보량을 전송해야 한다는 것이다. 그리고 급속도로 발전한 육상 무선통 신과 마찬가지로 해상통신 시스템도 아날로그에서 디 지털로 음성에서 데이터 통신으로 변화시키고자 하는 사용자들의 요구가 증가하고 있다. 이러한 문제점을 해결하고 전 세계적으로 호환 가 능한 해상 무선통신 프레임워크를 구축하기 위해 IMO는 2006년에 E-navigation 전략을 수립하였다. 이를 지원하기 위해 IALA는 해상무선통신 계획을 발표하고 E-navigation을 위한 초기 시스템 구조와 신 규기술 규정 및 표준을 검토하고 있고, ITU-R은 해상 통신 시스템의 기술적 특성에 관해 규정하고 있다. WRC-07, Resolution 357은 선박의 운용과 항만보 안, 해상안전시스템을 지원하는 스펙트럼 효율적 기술 에 대한 운용 연구로 ITU와 IMO 그리고 IALA에 의 하여 요청되었다 . 이 보고서를 초안으로 Report ITU-R M.2010-1과 Recommendation(이하 Rec.) ITU-R M.1842-1에 의한 향후 VHF 해상디지털 통신 시스템은 IMO와 IALA에 의하여 적절한 연구와 관 련 연락문서의 교환을 고려하며, 제안된 작업문서는 새로운 보고서 초안으로 IMO에서 E-Nav 위원회를 위하여 IALA에 연락사항으로 전달되었다 . E-navigation 이란 선박의 안전 및 보안과 해양환 경 보호와 관련된 서비스를 개선하기 위해 선상이나 육상에서 해상정보의 수집, 통합, 교환, 표현, 및 분석 을 전자적으로 융합하고 통일된 포맷으로 보여주는 자동화된 전자항법 체계이다

The IVEF service is the draft standard designed for exchange of information on sea traffic between the vessel traffic systems and between the vessels. Standardization of this service is under way as a part of the next-generation navigation system, called e-Navigation. The International Association of Lighthouse Authorities (IALA) suggests, on its recommendation V-145, the IVEF service model and the protocol for provisioning of this service. But the detailed configuration of this service must be designed by the users. This study suggests, based on the basic service model and protocol provided in the recommendation V-145, the implementation of the J-VTS middleware which will facilitate exchange of information on sea traffic. The J-VTS middleware consists of various components for providing the IVEF service and for processing the IVEF message protocols. The vessel traffic systems and the vessels corresponding to upper-layer applications may use the IVEF service with the functions provided by the J-VTS middleware, and the services are designed to be accessed according to the security level of users. 논문 14-39C-06-02 The Journal of Korea Information and Communications Society '14-06 Vol.39C No.06 http://dx.doi.org/10.7840/kics.2014.39C.6.466 466 ※ 이 논문은 2013년도 정부(교육부)의 재원으로 한국연구재단의 기초연구사업 지원을 받아 수행된 것임(과제번호:2013R1A1A4A0101 3587) ° First Author and Corresponding Author : Department of Computer Education, Teachers College, Jeju National University, namjepark@jejunu.ac.kr, 정회원 논문번호:KICS2013-11-520, Received November 30, 2013; Revised March 5, 2014; Accepted April 15, 2014 논문 / 효율적인 IVEF 서비스를 위한 모바일 VTS 미들웨어 설계 및 구현 467 그림 1. IVEF 서비스 기본 개념도 Fig. 1. Conceptual Diagram of IVEF Service I. 서 론 2006년 국제해사기구 IMO(International Maritime Organization)에서는 해사안전위원회인 MSC(Maritime Safety Committee) 81차 회의에서 e-Navigation에 대 한 논의를 시작하였다 . 2008년 MSC 85차 회의에 서 e-Navigation의 전략을 승인하여 2012년까지 국제 항로표지협회인 IALA(International Association of Lighthouse Authorities)를 중심으로 e-Navigation의 표준화 및 실용을 추진하고 있다 . e-Navigation은 해상활동에서의 안전 및 보안 또는 해양환경 보호를 목적으로 IALA를 중심으로 기술의 표준화 및 이행전 략을 수행하고 있으며, 현재까지도 연구가 활발히 진 행되고 있다 . e-Navigation에는 VTS, AIS, ECDIS, IBS/INS, ARPA, LRIT, GMDSS 이렇게 7가지 분야 로 구성되어 있다 . VTS(Vessel Traffic System)는 해상교통관제시스템을 의미하며 지금까지 국제해사기 구(IMO)에서는 VTS간 정보교환에 대한 국제표준화 를 발표한적 없다. IALA에서 개발한 VTS간 프로토 콜 중 IVEF(Inter -system VTS Exchange Format)가 있다 . IVEF는 VTS와 VTS간의 정보를 교환할 수 있도록 개발한 프로토콜로서 국제 표준화가 진행 중 이다. 그러나 국내의 IVEF 기술 분석 및 도입에 관한 연구 및 계획은 거의 전무하다. 우리나라에서도 IVEF 기술 분석을 통하여 국내 해 양 산업에도 국제 표준을 도입할 준비 및 기술 보안을 수행하도록 해야 한다. 본 논문에서는 오픈소스인 IVEF SDK(Software Development Kit)를 개선하여 무선 환경 하에서의 IVEF 서비스를 시뮬레이션 할 수 있는 시스템을 구현하였다 . 항해 중인 선박을 에물 레이션 하기위해 안드로이드 플랫폼이 탑재된 모바일 폰을 이용하였고, VTS 센터를 에뮬레이션 하기 위해 데스크톱 컴퓨터를 이용하였다. 본 논문에서는 VTS 미들웨어 구성요소 중 XML 파서에 관한 간략한 이론 적 내용을 살펴보고, 파서의 실제구현에 대해 설명한 다. 그리고 이들 파서들을 이용하여 구현된 V-145 프 로토콜의 성능비교 결과를 비교하여 살펴본다. 2장에 서는 IALA의 IVEF 서비스 프로토콜에 대해 설명하 고, 3장에서는 본 논문에서 구현한 시스템의 구조 및 기능에 대해 설명하며, 마지막으로 결론을 맺는다.

