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This study aims to analyse students' extraneous cognitive load (ECL) in cell biology lectures. Participants in the study were 31 students of the Biology Education Department who attended the Cell Biology course from a university in Jakarta, Indonesia. The Cell Biology lectures include fours topics. The data of ECL were measured using questionnaires with a semantically differential scale, containing statements about students' mental efforts in understanding the information received in the lectures. The data obtained were then tabulated, categorised according to the mental effort rubric, and made into percentage for each step of the VARK (Visual, Aural, Read/write, Kinaesthetic) approach. The results of the data analysis show that students' mental effort (ECL) in understanding each concept in Cell Biology lectures through the VARK approach is generally in the lower category. This is indicated by the very high percentage in the low category for visual, aural, read/write, and kinaesthetic steps.

Memory is important in a learning process. The more students can memorize or retain information from a learning process, the greater possibility students can perform better in their learning. Therefore, this research aimed to explore visual communication in terms of its effectiveness and effects on memory enhancement with 19 Thai undergraduate students by using a communication skills online course with visual communication, an evaluation questionnaire of the selected course, an effectiveness questionnaire of visual communication, and a memory test on the selected course. Mean, standard deviation, content analysis and a t-test for dependent samples were used to analyze data collected from all research instruments. The research findings indicated that using visual communication produced positive results in enhancing student memory and thus generating greater student learning, which can be concluded that visual communication has high potential to be implemented in class as an effective tool for teaching courses to enhance student memory and thus create better learning performance.

This study aims to analyse the Elaborate phase in ICT and social studies to educate Junior High School students about COVID 19. The independent variables were the Elaborate phase in ICT and the Elaborate phase in social studies. Attitude towards COVID 19 is the dependent variable. The research uses a quantitative approach with simple linear regression and the Paired Sample T-test method. With 388 samples of students from 3 Public Junior High Schools, the results indicate a significant influence of the Elaborate phase in ICT with attitude towards COVID 19 is 0.59. A significant influence of the Elaborate phase in social studies on attitude towards COVID 19 with a correlation test result is 0.57. Results show there is a significant influence between the Elaborate phase in ICT and the Elaborate phase in social studies on attitude towards COVID 19. Result of the hypothesis testing with multiple regression analysis shows an increase in attitude towards COVID 19 by 13,509. The ICT and social studies variables simultaneously influence students' attitude towards preventing the COVID 19 virus in Junior High School. The study indicates that ICT and social studies can improve students' understanding of broader population problems, such as COVID 19. Students can also adapt to an online learning process, and they can increase their learning motivation. Students demonstrated cognitive and affective attitude in the learning process by undertaking independent learning. In addition, the combination of ICT and social studies to elaborate on their understanding affected students' cognitive attitude, namely the desire to take preventive action against COVID 19.

Intelligent tutoring systems have become increasingly common in assisting students but are often aimed at isolated subject-domain tasks without creating a scaffolding system from lower- to higher-level cognitive skills, with low-level skills often neglected. We designed and developed an intelligent tutoring system, CompPrehension, which aims to improve the comprehension level of Bloom's taxonomy. The system features plug-in-based architecture, easily adding new subject domains and learning strategies. It uses formal models and software reasoners to solve the problems and judge the answers, and generates explanatory feedback about the broken domain rules and follow-up questions to stimulate the students' thinking. We developed two subject domain models: an Expressions domain for teaching the expression order of evaluation, and a Control Flow Statements domain for code-tracing tasks. The chief novelty of our research is that the developed models are capable of automatic problem classification, determining the knowledge required to solve them and so the pedagogical conditions to use the problem without human participation. More than 100 undergraduate first-year Computer Science students took part in evaluating the system. The results in both subject domains show medium but statistically significant learning gains after using the system for a few days; students with worse previous knowledge gained more. In the Control Flow Statements domain, the number of completed questions correlates positively with the post-test grades and learning gains. The students' survey showed a slightly positive perception of the system.

The integration of virtual manipulatives in classroom practices facilitates student learning processes. For this, the teacher must understand how to support students in establishing mathematical connections between the manipulation and their interpretations of the representations. We present a learning scenario that integrates the use of virtual manipulatives in mathematical modelling tasks. It was designed and implemented during initial teacher training, with the aim of helping a group of first-year elementary school students to overcome difficulties identified in their comprehension of the meaning of subtraction. The research, following the principles of design-based research, included three distinct moments: an individual written pre-test, an intervention phase with six micro-cycles, and an individual written post-test. The analysis of the collected data--audio, screen recordings, and written productions--allowed us to identify the most influential structural characteristics of the learning scenario: mathematical communication, collaborative learning, self-regulation, and co-regulation of learning. Our results suggest that differentiated instruction, minimal guidance, and scaffolding played an important role in the support provided by the pre-service teacher to students in the mathematical modelling activities that integrated virtual manipulatives.

