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The volatile leaf oils of Juniperus chinensis (sensu stricto) are found to be polymorphic for cedrene, thujopsene, and cedrol as well as aromatic compounds derived from the phenyl propanoid pathway. Reports on the oil of putative J. chinensis in the literature did not correspond to the oil from China which suggests that the cultivated J. chinensis may be a selection from the species and not typical. The oil of cvltivai pyramidalis possessed some similarities to the oil of one of the J. chinensis samples, whereas die oil of var. kaizuca was very different, supporting the continued recognition of the variety status.

Forty strains of bacteria and 60 of fungi were screened with globulol, 1,8-cineol and cedrol and the strains compared, on the basis of the resulting products, using multivariate analyses. The taxonomic position of the strains is mirrored in their biotransformation capability. Fungi and bacteria, fungal phyla, and Gram-positive and-negative bacteria could all be distinguished in a discriminant analysis using 12 substrates. Hierarchical clustering yielded five groups of strains with distinct biotransformation activity. Such clustering will allow a more efficient screening than before.

The composition of the volatile leaf oils of Juniperus przewalskii and J. przewalskii f. pendula are reported. The oil of J. przewalskii contains moderate amounts of α-pinene (6.9–11.7%), limonene (7.1–11.8%), sabinene (3.3–10.0%), piperitone (3.1–9.0%) and several diterpenes (> 15%). The oil of forma pendula was dominated by α-pinene (28.6%), sabinene (28.6%) and cedrol (17.2%). The continued recognition of the forma pendula is supported by the terpenoid data. A new name combination is made: Juniperus przewalskii Kom. f. pendula (Cheng & L. K. Fu) R. P. Adams & Chu Ge-lin.

WOS: 000298017700004, PubMed ID: 22129397, Juniperus communis leaf oil, J. chinensis wood oil, and Cupressus funebris wood oil (Cupressaceae) from China were analyzed by gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. We identified 104 compounds, representing 66.895.5% of the oils. The major components were: a-pinene (27.0%), a-terpinene (14.0%), and linalool (10.9%) for J. communis; cuparene (11.3%) and d-cadinene (7.8%) for J. chinensis; and a-cedrene (16.9%), cedrol (7.6%), and beta-cedrene (5.7%) for C. funebris. The essential oils of C. funebris, J. chinensis, and J. communis were evaluated for repellency against adult yellow fever mosquitoes, Aedes aegypti (L.), host-seeking nymphs of the lone star tick, Amblyomma americanum (L.), and the blacklegged tick, Ixodes scapularis Say, and for toxicity against Ae. aegypti larvae and adults, all in laboratory bioassays. All the oils were repellent to both species of ticks. The EC95 values of C. funebris, J. communis, and J. chinensis against A. americanum were 0.426, 0.508, and 0.917 mg oil/cm2 filter paper, respectively, compared to 0.683 mg deet/cm2 filter paper. All I. scapularis nymphs were repelled by 0.103 mg oil/cm2 filter paper of C. funebris oil. At 4 h after application, 0.827 mg oil/cm2 filter paper, C. funebris and J. chinensis oils repelled =80% of A. americanum nymphs. The oils of C. funebris and J. chinensis did not prevent female Ae. aegypti from biting at the highest dosage tested (1.500 mg/cm2). However, the oil of J. communis had a Minimum Effective Dosage (estimate of ED99) for repellency of 0.029 +/- 0.018 mg/cm2; this oil was nearly as potent as deet. The oil of J. chinensis showed a mild ability to kill Ae. aegypti larvae, at 80 and 100% at 125 and 250 ppm, respectively., Deployed War-Fighter Protection (DWFP) Research Program; U.S. Department of Defense through the Armed Forces Pest Management Board (AFPMB), This study was supported in part by a grant from the Deployed War-Fighter Protection (DWFP) Research Program and the U.S. Department of Defense through the Armed Forces Pest Management Board (AFPMB). We thank J. L. McCrary and A. S. Khan, USDA, ARS, Invasive Insect Biocontrol and Behavior Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD, for carefully performing many of the tick bioassays. We are grateful to USDA, ARS, Knipling-Bushland U.S. Livestock Insects Research Laboratory, Kerrville, TX, for providing A. americanum for bioassays.