This paper aims to find out future tasks of GICOMS(General Information Center on Maritime Safety & Security) through identification of required system for implementation of e-Navigation. We derive nine advancement subjects for model of advanced GICOMS through brainstorming with experts of maritime safety. And then, we analyze the structure of extracted nine advancement subjects using by fuzzy structural modeling method, and propose a structural model that grasps the correlation between elements. As a result, we find out that “advancement of GICOMS” is the final goal in preparation for the age of e-navigation in the highest level, and “improvement a system of information production”, “improvement a scheme of information providing”, “linkage between GICOMS and VTS” and “building global networks for safety cooperation” are located in the lowest level. Especially, “advancement of GICOMS” is influenced by “advancement function of VMS” and “Activation of usage” in the middle level. We suggest that state-of-the-art IT facilities, equipment and expertise should be utilized to improve and enhance the user-centered transition such as maritime workers for advancement of GICOMS based on proposed structure model.

Maritime wireless communication is different from terrestrial wireless communication, due to difference of environments. Nevertheless technologies based on WiMAX (IEEE 802.16j) for ship to ship maritime communication promised to deliver high data rates over large distances and deliver multimedia services and are expected to use e-Navigation system. This paper focuses to simulate on IEEE 802.16j for ship to ship maritime communication under various sea states. We describe BER level according to sea states under Rician fading channel model. BER patterns are designed using MATLAB.

In this paper, we researched State-of-the-art IVEF Service based e-Navigation System. The unification of the data exchange format among maritime-related systems is one of vital user-needs of e-Navigation, advantageous in bringing maritime safety and security. This paper aims to introduce the design of Inter-VTS Exchange Format (IVEF), as recommended by the International Association of Aids-to-Navigation and Lighthouse Authorities (IALA), to enhance the information transmitted from Vessel Tracking Service (VTS) centers to Korea’s General Information Center on Maritime Safety and Security (GICOMS) as well as to the government-related agencies or vice-versa. To achieve this, a system dataflow was designed which it acts as client and server. It enables the sending and receiving of Radar and CCTV images in accordance with the IVEF recommendation document of IALA.