Background: Developing higher-order comprehension skills of learners in primary schools is a challenge that faces many countries. South Africa is no exception. Primary school learners in South Africa have particularly low literacy and comprehension skills: many learners struggle to read for understanding. There is little published scholarship that focuses on developing the comprehension skills of Grade 3 learners in a second language. A lack of practical classroom knowledge in this area is what this article seeks to address. Objectives: To improve the higher-order comprehension skills of Grade 3 learners in a second language. Method: A qualitative approach, using a case study design, within an interpretivist paradigm was devised and deployed. Five struggling Grade 3 learners were purposively selected to participate in an intervention programme. Their parents or guardians and two current Grade 3 teachers were interviewed. Data were collected over a 10-week intervention programme. The first and last weeks were devoted to pre-testing and post-testing. The entire intervention lasted for 10 weeks. Results: All the five Grade 3 learners showed significant improvements in their comprehension skills when comparing their pre-test and post-test scores. Conclusion: The post-test scores revealed the importance of a structured intervention programme for improving the four comprehension skills highlighted. Mediation and scaffolding in the Zone of Proximal Development were employed while concurrently developing their cognitive, social and language skills.

The comprehension of the place value concept which is based on the grouping of numbers in accordance with distinct systems is not so easy. One of the sources that may contribute to the comprehension of the place value and making connections with daily life is children's books. The effects of several tools on the comprehension of the place value have been analyzed in the literature, but the effects of children's books in this regard have not been so frequent. Therefore, the aim of the study is to analyze the effects of the fifth-grade mathematics lessons integrated with children's books on the students' place value understanding. The study was designed through the case study which is a kind of the qualitative research methods. The participants of the study are 32 fifth grade students. The data of the study were obtained through the place value test, the place value achievement test, and an interview form. The findings indicate that the mathematics lessons integrated with the picture books have positive effects on the fifth-grade students' comprehension and achievement about the place value. Also, the students participated in the study mostly reported positive views about the mathematics lessons integrated with the children's books.

Although school attendance in Sweden is mandatory, there are numerous absentee students. Research studies have recognized that several of the absentee students have neuropsychiatric disabilities. However, few studies have focused on the voices of these specific students. Therefore, this study focused on their experiences of being out of school. In-depth interviews were performed with an interpretive phenomenology approach. Three themes emerged. The first was a need for supportive structures and relationships; all of the students had long histories of problematic schooling and described supportive structures and relationships with to teachers and peers as important to them. The second theme was a gendered understanding of the school absences; there were gender differences in the students' understanding, and the students described their self-image and confidence as having been harmed by their failures in school, which caused the boys especially, to develop defence strategies. The third theme was a need to have only a few secure relationships and to be taught in a smaller context. The study also illustrates the value of listening to students, partly because they know themselves best but mostly to show them respect and give them power over their own lives (i.e., empower them). The results are important for researchers and practitioners since the study provides in-depth knowledge on which areas the students felt were important and increased understanding of how the students experienced their situations.

Co-creation of curriculum content is a growing priority across Higher Education and, while many projects stress the market benefits to institutions and students, this research instead focussed on promoting inclusion, social justice and anti-oppressive practice, with theoretical underpinnings in the social model of disability. This joint research project between staff and students at De Montfort University (DMU), Leicester, led to the co-creation of a Level 6 SEND module on the BA Education Studies programme. The co-designed research explores how the experiences of neurodivergent people, those with SEND, their families and practitioners, can inform teaching practices and module specifications at undergraduate level in Education Studies. Qualitative data, collected via questionnaires, focus groups and interviews with students, parents, practitioners and academics, revealed rich, diverse perspectives on the knowledge and understanding that future educators need, as well as the most inclusive methods for teaching and assessing that knowledge. The practice-based implications of the research included co-creation of a Level 6 SEND module which recognises value in 'non-professional' voices and embeds anti-oppressive practice in its design, delivery and assessment. [The page range (25-40) cited on the .pdf is incorrect. The page range is p25-38.]

In this study, it is aimed to determine the effect of the layered curriculum activities on students' academic achievement and retention of learning and to determine the students' views regarding the applied program. The research was carried out with random experimental model with pretest-posttest control group. In addition to quantitative data, qualitative data were collected through the interview method and quantitative data were explained and deepened in this way. The study group of the research was composed of 24 students who were studying in 10th grade of the "information technologies" field in a vocational and technical high school in a city center of Turkey in 2014-2015 academic year. The data of the research were collected by the achievement test and semi-structured interview form developed by the researcher. As a result of the research, it was observed that there was a significant difference in favor of the experimental group between the averages obtained from the posttest and permanance test of the students in the experimental group where the activities based on the layered curriculum were applied and the students in the control group where the activities based on the existing program were applied. Students stated generally positive opinions about the layered curriculum process.

The objectives of this study were to explore foreign tourists' responses to Thai English, a variety of English emerging in Thailand, in terms of comprehensibility, and to identify the linguistic features that made Thai English incomprehensible. One hundred international tourists in Bangkok from four regions including East Asia, Southeast Asia, Europe, and North America were surveyed after they listened to a set of five authentic speech samples from four speakers in Thai tourism industry. The data were collected and analysed quantitatively and qualitatively to yield multidimensional results. The results show that Thai English was comprehensible to most of the tourists from all four regions. While syntactic and morphological features of Thai English were well understood, the phonological features were a major hurdle for the comprehensibility of Thai English. This study not only proposes pedagogical implications of prioritizing those linguistic features, especially phonological features which mainly impede comprehensibility of Thai English, but also suggests Thais to be more confident in communicating in English for their specific needs and purposes.

