Lacking resources cast a tremendous barrier for rural residents, but, for rural residents who happen to be ethnoracial minorities, life is full of challenges (e.g., Valdez, Ramirez, Estrada, Grassi, & Nathan, 2016). The issues of rural ethnoracial minorities are understudied, but should not be overlooked because approximately 8.2% of rural residents are Blacks and 9.3% are Hispanics in the United States (Housing Assistance Council, 2012). Rural ethnoracial minorities usually cluster in certain geographical regions. More specifically, rural Black residents mostly live in the south east part of the US, including Mississippi, Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, and Alabama while rural non-Black Hispanics reside primarily in the south west part of the US, such as Texas, California, New Mexico, Arizona, and Colorado (Probst, Moore, Glover, & Samuels, 2004). Serious problems, such as difficulty in accessing medical services, low education level, and poverty, take a toll on their physical and cognitive health conditions (Bolin et al., 2015). Therefore, the current study aims to examine the compounding effect of ethnoracial minority and rurality on cognitive health. Rural-urban disparity in health conditions is a huge problem in the United States. Residents living in rural jurisdictions are more prone to chronic illnesses, such as hypertension, diabetes, and obesity (Harris et al., 2016). What is even worse is when rural residents get ill and are in need of medical services, the accessibility and quality of the medical care are usually low and poor, giving rise to the poor health outcome (Joynt, Harris, Orav, & Jha, 2011). Furthermore, rural residents are less likely to receive comprehensive health insurance than their urban counterparts, including having a lack of eye care and mental health coverage in their insurance contract (for a thorough review: Douthit, Kiv, Dwolatzky, & Biswas, 2015). The aforementioned health concerns for rural residents, such as hypertension and diabetes, are in fact, risk factors for dementia (Kaffashian et al., 2013). Perplexingly, in Kentucky and West Virginia, the prevalence rate for the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease and related disorders (ADRD) is lower among rural dwellers than urban dwellers, which might be due to underdiagnosis, likely due to reduced medical services in rural areas (Abner, Jicha, Christian, & Schreurs, 2016). Indeed, rural dwellers are less likely to seek medical services for memory-related problems than urban dwellers (Chumbler, Cody, Booth, & Beck, 2001). Episodic memory decline is a critical factor to consider in these communities because this domain often is the earliest observable cognitive domain to decline in individuals on the path towards Alzheimer’s disease (Salmon & Bondi, 2009). To tackle the problem of underdiagnosis and to disclose the a more accurate prevalence of dementia, Weden, Shih, Kabeto, and Langa (2018) used a large data pool from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) and demonstrated that in 2000, rural dwellers have higher prevalence rate of probable dementia and cognitive impairment, as defined by an arbitrary cutoff score on the Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status (TICS; Brandt, Spencer, & Folstein, 1988) than urban dwellers. Research has indicated that, as a group, both Blacks and Hispanics tend to have lower performance on episodic memory tasks compared with non-Hispanic Whites (Brewster et al., 2014; Zahodne, Manly, Azar, Brickman, & Glymour, 2016; Díaz-Venegas, Downer, Langa, & Wong, 2019). In addition, studies have indicated that Black and Hispanic older adults showed overall lower cognitive performance, even in other cognitive domains, than non-Hispanic Whites (Sloan & Wang, 2005; Díaz-Venegas, Downer, Langa, & Wong, 2019). According to the NIH Health Disparities Research Framework, one contributing factor that explains ethnoracial disparity on health condition is education level (Hill et al., 2015). Education is certainly a strong determinant for any cognition-related outcomes Cognitive reserve theory states that exposure to cognitively enriching environments at a younger age is a protective factor against ADRD (Stern, 2002). Indeed, exposure to education is associated with better long-term cognitive performance (Alley, Suthers, & Crimmons, 2007). That being said, rural ethnoracial minorities might be at a higher risk for cognitive decline and ADRD because approximately 39.5% of rural Black adults and half of rural Hispanic adults have not earned a high school degree (Probst, Moore, Glover, & Samuels, 2004). Educational attainment is even lower in rural older adults. For example, 76% and 80% of rural Blacks and rural Hispanics lack a high school diploma (Probst, Moore, Glover, & Samuels, 2004). However, even those who receive the same education degree might not receive the same quality of education. Crowe and colleagues (2013) found that quality of education predicted cognitive functioning in older adults over and beyond the effect ofeducation attainment. Thus, ethnoracial disparities are evident in verbal abilities, too (Rowe, 2002).