Vessel PMS (Planned Maintenance System) is a paper and/or software based system to monitor vessel engine equipment including main propulsion, steering, auxiliary machinery and cargo handling information. This is one of mandatory survey for vessel introduced by IMO (International Maritime Organization). The planned maintenance as well as documentation must be performed according to a system to be approved by classification agencies. Recently, vessel owners have preferred software based systems to collect and preserve accurate data. However, not ship specific and not taking into account the user are said by end users as operational difficulties. To relieve these concerns, this research analyzes vessel PMS data, suggests a middleware to support automatic collection and design consideration of user interface.

Ship Standard Network was submitted as a common subject of e-navigation by 81th IMO MSC 2005. This agenda was given an official status with strategy planning of e-navigation for Ship Standard Network after approval of WG program of 81th MSC 2006. Nowadays approximately 400 heterogeneous navigation and communication equipments are working on ships at sea. Standardization of ship network is to support exchanging various data efficiently. Among them, 4S network is defined as a wireless communication network between ship to ship and ship to shore which provides unceasing communication channel ship to shore. It has been expected to trigger various services and applications based on 4S network. However, no technologies and products has been appeared at fields yet. but now there`s not specific technologies and developing products. In this paper, We developed a 4S multiple media switching server and a ship-land information exchange system to overcome the heterogeneity and provide efficient communication environments.. The performance of the implemented system was verified by TTA(Telecommunications Technology Association) V&V(Verification and Validation).

Recently, researches of technology and standardization for maritime safety are proceeding internationally. In particular, some technologies and strategies for e-Navigation have been developed and the necessity of development of next generation VTS (Vessel Traffic Service) has been raised in Korea. In order to construct user oriented VTS system for domestic environment, VTS operators are asked for their requirements related to developing VTS and the opinions should be reflected in the VTS. So in this paper, we collect the requirements from fifteen VTS centers in the country and we also analyze them. Furthermore, we propose an ASM (Application Specific Messages) service, which was not supported by current VTS, and we verify the proposed ASM through AIS (Automatic Identification System) system and simulation terminal for maritime safety.

A Guideline on the Harmonised Portrayal of e-Navigation-related Information was recently completed by IALA. The purpose of this Guideline is to provide guidance regarding the presentation and display of e-Navigation-related information. The basic, over-riding premise of this Guideline is that shipborne and shore-based equipment, systems, and services should portray e-Navigation-related information to all users (both onboard and ashore) in a consistent manner. However, since e-Navigation is an evolutionary process, this goal-based guideline describes over-arching objectives to be achieved, while freedom to innovate is left to both developers and users. An explanation is provided about key aspects of the Guideline. In particular, a website has been established to show examples of useful ways to portray e-Navigation information for current as well as some future types of equipment, systems, and services.

e-Navigation has been launched by IMO as an overall strategy for increased maritime safety and efficiency, by stimulating and enhancing the innovation of user-friendly services and equipment for maritime customers. The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the level of user involvement in e-Navigation testbeds, along with the drivers and barriers, including external environment, to Human Centered Design in the projects. Through qualitative interviews with testbed participants and analysis of web reporting, e-Navigation was found to be user centered but not user driven, and meeting several barriers that constrains the effective utilization of Human Centered Design. The special features of some e-Navigation testbeds are the large funding by, and the active involvement of Authorities, which work as drivers counteracting the classic time-cost-quality dilemma of projects. The role of public institutions is highlighted, however challenges in the communication and cooperation between designers, users and HF/E experts show that there are possibilities for further improvement in gaining maximal outcome of user involvement practices. The results are discussed in light of existing theory on user involvement and practical implications within e-Navigation.

The ever-increasing maritime traffic becomes a great threat to the safety of navigation particularly in confined waters. It is therefore necessary to develop new solutions in order to enhance the safety at sea. One of the possible solutions involves the control and management of vessel flow by radar supervision and automated guiding systems. This paper discusses the collision avoidance issue in the area of predefined routes and analyses real- life problems in maritime traffic by using appropriate software tools aimed at the enhancement of the safety of navigation. The goal of this study is to suggest a method for synthesizing the navigation supervisor by using Petri nets, which would monitor and control maritime traffic. The objective of installing a supervisor in the coastal centers is to prevent collisions and to improve safety in hazardous sea passages.