This study examined teacher awareness and teacher use of metacognitive practices in Canadian schools within Manitoba. The literature on teacher metacognition was limited because the majority of the literature centred on student metacognition and there was a call for more research regarding teacher metacognition. Four participants from urban and rural Manitoban schools, who had taken Reading Apprenticeship (RA) training, were interviewed in this narrative inquiry. This research created reflective stories through an analysis of transcripts of interviews. The Metacognitive Awareness Inventory (MAI) tool activated the participants' thinking, which helped to tune their reflections and the qualitative transcripts of the interviews, revealing trends in metacognitive vocabulary and reflective story. The primary research question was as follows: How does a teacher's understanding of metacognition influence the development of metacognitive skills and metacognitive conversations in classroom practices and routines? The participants' reflections highlighted six threads of teacher practices, employing metacognitive strategies and metacognitive conversations in the classroom that helped to increase their perceptions of student achievement. The analysis wove together the three main ways teachers influence their students' metacognition, as found in the literature review, with the six threads of teacher metacognitive practices that were found in the current research. This created four unique tapestries revealing evidence that the teachers' understanding of metacognition can influence the development of metacognitive skills in their practices and routines. The conclusion is that a teacher's awareness around metacognitive strategies did influence the participants' decision making within planning, classroom set up, and daily routines. Therefore, a teacher's understanding of metacognition can influence the development of metacognitive skills and metacognitive conversations in classroom practices and routines. This research suggests that collaborative work around improving metacognitive strategies and conversations within the classroom would greatly benefit teachers' personal practical knowledge. Therefore, more training is recommended to help to solidify and improve the use of metacognitive strategies and conversations, increasing the personal practical knowledge of teachers. It is recommended that secondary institutions' courses and professional development opportunities within the school divisions of Manitoba build collaborative efficacy around implementing metacognitive strategies. This study's results have reinforced the fact that metacognitive strategies and conversations can be successful agents in helping students achieve higher quality standards from the teachers' perspectives. However, further research is recommended that includes teachers who have not taken RA training; more extensive studies are required to seek teachers' understanding of metacognitive practices.

The worldwide proliferation of English-medium instruction (EMI) in the higher education sector has compelled researchers to investigate the implementation challenges faced by teachers and students in such contexts. However, very few studies have focused on changes in pedagogical approaches to enhance EMI teaching and learning. This explanatory mixed-methods study aimed to examine the value of two pedagogical practices, i.e., formative feedback (FF) and experiential learning (EL), used in an entrepreneurship course in a science-and-technology EMI university in South Korea. The findings of a survey of the 352 business and engineering students enrolled in the course revealed that learners who engaged in extensive FF and EL activities (treatment group) had significantly better self-perceived subject comprehension, motivation, and overall satisfaction with the course than their counterparts who were taught in a lecture-type environment (control group). The analysis of the focus group interview data confirmed that learners perceived these pedagogical practices as effective in promoting the simultaneous acquisition of knowledge of the subject and English language skills, which is the most desirable outcome in an EMI class. This study paves the way for more rigorous research on EMI pedagogy.

The aim of this study is to examine the problem-solving processes and problem-posing skills of pre-service mathematics teachers, which consists of four stages (understanding the problem, preparing a plan for the solution, applying the plan, evaluating) defined by Polya (1997) with the progressive scoring scale based on the alternative assessment approach. Qualitative research approach has been adopted in the study. Participants of the study consist of 71 pre-service teachers studying at the department of primary education mathematics teaching at the education faculty of a state university in the Southeastern Anatolia region of Turkey. Since the problem solving and problem posing behaviors of the participants were examined separately in the study, the gradual scoring scale developed by Baki (2008) was used. As a result of the analysis, it was determined that the participants showed the highest performance in the category of understanding the problem, and the lowest performance in the category of evaluation and problem posing. It was determined that participants who failed in the problem posing phase either wrote the same problem or could not write a problem. Another result reached in the study is that the participants had difficulties in expressing the operations in mathematical language.

The aim of this study is to evaluate the cognitive levels of pre-service science teachers according to Bloom's Taxonomy about "density" using daily life problems. The case study design was used in the study. This study was carried out with 45 pre-service teachers. In order to identify the cognitive levels of pre-service teachers about the density subject, a cognitive level test have been used created in line with the Bloom's Taxonomy, formed with the purpose of identifying their views about daily life problems requiring higher level thinking skills. When the cognitive levels of pre-service teachers have been analysed, it has been found out that all the pre-service teachers have completed the knowledge, comprehension and application levels while 20 of them have got through analysis level. 13 of them have passed into the synthesis level which requires a higher level thinking skill while 9 of them have reached the last stage, 'evaluation'. According to the findings, in order to progress within the cognitive thinking levels while learning 'density' subject, students should overcome the mathematical deficiencies and concentrate more on daily life problems which require a higher-level thinking skill.