This paper presents the cloud computing environments, network principles and methods for graphical development in realistic naval simulation, naval robotics and virtual interactions. The aim of this approach is to achieve a good simulation quality in large networked environments using open source solutions designed for educational purposes. Realistic rendering of maritime environments requires near real-time frameworks with enhanced computing capabilities during distance interactions. E-Navigation concepts coupled with the last achievements in virtual and augmented reality will enhance the overall experience leading to new developments and innovations. We have to deal with a multiprocessing situation using advanced technologies and distributed applications using remote ship scenario and automation of ship operations.

In the maritime field, e-navigation, the new maritime service environment paradigm, is a topic of wide discussion. According to the e-navigation concept, the various marine and marine-related domains' data both on- and off-shore are used as resources for maritime services, the purpose of which are to facilitate communication at sea and to ensure safe navigation. To those ends, e-navigation services exchange, share, and utilize data resources created and distributed according to the data product specifications based on the e-navigation Common Maritime Data Structure (CMDS). Currently, maritime equipment and systems transfer data among themselves over ships' networks. In e- navigation, those equipment and systems' data will be utilized as useful data resources. But before that data can be used, it is necessary to create and distribute it according to the above-noted CMDS-based data product specifications. When a data product specification is developed for a specific domain, a common vocabulary for that domain is needed for consistent specification of the data elements that represent the data contents. In this paper, we present a common vocabulary set for consistent representation of the data elements of maritime equipment and systems shipboard. To build the common vocabulary set, we analyzed the digital interface standards for maritime navigation and radio- communication equipment and systems. By analysis of approved sentences for data transmission of maritime equipment and systems, we extracted candidate terms and built the common vocabulary according to the e- navigation CMDS base model.

Recent accident statistics have shown a continuous increase in year to year serious and very serious accidents at sea. In the near future, higher traffic density is estimated, which may further contribute to this increase. Within the 3-year Project MTCAS, partners from industry and academia contribute to accident reduction by developing an e-Navigation based System for pro-active, predictive and cooperative collision avoidance. MTCAS is the abbreviation for Maritime Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System, which implies the basic idea of adopting the Airborne Collision Avoidance System (ACAS) implementation TCAS. However, MTCAS' operational principal aims at supporting the officer of the watch on a ship's navigational bridge in detecting and solving conflicts with other ships taking into consideration the prevailing circumstances of the environment and traffic but also include relevant rules and regulations, bathymetry, as well as Vessel Traffic Services (VTS). Different from TCAS, MTCAS does not automatically intervene in terms of issuing steering commands, but moreover supports seafarers in cooperatively finding safe and efficient trajectories, which is completely different — innovative — compared to the basic TCAS purpose. A comparing study between TCAS and MTCAS is performed and the outcomes are discussed in this paper.

Modern Integrated Navigation Systems (INS) integrate information obtained from various sensors and functions. Processed data are presented on the computer display generally with the aim to increase navigator’s situation awareness and to reduce his/her workload. The investigations described in the paper were carried out to assess the advantages of the new functionality of the test INS (e-Navigation enhanced Integrated Navigation System ee-INS), developed in the EU financed EfficienSea Project, that looks and works like a standard ECDIS. This new functionality implements ‘Exchange of Intended Route’ service. The experiment was conducted in a full mission ship simulator environment with 20 experienced mariners. The bridge layout without ECDIS ‘Exchange of Intended Route’ functionality, and bridge layout with this functionality implemented, was applied in research and its results enabled to carry out their comparison. The navigators’ workload was measured by NASA-TLX method. Navigators’ situation awareness in respect to other ship’s state and the final passing distance were utilized to evaluate safety of navigation process.

Navigational information systems became one of the main devices on ship’s bridge supporting navigators in evaluation of navigational situation and undertaking decisions. For instance ECIDS supports navigation by gathering information and automating some process like plotting of position of own ship and other objects on the scene. Any navigational information system has got advantages and limitations. Their understanding should help navigators to perform watches in a safer way. This article presents a discussion on some deficiencies of navigational information systems. Discussion is underlined by three accidents, which show when misunderstanding or overreliance may lead to catastrophic consequences

The e-navigation in IMO(International Maritime Organization) has been developed as a strategy for user oriented service followed by HEAP(Human Element Analysing Process) to assess the solutions in view of human ergonomics. Although IMO already had an interim guideline for human element assessment, it did not include appropriate human elements for user-oriented assessment, therefore there should be a need for revising the human elements of current guideline for ergonomic assessment of e-navigation. We have developed user-oriented human element checklist, threat elements caused by human external condition and error elements originated by human itself in line with the e-navigation development concept of user-based approach.