The curriculum that changes according to the age conditions helps the individual adapt to society. One of the programs created in this context is the life studies teaching program. The objectives of the curriculums prepared gain importance in this context. This study aims to examine the 2015 and 2018 life studies curricula according to the Marzano and Kendall taxonomy; the document review method has been used. The objectives and explanations of the 2015 and 2018 life studies curricula, which were accepted by the Ministry of National Education, Board of Education and Discipline, have been examined as a document. For the analysis of the research data, the form objectives created by Marzano and Kendall have been used for evaluation. According to the results, 2015 and 2018 life studies teaching programs are generally included in the cognitive system according to Marzano and Kendall's taxonomy. The objectives in the self-system are insufficient. In addition, while there is an objective in the 2015 curriculum in the metacognitive system, there is no objective in the 2018 curriculum. In the context of knowledge, the 2015 and 2018 curricula' objectives include mental procedures and psychomotor procedures more than the information area. However, both 2015 and 2018 curriculum outcomes focus on mental procedures and psychomotor procedures of generally retrieval and comprehension levels.

Research has shown that children with dyslexia have difficulties perceiving rhythm, and that musical training can enhance their learning skills. The purpose of this research was to investigate the effectiveness of an interventional music-training program based on rhythm-perception enhancement, within the curriculum of the music course in Greece. For this purpose, this research was conducted on primary school students over a period of 12 weeks. Thirty-two students of the 4th Elementary class, diagnosed with dyslexia, participated in the study. The LAMDA (Learning Skills and Weakness Detection Software) test, a weighted tool for automated detection of learning difficulties in written and oral language, was used to assess the improvement of children. The assessment showed that the interventional music-training program improved students' performance in areas such as word recognition, grammar spelling, visual sequences and rhythm reproduction. The research findings indicate that the incorporation of an appropriately adapted music program into the primary school curriculum, as well as the use of music as a systematic treatment, may have positive effects on students with dyslexia.

In this article, we examine the hierarchization of international students by bringing together perspectives of linguistic legitimacy and language ideologies. Our data stems from 26 accent reduction or accent modification course descriptions and websites from U.S. universities. Based on their analysis, we discuss the sociopolitical implications of the phenomenon of these courses for international students and the ways in which language-based, particularly accent-based, arguments are used to create or reinforce different categories of students. We argue that while international students are presented as having different kinds of "comprehensibility problems" that accent modification and reduction courses are claimed to remedy, the seemingly linguistic arguments that are used for marketing do not hold. Rather, what is presented as an accent issue actually seems to be an ideological one, drawing on the students' ethnic or geographical origins, and thereby racializing the question of language proficiency.

Understanding chemical models can be challenging for many university students studying chemistry. This study analysed students' understanding of molecular structures using the Lewis structure as a model, and examined what hinders their understanding. We conducted pre- and post-tests to analyse students' conceptions and changes in them. The measures contained multiple-choice questions and drawing tasks testing their understanding of concepts, such as polarity, geometry, charge or formal charge and expanded octet. The pre-test revealed a lack of knowledge and several misconceptions in students' prior knowledge. For example, the concept of polarity was well-known, but the combination of polarity and geometry appeared to be difficult. For some students, the representation of molecules was intuitive and lacking a systematic approach. Certain students used mnemonics and draw ball-and-stick models connected to surficial representations. After the chemistry courses, the conceptions and drawings had generally changed, and the level of the students' knowledge increased markedly. Although, fewer ball-and-stick models were drawn in the post-test, some students still used them. The main result was that students who drew ball-and-stick models in the pre-test were less capable of drawing the correct Lewis structures with electrons in the post-test. In addition, heuristics seem to hinder learning and some concepts, such as resonance, remained difficult. This is probably due to the fact that understanding molecular structures requires systemic understanding, where several matters must be understood at the same time. Our study highlights that the understanding of molecular structures requires conceptual change related to several sub-concepts.

Over the last two decades research has indicated an unpleasant experience for the elderly with exemptions. An important question for this paper is whether the unpleasant exempted experience for the elderly in accessing health services is linked to illiteracy. Since illiteracy can affect how services are used and its results, the answer to this paper's question could affect how health services are accessed and their associated outcomes. Policy implementors are operating without a solid knowledge of this relationship. The study used a mixed methods approach. Purposive random sampling was applied to select 879 elderly and was guided by research assistants in filling in the questionnaires. Also, purposive sampling was used to recruit 23 key informants. Results indicates a significant relationship between illiteracy and selected indicators of health service access: awareness, acceptability and adequacy. This paper argues for more training opportunities through non-formal programs among adults and communication capacity building among health providers based on the results of implementing the elderly exemption policy in Ubungo and Mbarali districts in Tanzania.

Social studies texts often pose a challenge for readers because of their complex linguistics features, which can cause comprehension issues. Drawing upon Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL), this study examines how authors create cohesive messages and meaning in an 11th-grade U.S. history textbook in relation to the history of diseases. Findings reveal four main cohesive resources: (1) referring words, (2) ellipses, (3) lexical cohesion, and (4) text connectives, are utilized to construct a message that holds together and builds from clause to clause. Consequently, a responsibility is placed on the reader to track the participant(s) while also forcing them to track the events in the rest of the clause. Although the function of cohesive resources helps the writer to express their ideas, it may also impede novice readers, such as emergent bilinguals, from keeping track of all the participants and information. Implications provide ways social studies teachers can take up a role as a language teacher to support comprehension of social studies content and language development.

Acoustics in schools have been studied during years, but nowadays there are more possibilities than ever before to introduce improvements. This study presents a systematic literature review determining what acoustic parameters are present in classrooms and how they affect both teachers and students. Following the analysis, we put forward a two-block classification: the physical parameters of the sound or noise in the classroom and the consequences of the acoustics on the people in the classroom. Advances in the design of learning spaces and the use of technologies ranging from devices and green material to advanced automation systems make it possible to direct acoustic solutions toward smarter learning spaces. This review also highlights the acoustic parameters to consider in smart classrooms (noise, reverberation, speech transmission and speech clarity) and the main effects of acoustics on teachers and students. Some conclusions and recommendations are drawn, but more research is needed in terms of school improvement considering acoustics influence and smart classrooms possibilities.

This study set out to explore dedicated language learning apps pedagogically while focusing mainly on aspects of second language acquisition. A total of 20 English language learning apps were collected for analysis. The study took one model of analysing course book materials and another, computer-assisted language learning model and combined them into one analytical framework with bespoke criteria, ensuring the analysis was most suitable for our case. The analytical framework which was developed reached a number of conclusions about dedicated language learning apps (DLLAs). The findings revealed that DLLAs tend to provide mechanical forms-focused practice without facilitating collaborative learning nor focusing on developing users' communicative competence, which suggests that DLLAs reflect a behaviouristic view of language learning. The conclusion offers some suggestions to improve DLLAs and proposes that, for the time being, educators should look beyond DLLAs and instead investigate how can apps that are not designed for language learning (generic apps) be used in the manner of DLLAs to avoid the issues that this paper identifies with them.

The prime objectives of this study were to unveil the level of anxiety and the sources of English language anxiety of the tertiary level students of Bangladesh. Through a questionnaire survey using Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety Scale developed by Horwitz et al. (1986), the study found that most of the tertiary level learners have high anxiety of English as a foreign language. Based on an exploratory factor analysis with principal component analysis and varimax rotation (Kaiser Normalization), a four-factor (communication anxiety, comprehension and test anxiety, fear of negative evaluation, and lack of anxiety) solution emerged. Following a close analysis of the EFA and other established valid models, the study found that six components, namely, speaking anxiety, fear of negative evaluation, peer pressure/social-image anxiety, comprehension-related anxiety, negative attitude towards class, and test anxiety were the main sources of anxiety, which need to be addressed for alleviating the anxiety of the students.

The current study examined the effectiveness of the use of electronic static infographic (information graphic) technology to support university students' learning, to develop their comprehension of instructional design concepts and to improve their Information and Communication Technology (ICT) literacy. The researcher used an experimental design in which 64 students in an instructional design course in the second semester of the 2019-2020 were randomly divided into an experimental group and a control group. The students in the experimental group received treatment on instructional design concepts and ICT literacy with the aid of electronic static infographic technology while the students in the control group received instruction about the same topic using regular method of instruction without the aid of electronic static infographic technology. Pretest and post-tests were administrated for the students in the two groups. Analysis of the pretest and post-test scores revealed that the implementation of electronic static infographic to support students' learning contributed considerably in developing comprehension of instructional design concepts. There was significant difference at the level (0.05) between the post-test scores of the control and experimental groups with the benefit going to the experimental group. Based on the findings, the current study recommends the use of electronic static infographic technology to support students' learning in teaching instructional design courses.

Theoretical approaches within the cognitive-interactionist framework (Long, 2015) have identified various aspects of L2 input and characteristics of instruction that predict learners' L2 outcomes. Such strategies of L2 teaching relate to shaping characteristics of communicative activities in which the L2 is embedded and modifying L2 input, L2 interactions and learners' L2 output. These strategies are in line with task-based and content-based teaching approaches. This article starts out with theoretical underpinnings to L2 instructional principles. It introduces the roles of sensory input and individual perception, internal knowledge construction, prior knowledge, and selective attention as understood within this framework. Consequences of this type of processing for instruction are discussed with respect to the instigation of noticing, salience, cognitive activation, learning from insight and depth of processing. The second part gives an overview of characteristics of teachers' linguistic behaviour, which includes how teachers modify verbal and non-verbal L2 input, shape communicative activities and interactions in terms of authenticity, negotiation of meaning, feedback and focus on form, and create opportunities for learners' L2 output. The goal of these strategies of L2 teaching is to provide comprehensibility and cognitive stimulation during the L2 acquisition process, induce wide-spread neural activity, and facilitate long-term retention. All of these strategies are exemplified by, and operationalised in, the Teacher Input Observation Scheme (TIOS, Kersten, Bruhn, Ponto, Böhnke, & Greve, 2018), which provides a systematic basis for empirical L2 classroom observation, teacher training and teachers' self-evaluation. The article closes with empirical and practical examples of the effects of L2 instructional strategies in pre-school and primary school.

Previous studies have often compared and contrasted differences among media presentations, including traditional storybooks and videos and their potential for incidental word learning among preschoolers. Studies have shown that children learn words from a variety of media, and that repetition is an important source for incidental learning. Yet, to date, little is known about how repeated presentations of different media, and the possible additive effect of these presentations may affect incidental word learning. Conducted over three phases, 140 preschoolers viewed or listened to two stories, repeated either with a single medium (traditional book "or" video) or two media (book "and" video) to stories. Results indicated that gains in incidental word learning were significantly stronger when children viewed two different media of comparable content compared to two exposures to a single medium. However, neither condition affected children's comprehension of the story. Findings suggest that two media presentations of comparable stories may be more effective in promoting incidental word learning than repeated presentations of a single medium.