In order to improve the existing S-57 standard, International Hydrographic Organization(IHO) has developed S-100 standard, a Universal Hydrographic Data Model(UHDM) expanded from ISO 19100 series standard to hydrographic area, and is in the process of its implementation. International Maritime Organization(IMO) has established CMDS based on e-Navigation strategy data standard as International Association of Lighthouse Authorities(IALA) established IHDM based on aids to navigation data standard and each data standard is linked with the S-100 standard. Fundamental concept and core principles of S-100 standard is suitable not only for the development of a wide range of hydrographic data and service production standard, including the next generation ENC, but also the development of product specification of non-hydrographic area. This study has examined the operation principle of S-100 standard and analyzed its implementation process as e-Navigation data in relation with ENC. It also noted the utilization of S-100 standard based e-Navigation and its potential effect via examining the development cases of S-100 standard-based product specification, such as nautical publication, ship reporting and pilot request, digital routing guide, tide and water level transmission and other important data cases of e-Navigation field.

A concept of the "e-Navigation" was introduced in 2005 and implementation strategies are under way by IMO/IALA in the maritime safety area. Specially VTS is an important maritime traffic monitoring and aids to navigation system which is aims to improve safety, navigation efficiency and protect the marine environment. The demand of the inter-VTS networking has been increased and standardization is underway for realization of shore side collaboration for maritime safety in IALA. But there may be security problems in the inter-VTS networks if they have not proper security mechanism. The hacking of realtime ship position and sensitive maritime surveillance information caused a critical accident of vessel, human life and environment by terrorist. This paper aims to design of a secure inter-VTS network structure and related security protocol for secure sharing of sensitive maritime data.

This study focuses on the formulation of collision detection facilities among vessels that can be integrated into an e-Navigation strategy in maritime transportation. The detection of potential collision situations by relative motions of vessels that consist of state and parameter uncertainties in vessel maneuvering is considered in this study. A two vessel collision situation is presented and an extended Kalman filter is used to estimate the relative bearing and relative course-speed vectors between vessels. The collision detection process consists of cross and dot products among vessel velocity, bearing and heading vectors. Finally, a collision/near-collision situation is simulated and successful results on the detection of a potential collision situation with respect to vessel maneuvering are illustrated in this study.

During the last 5 years, maritime safety navigation with IT has been a big issue. After the International Maritime Organization defines the e-Navigation strategy, various information on board can be integrated by their needs and aims. Especially, on-board information monitoring might use the single integrated display under consideration of user convenience. To do this, this paper suggests a user interface design guideline based on definition and analysis of the integration requirements and the existing commercial product.

A major disadvantage of nearly every marine electronic navigation device introduced to date is the necessity for the navigator to turn his or her attention away from the view outside the bridge windows, even momentarily. Indeed, the uncomfortable feeling experienced by seasoned mariners that this ‘head down’ posture creates has led many to be initially reluctant to adopt some marine electronic devices (radar, ARPA, ECDIS, to name a few) that have proven their worth over time as useful, even vital navigational aids. Unfortunately, the use of such equipment has always required the marine navigator to leave behind the real world perspective view and enter an unnatural, two-dimensional plan view of the area surrounding the vessel. Mariners have accepted this type of view by necessity rather than by choice. That may be about to change. Advances in technology and a proven track record of performance benefits from Head-Up Display (or HUD) information in the aviation field have made it possible to consider if such a device would be useful in a maritime context. Accordingly, the authors of this paper conducted a preliminary evaluation to examine empirically what the effects of providing this same type of head-up information would be on marine navigation performance. A series of tests were conducted in the California Maritime Academy's advanced simulation facilities utilizing a full-mission simulator, a laptop-based HUD prototype, a projector, and student participants from an experimental undergraduate course entitled e-Navigation. The goals were to: 1) define the operational requirements and concept of operations for a maritime HUD system; 2) identify essential information, risks, and concerns; and 3) examine performance variations by conditions (environmental, vessel, crew) and tasks. The results indicate great potential for a maritime HUD system, especially for improving situational awareness in low visibility conditions, confined waters, and for vessels where information changes rapidly (i.e., high speed vessels). The results also suggest that there are some standard information requirements across situations that could be augmented with task and vessel specific information.