A study was conducted on the cognitive processes involved in the steps of problem-based learning and the way this pedagogical approach is applied in the health sciences. The objective was to understand more deeply the cognitive process related to student comprehension and its connection with the work done when studying a medical discipline through problem-based learning (PBL). A case study was undertaken with a total of 30 students and an interdisciplinary team composed of a physician and two professionals in the field of education. After a video analysis process of face-to-face teamwork on PBL, it was decided to design and use an advanced organizer to systematize and ease the comprehension process while working with problem scenarios. From its initial application, the students were satisfied with its usefulness, and they provided feedback to improve its format and extend its applicability to other disciplines. It was concluded that not only is it possible to integrate hybrid models in problem-based learning, but also to include variants and auxiliary tools that arise from the cognitive demands and the information management needs of the students, thus favoring the study and the preservation of knowledge.

Research on clinically-based teacher education indicates that facilitating clinical experiences for teacher candidates improves their preparation for the profession. While we have answered the call to implement rich clinical experiences in our teacher education program, we have found that we also needed to design new, robust strategies to assess what the candidates are taking away from their clinical experiences. This paper describes our use of Horn and Campbell's (2015) notion of "pedagogical judgment" to analyze the work of social studies teacher candidates in clinical placements. We describe a rubric developed to evaluate candidates' pedagogical judgment and offer insights into the use of this assessment tool as a component of clinically-based teacher education. We explore how the use of this rubric enables targeted evaluations of preservice teachers around specific aspects of pedagogical judgments. We conclude that this rubric could offer a way to unpack how preservice teachers make sense of their emerging understandings and pedagogical practices.

Machine Translation (MT) has the potential to provide instant translation in times of crisis. MT provides real solutions that can remove borders between people and COVID-19 information. The widespread of MT system makes it worthy of scrutinizing the capacity of the most prominent MT system, Google Translate, to deal with COVID-19 texts into Arabic. The study adopted (Costa et al., 2015a) framework in analysing the output of Google Translate output service in terms of orography, grammar, lexis, and semantics. The study's corpus was extracted from World Health Organization (WHO), United Nations Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF), U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office (FCDO), and European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC). The paper reveals that Google Translate committed a set of errors: semantic, grammatical, lexical, and punctuation. Such errors inhibit the intelligibility of the translated texts. It also indicates that MT might work as an aid to translate general information about COVID-19, but it is still incapable of dealing with critical information about COVID-19. The paper concludes that MT can be an effective tool, but it can never replace human translators.

With the spread of learning analytics (LA) dashboards in K-12 schools, educators are increasingly expected to make sense of data to inform instruction. However, numerous features of school settings, such as specialized vantage points of educators, may lead to different ways of looking at data. This observation motivates the need to carefully observe and account for the ways data sense-making occurs, and how it may differ across K-12 professional roles. Our mixed-methods study reports on interviews and think-aloud sessions with middle-school mathematics teachers and instructional coaches from four districts in the United States. By exposing educators to an LA dashboard, we map their varied reactions to visual data and reveal prevalent sense-making patterns. We find that emotional, analytical, and intentional responses inform educators' sense-making and that different roles at the school afford unique vantage points toward data. Based on these findings, we offer a typology for representing sense-making in a K-12 school context and reflect on how to expand visual LA process models.

Confusion may benefit learning when it is resolved or partially resolved. Metacognitive strategies (MS) may help learners to resolve confusion when it occurs during learning and problem solving. This study examined the relationship between confusion and MS that students evoked in Betty's Brain, a computer-based learning-by-modelling environment where elementary and middle school students learn science by building causal maps. Participants were sixth graders. Emotion data were collected from real-time observations by trained researchers. MS and task performance information were determined by analyzing the action logs. Pre- and post-tests were used to assess learning gains. The results revealed that the use of MS was a function of the state of student confusion. However, confusion resolution was not related to MS behaviour, and MS did not moderate the effect of confusion on student task performance in Betty's Brain or on learning gains.

In practical work focussing on conceptual development, students spend valuable in-class time on collecting data rather than making sense out of it. This provides a barrier to learning about the targeted concept. To address this problem, we developed an approach that we coin "collaborative data collection." Using a practical on the topic "density," we describe this approach and illustrate how the focus of practical work shifts away from mere data-collection towards meaning making. Although a single practical is described, the approach can be applied to other practicals as well.

Policymakers' demands for improved academic achievement by all children and the standardization of instructional practices continue to alter the landscape of early childhood education. Many within the early childhood education community are examining how these changes impact stakeholders' conceptions of school readiness. Yet, little has been done to examine how these same stakeholders make sense of the changed practices of kindergarten itself--the program for which children are getting ready. This article addresses this issue by examining findings from an instrumental case study that examined how a sample of urban prekindergarten program stakeholders in the Midwest made sense of the changed kindergarten. Investigating this issue created the opportunity to consider whether preschool stakeholders are conceptually prepared for children transitioning into kindergarten, which may impact how children's transition into elementary school unfolds, as well as whether they believe the changed kindergarten is an appropriate learning environment for children. Such findings also offer the chance to consider how early childhood stakeholders might work to alter the current framing of the changed kindergarten.

Our aim was to identify the suitability of three assessment tools (i.e., Flanker test, Updating Word Span, and Color Trails Test) for future inclusion in the classification process of elite Paralympic athletes with intellectual disability and to assess the strength of the relation between Executive function (EF) and intelligence. Cognitive and EF assessments were performed on 59 participants, divided into four groups according to their cognitive level (with versus without intellectual disability) and sport expertise (athlete versus novice). Inhibition and working memory update skills were implicated in people with intellectual disability. For set-shifting, a more nuanced picture was observed. Strong associations between EF and intelligence was found in people with intellectual disability. Working memory updating and set-shifting are relevant EF skills to assess in the context of elite sport; however, culture-free alternatives for the Updating Word Span test are needed, and alternatives to the Color Trails Test, less reliant on literacy skills are required.

Financial literacy is an important skillset for individuals to have so they can properly manage their financial well-being. Individuals across the United States are lacking in financial literacy, and therefore often struggle with navigating major financial events in addition to their daily personal finance decisions. K-12 family and consumer sciences (FCS) educators are equipped with the tools and resources to address this issue so individuals are better equipped to make sound financial decisions. Data from the TIAA-GFLEC Personal Finance (P-FIN) Index shows the overall lack of financial literacy throughout the U.S. (Yakoboski et al., 2021). The P-Fin Index is an annual survey conducted by the TIAA Institute and the GFLEC (Global Financial Literacy Excellence Center). The P-FIN Index measures both knowledge and understanding of skills that allow adults to properly manage their personal finances. In order for FCS educators to help individuals improve their financial literacy, they will need to focus on both their own professional development and expansion of financial literacy education.

Background: Enhanced uptake of systematic reviews that use qualitative comparative analyses (QCA) requires knowing how end-users interpret such findings. The study purpose was to identify effective approaches to communicating results from a QCA within a systematic review. Methods: Sequential exploratory mixed methods design; thematic analysis of interviews with 11 end-users followed by a randomized experiment with 254 participants that provided QCA results for a hypothetical review presented through three formats (text, table, and figure). A survey administered after the experiment assessed subjective and objective comprehension of QCA results. Results: Interview themes included use of jargon; appropriate use of appendices, tables, figures; and integration of QCA results within the systematic review. In the experiment, we observed a significant difference (p = 0.035) in subjective comprehension across the three presentation formats. Participants randomized to the figure and text formats scored higher compared to the table. No significant differences were observed for objective comprehension overall (p = 0.11). However, for parameter interpretation (a unique component of QCA results), scores among participants that received the figure format were significantly higher than scores for participants who received the text (p = 0.001) or table (p = 0.004). No significant differences (p = 0.09) were observed in objective comprehension for configuration interpretation. Conclusions: End-users of systematic reviews saw value in the use of QCA, but unfamiliar methods and terminology were barriers to full understanding of the findings. When presenting results, a figure format appears to be superior to text or table formats based on measures of subjective comprehension and some measures of objective comprehension.

This paper contributes evidence-based scholarship to how teachers understand the value of Aboriginal student-focussed programmes and how discourses of Indigeneity appear to influence those views. Interviews with n = 22 teachers across n = 3 secondary school sites in New South Wales highlighted teachers' understanding of Aboriginal programmes as primarily contributing to students' behavioural and academic improvement. The interviewed teachers spoke positively about Aboriginal students' current academic achievements and prospects for their bright futures as graduates, albeit from within deficit and colour-blind discourses. Utilising Moodie's Decolonising Race Theory framework, teachers' juxtaposing beliefs resonate with existing decolonising education research which indicates a performativity of cultural inclusion through adherence to settler-colonial practices, while at the same time, an intellectual desire to move away from the legacy of Australia's contentious colonial past.

This article describes the research design and findings from a use-inspired study of online text-based mathematics resources. We sought to understand whether and how existing mathematics interest, together with the learner characteristics of prior coursework in mathematics and proof scheme, influenced comprehension of mathematical argumentation and triggered interest in two types of mathematics text: (1) text featuring concrete, real-world applications (public domain) and (2) text with abstract and generalized modes of expression and content (abstract domain). Using an online assessment and person-centered analyses, we studied 64 (32 M, 32 F) undergraduate students who were and were not pursuing advanced mathematics coursework. Cluster analysis revealed two participant groups. Less mathematically immersed (LMI) participants improved comprehension of mathematical argumentation when working with public domain text, performing comparably to the more mathematically immersed (MMI) cluster in this domain; those in the MMI cluster performed comparably across text domains. In addition, LMI participants were more likely to identify public domain text as more interesting than abstract text, and they also were more likely than those in the MMI group to explain this by citing public rather than abstract domain reasons. Taken together, study findings suggest that interest in coordination with other learner characteristics scaffolds comprehension of mathematical argumentation. This study makes contributions to interest theory, understanding the role of interest in comprehension of mathematical argumentation, and ways in which practitioners might leverage student interest to promote comprehension.