Since the marine accidents increase with the increased volume of traffic, preventive surveillance technology for safety navigation of the ships before the accident is being emphasized to secure the safety at sea along with post-accident measures. This paper aims to suggest a design based on an integrated safety management platform systems to support nautical safety, implements of bridge operation terminal equipments and alarm system for bridge watch monitoring and abnormal state of navigation/propulsion/machinery/power, and performs a quality evaluation for the actual boarding on the ship based on the classification standards.

In vessels, various communication systems are now working with different vendor-specific ways,which are apt to cause the inter-operability problems. That, of course, leads to needs of standardization ofcommunication network systems for vessels. The e-navigation system introduced by IMO also takes the standardization process as expected. In this paper, a 4S multiple media communication switching server forseamless communications among existing media for vessels is introduced, and the development of a information exchange software for the sever and its functionality verification results are presented as well. Key words: NMEA2000, MiTS, 4S communication network, 4S multiple media communication switching server, e-navigation †교신저자 (한국해양대학교 컴퓨터공학과 교수, E-mail: mmlab2010@gmail.com, Tel: 051-410-4575)1 한국해양대학교 컴퓨터공학과 박사수료 , (주)신동디지텍 해사정보통신연구소 책임연구원2 (주)신동디제텍 해사정보통신연구소 개발이사 1. 서 론 e-navigation은 2000년 911테러 이후 해상으로부터 위험물질의 유입 위협과 해적에 의한 선박의 유실, 나포에 대한 경계심 증대로 2005년 11월부터 그 필요성이 제기되었다. 여러 선박통신시스템들은 벤더별로 다른 통신 방식을 사용함에 따라 상호운영성문제가 야기되고 있고 이는 선박의 안전한 항해를 저해할 지경에 이르렀다. 이러한 배경으로 국제적으로 선박을 위한 통신네트워크시스템 표준을 제정하려는 움직임이 강하게 일어나 하부장비망(Instrument Networks)은 NMEA2000 즉, IEC 61162-3으로 표준화되어 SOLAS 선박의 표준네트워크로 지정되었다. 선박의 제어감시모니터링을 위한 통신망 레벨에서는 노르웨이에서 발의된 MiTS(Maritime Information Technology Standard)가 IEC 61162-4를 거쳐 더욱 경량화된 IEC 61162-450이 표준으로 정해졌다. 더 나아가 선박이 육상과 언제든지 좋은 품질의 정보를 주고받고 선박과도 원활한 정보교환을 하기 위하여 4S(Ship to Ship, Ship to Shore)통신개념이 정리되었다[1]. 4S 통신

The marine equipment industry in Korea has been growing along with shipbuilding industry since early 1980s. Major shipbuilding might be predicted to shift to China in the near future. Moreover, new paradigm of e-navigation is about to get geared in the real world, which was specifically noted by IMO (International Maritime Organization). In order to catch up with rapid changes in the environments, the industry sector should move fast, the public sector should setup proper measures, and the academic sector should spur the research and development of new technologies. In this paper, international marin equipment markets and standardization trends are presented along with several representative R&D activities.

The high tech marine transportation infrastructure is an innovative transportation infrastructure that may be able to secure a safe transportation environment as well as efficient operation by connecting up-to-date skills including a broad range of wire and wireless communication-based information, control and electronics technologies. When integrated into the marine transportation infrastructure by the standard requirements, these standard technologies help monitoring and managing navigational aids. This paper defined a concept of middleware in the marine traffic management systems which gives characteristics of system independency, scalability, extensibility, and researches a functionality of the middleware and a software block of the middleware.

The high tech marine transportation infrastructure is an innovative transportation infrastructure that may be able to secure a safe transportation environment as well as efficient operation by connecting up-to-date skills including a broad range of wire and wireless communication-based information, control and electronics technologies. When integrated into the marine transportation infrastructure by the standard requirements, these standard technologies help monitor and manage navigational aids. After investigated on current status of marine transportation system, verified on integrating marine transportation systems, the standard requirements have to suggest a appropriate way of integrating marine traffic systems and proper way of using old marine traffic infrastructure.

Development of e-navigation strategy which was proposed by seven member states coordinated by United Kingdom in MSC committee of IMO has been conducted for user needs definition, gap analysis cooperating with NAV, COMSAR and STW sub-committee. After prominent progress of development was done in Correspondence group, MSC 85 has approved the result of the group and conducted the development of e-navigation implementation plan to be finished in 2012. It is necessary to prepare the strategy and plan of our country identifying and perceiving the core objects and basic concept of e-navigation developed in the international community. This paper presents the progress of e-navigation development work until this stage and gives some recommendations for the domestic plan to cope with e-navigation.

Recently IMO and IALA have developed the strategy of e-Navigation and the concepts of VTM to enhance the safety, efficiency and security of vessel traffic and protection of the marine environment. And current technical and functional trends require vessel traffic management systems to be improved so as to control vessel traffic not only in waters of harbour area, but also within EEZ waters. Under the consideration of these circumstances, a three-layered vessel traffic management system was proposed in this paper. The proposed system consists of three sub-systems, called Local VTS, Regional VTS and National VTS, and those sub-systems are designed respectively to be suitable for managing vessel traffic within their own jurisdiction waters.

The waterborne sectors in Europe employ more than 3 million people and generate a turnover representing more than 2% of the EU’s GDP. In order to maintain its leadership and competitiveness, Europe must take advantage of new market opportunities and address these challenges by means of focused research, development and innovation. In recent years, advances in information and communication technologies and growth of Earth surveillance capacity have created demand for new forms of maritime information that are increasingly driven by policy and governance addressing safety, security and sustainability. This is reflected in emergence of the IMO e-Navigation strategy and the more embracing European e-Maritime framework as the new themes governing marine information products and services. Such services require innovative integration of knowledge and skills spanning a range of sciences, technologies and information communication fields as well as co-operation across the specialist communities involved. This poses a challenge, namely; how to engage the marine and maritime stakeholder communities and how to enable the interaction needed to create the new high value market products and services. This paper explores the various issues involved and concludes how e-Maritime might offer itself as the enabling framework.

International discussions on the concept of e-navigation have identified a robust position-fixing system as one of the essential components. Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) are known to have vulnerabilities and onboard alternatives such as inertial systems have limitations. This paper considers the case for an enhanced version of the terrestrial radio-navigation system Loran to provide an alternative with performance comparable to GNSS. The paper reviews recent studies of inertial navigation systems and concludes that they do not present a fully capable backup to GNSS at present. Trials of enhanced Loran carried out in the UK by the General Lighthouse Authorities have shown that eLoran does have the potential to provide equivalent performance to GNSS over long periods and is a fully complementary system. The steps needed to provide eLoran on at least a regional basis, covering critical waterways, are considered. The international process for the specification and standardisation of eLoran is already underway and some projections are made about the timescale for full implementation, in the context of the introduction of e-Navigation. A version of this paper was first presented at NAV 07 held in Church House, London from 30th October – 1st November 2007.

최근 IMO의 항해안전전문위원회(NAV) 통신작업반을 중심으로 E-Navigation(E-Nav) 전략개발에 관한 연구가 진행되고 있다. E-Nav 전략개발을 위한 통신망 아키텍처의 설계는 선교시스템의 표준 및 미래 항해 및 해양통신 장비에 관한 국가 R&D 프로젝트 방향을 결정하는 중요한 부분이다. 본 연구는 E-Nav 이용자 요구분석을 통하여 항해안전을 향상시키고 해상운송의 부가적인 이익을 가져다 줄 수 있는 E-Nav 서비스를 도출하고 통신망 기준모델을 설계하는데 목적을 두고 있다. 본 연구에서는 E-Nav 서비스를 크게 안전 및 보안, 해양기상, 조난, 비즈니스, 인포테인먼트(infotainment)의 5가지 분야로 나누고, 각 분야 별로 요구되는 E-Nav 서비스를 도출하였다. 그 결과로서 도출된 E-Nav 서비스 지원을 위한 통신망 아키텍처를 제안하였다. 【The research on an E-Navigation(E-Nav) strategy development has recently carried out by the IMO sub-committee on safety of navigation(NAV). The design of communication system architecture is a key factor in the E-Nav strategy development and it may drive the direction of a national R&D project on future navigational and marine communication systems. This study aims at designing a standard model of E-Nav communication network architecture, which enhances navigational safety and provides additional benefits in marine transportation. To achieve this purpose, authors have suggested E-Nav services, which are divided into five categories, i.e., safety and security, maritime meteorology, distress, business, and infotainment, by analyzing the related user requirements. As results, this paper proposes the E-Nav communication network architecture that consists of the navigation and communication equipments.】