This study investigated the comprehension of prosodically and syntactically marked focus by 5- to 8-year-old Cantonese-speaking children with and without autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Children listened to question-answer dialogues while looking at pictures depicting the scenarios, and judged whether the answers were correct responses to the questions. The results showed that children with ASD exhibited typically developing (TD)-like performance in the use of syntactic cues to understand focus, although they were significantly slower than their TD peers. However, children with ASD had more difficulties than their TD peers in utilizing prosodic cues in focus comprehension. These findings suggest that the comprehension difficulties found in children with ASD are domain-selective, and children with ASD are sensitive to language-specific focus marking strategies.

Background: Recent complex and cross-boundary policy problems, such as climate change, pandemics, and financial crises, have recentred debates about state capacity, democratic discontent and the 'crisis of expertise'. These problems are contested and open to redefinition, misunderstanding, spin, and deception, challenging the ability of policymakers to locate, discriminate, comprehend, and respond to competing sources of knowledge and expertise. We argue that 'non-knowledge' is an under-explored aspect of responses to major policy crises. Key points: While discussed in recent work in sociology and other social sciences, non-knowledge has been given less explicit attention in policy studies, and is not fully captured by orthodox understandings of knowledge and evidence use. We outline three main forms of non-knowledge that challenge public agencies: amnesia, ignorance and misinformation. In each case, 'non-knowledge' is not simply the absence of policy-relevant knowledge. Amnesia refers to what is forgotten, reinvented or 'unlearned', while claims of ignorance involve obscuring or casting aside of relevant knowledge that could (or even should) be available. To be misinformed is to actively believe false or misleading information. In each instance, non-knowledge may have strategic value for policy actors or aid the pursuit of self-interest. Conclusions and implications: We demonstrate the relevance of non-knowledge through a brief case study, emerging from the inquiry into the COVID-19 hotel quarantine programme in the Australian state of Victoria. We argue that both amnesia and 'practical' forms of ignorance contributed to failures during the early part of the programme.

Owing to the rapid development of information and communication technologies, online or mobile learning content is widely available on the Internet. Unlike traditional face-to-face learning, online learning exhibits a critical limitation: real-time interactions between learners and teachers are generally not feasible in online learning. To overcome this issue, we implemented an online learning system based on electroencephalography (EEG)-based passive brain-computer interface technology referred to as the "adaptive neuro-learning system (ANLS)." It monitors the current mental states of learners seamlessly using EEG signals. Then, it adaptively provides natural and interactive video feedback rather than simple alarms or pop quizzes following the current mental conditions of a learner. In this article, a total of 60 university students were assigned randomly to one of four groups: two experimental groups, for which either ANLS based on attention state estimation or ANLS based on both attention and comprehension states estimation was tested, and two control groups, the students in which were taught using either the conventional online lecture without feedback or an online course with randomized video feedbacks. Each member of these groups attended a 53 min open courseware video lecture. Then, the educational effects of the proposed system were evaluated quantitatively via a written examination. Our results revealed a significantly higher learning performance for the experimental group (average test score of the experimental groups = 83.83 and that of the control groups = 56.67), demonstrating the feasibility of the proposed education strategy.

With ongoing racial tensions, terms such as antiracism and diversity, equity, inclusion (DEI) are buzzwords on campuses across the United States. Yet resources, especially in management education, to teach privilege and intersectionality are limited. This article introduces four reflection exercises I have found valuable in facilitating students' different understandings (contextual and experiential) of privilege as intersectional. In addition, I present a conceptual framework for thinking about the intersection of multiple identities simultaneously given contextual and experiential understandings of privilege. In this way, this article makes both pedagogical and theoretical contributions. The sharing of these exercises, personal reflections, and teaching suggestions are geared at stimulating dialogue for how we learn and teach privilege, intersectionality, diversity, and antiracism. Instructors, regardless of their backgrounds, are invited to reflect on their intersectionality and privilege and also to consider integrating these exercises into their own DEI teaching.

Advance translation is a method of source questionnaire development for multilingual survey projects to enhance translatability and (inter)cultural portability. The aim is to minimize translation issues in the final translation stage. I empirically tested the results of a previously conducted advance translation in a think-aloud study and analyzed the utterances made in a mixed-method approach, calculating chi-square statistics and cross-checking these by observational notes of the think-aloud sessions. My study confirms the usefulness of advance translation in making source items better to translate, thus improving final translation quality. It appears to be particularly useful for comprehensibility issues of the source text, irrespective of the target language. I recommend that advance translations be carried out into all languages and cultures into which the final source questionnaire is to be translated. This will improve source questionnaire translatability and, thus, final translation and overall cross-cultural data quality.

Student reflection can take on various roles, such as evaluating one's progress, setting and evaluating goals, regularly reviewing one's progress, giving and receiving constructive support and feedback, and effectively communicating and assessing one's learning and experiences (Webb & Scoular (2011). Research indicates that facilitating student reflection is an essential teaching practice, leading to increased academic performance, a deeper understanding of content, and improved student engagement (Ash et al., 2005; Cavilla, 2017; Lew & Schmidt, 2011). The following literature review will serve as a reminder of what should be considered when designing student reflection opportunities in hybrid or fully-online learning environments through the lens of Transactional Distance Theory (TDT).