Out-of-the-loop, clumsy automation, radar assisted collisions and design induced errors, are all too familiar terms in the human factors literature. Unfortunately, these latent factors are very much present in the operation of maritime navigation systems (Rowley et al., 2006) in some cases leading to unsafe acts with consequenmtial outcomes. Lacking in usability some of these navigation systems have trapped the crew into what is sometimes referred to, but seldom investigated, as design induced errors. This paper will describe the process adopted by the international community with major input from Australia in ensuring that a research driven Human Centred Design (HCD) approach is applied in the development of future navigation systems, resulting in a dedicated guideline. Apart from describing the core elements of the new guideline, the challenges posed from a maritime regulatory perspective in developing and ensuring acceptance will also be discussed.

This paper discusses the role of Geoinformatics in Shipping and Marine Transport as a new independent, autonomous self-contained, scientific discipline created for dealing with geospatial information. Depending on the scientific background of those involved in shaping the emerging discipline, little emphasis may be placed on various aspects of Geoinformatics. Maritime applications and small developments may address spatial planning, surveying, or computer science related matters. The scientific field of Geoinformatics spans the acquisition and storage of spatial data, the modelling and presentation of spatial information, geoscientific analyses and spatial planning, and the development of algorithms and geospatial database systems, including Geographical Information System (GIS). The current paper emphasizes international and national trends of the discipline and provides a set of geospatial initiatives in the field of marine navigation, safety at sea, maritime shipping, sea transportation and logistics, transport telematics and geomatics.

With the advent of Electronic Chart Display and Information Systems(ECDIS) and Automatic Identification Systems (AIS) as the principal navigation equipment of E-navigation strategy, mariners will begin to practice "e-navigation" and increasingly rely upon these systems to navigate safely and efficiently. However, these electronic systems require "e-inputs" in order to function. At present, the choices for e-input are limited, and they are installation dependent. This means that the mariner must be suitably equipped in order to use an alternative e-input. If the primary e-input is lost, and the vessel is not equipped to make use of suitable alternative e-inputs, then continued operations will have to be done the "old fashioned way" using conventional navigation The final objective is a recommendation of dual harbor positioning system on the most appropriate mix of positioning systems to satisfy the marine needs for radionavigation, positioning services.

The Maritime Cloud is the term used to describe the concept of an infrastructure that support authorized, seamless information transfer, as requested by the IMO e-navigation strategy, and as derived from testbeds focused on e-navigation. This paper proposes a lightweight user authentication protocol where the Message Queue Telemetry Transport type protocol registers unique topic values from the user to send the value to a server through the QoS(Quality of Service) 2 method and lightweight usage information measurement protocol where the transmission of usage information for communication service measurement consumes less mobile device resources.

In a simulator study parts of the ACCSEAS project’s e-Navigation route exchange concept termed “intended routes” has been tested in a full mission bridge simulator using experienced bridge officers in port approach scenarios. By “intended routes” we mean a service where ships underway send a number of waypoints ahead of their present position, from their voyage plan; thus sharing their intentions with ships within radio range. Other ships “intended routes” become visible on the ECDIS screen on request and can be queried for where my own ship is when the other ship is at the cursor indicated point on the displayed “in­ tended route”. Observation, focus group interviews and questionnaires were used to capture qualitative data on professional acceptance, the concept, procedural changes, functions and interface. The tested service was very well received with high acceptance ratings. Author postprint