1. Introduction and Scope 44182. Isolation and Chemical Manipulation 44192.1. Sclareol 44192.2. Sclareolide 44262.3. Labdanolic Acid 44312.4. Abietic Acid 44342.5. Larixol 44352.6. Ozic Acid 44383. Biotransformation 44383.1. Sclareol 44383.2. Sclareolide 44393.3. Stemodin 44403.4. Stemodinone 44413.5. Stemarin 44413.6. Ambrox 44423.7. Manoyl Oxide Derivatives 44433.8. Isocupresic Acid 44443.9. Epicandicandiol and Candicandiol 44453.10. Cedrol 44454. Conclusions and Future Prospects 4447Author Information 4448Biographies 4449Acknowledgment 4449References 4449

The insecticidal sesquiterpenes cadina-4,10(15)-dien-3-one and aromadendr-1(10)-en-9-one were administered to the fungus Cyathus africanus ATCC 35853. Biotransformation of the former produced (4R)-9α-hydroxycadin-10(15)-en-3-one, while the latter gave 2β-hydroxyaromadendr-1(10)-en-9-one, 2α-hydroxyaromadendr-1(10)-en-9-one and 10α-hydroxy-1β,2β-epoxyaromadendran-9-one. The bioconversion of santonin led to the production of two analogues, 11,13-dihydroxysantonin and the hitherto unreported 8α,13-dihydroxysantonin, while cedrol yielded 3β,8β-dihydroxycedrane and 3α,8β-dihydroxycedrane. Stemod-12-ene, a diterpene, was transformed to 2-oxostemar-13-ene, a hitherto unknown analogue with a rearranged carbon framework. When methyl betulonate, a triterpenoid belonging to the lupane family, was supplied to the fungus 18α-ursane and 18α-oleanane derivatives, namely 19β-hydroxy-3-oxo-18α-oleanan-28-oic acid and 19α-hydroxy-3-oxo-18α-ursan-28-oic acids, were generated. There are no previous reports of fungal transformation of a triterpene in which a skeletal rearrangement occurred. All substrate administration experiments were done in the presence of the terpene cyclase inhibitor chlorocholine chloride (CCC), using the single phase - pulse feed method.

The volatile oil of tender leaves from brasenia schreberi was extracted through water vapour distillation method and the chemical composition was analyzed with GC-MS method. 55 separated and identified components took up 96.89 % of the peak area, which consisted of compounds of phenol,alkane, aldehyde, acid and alcohol, including methy-leugenol (25%), heptacosane (8.8%), 5-methyl furfural (8.0%), eucazulen (6.01%), carbamult (5.98%), cedrol (5.31%), π terpieol (3.77%), 4-terpineol (3.61%), cis-farnesol (3.36%), n-decanoic acid (3.35%), palmitic acid (3.01%), cis-6-dodecen-4-oli- de (2.8%), ethyl acetate (2.21%), eucalyptol (1.94%), f

Black corals (BC) have been used for a long time in Chinese medicine, and may have some pharmaceutical functions when used as material for cigarette holders in southeast China. This study is aimed to investigate the bioactivities of volatile constituents in BC and to explore the folklore behind the use of BC cigarette holders (BCCHs). We extracted the volatile constituents of BC by supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) with carbon dioxide (CO2-SFE), then identified and analyzed the constituents by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). In total, 15 components were reliably identified in BC and found to be biologically active. These included triethyl phosphate, butylated hydroxytoluene, cedrol, n-hexadecanoic acid, squalene, and cholesterol. Meanwhile 13 inorganic elements (P, Ca, Mg, S, B, Si, Fe, Cu, Zn, Ba, etc.) were determined by inductively coupled plasma spectrometer (ICPS). In the bioactivity tests, the BC extract (BCE) showed a scavenging activity of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radicals and hydroxyl radicals by phenanthroline-Fe (II) oxidation and moderate inhibition of Gram-positive microorganisms. The antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of BC, which are related to the active chemical composition, may explain the perceived benefit for cigarette smokers who use BCCHs.

A series of sesquiterpenes and hinokitiol-related compounds (1-15) was isolated from the essential oil of Thujopsis dolabrata Sieb. et Zucc. var. hondai Makino, and their structures were determined by combined spectroscopic analyses. The inhibitory effects of these compounds on microbial cell growth and Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase were evaluated in vitro. It was found that (-)-elema-1,3,11(13)-trien-12-ol (5), α,β,γ-costol (8), and chamigrenol (11) inhibit the activities of Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase, with IC(50) values of 11.2 ± 0.11, 12.2 ± 0.09, and 15.9 ± 0.54 μg/mL, respectively. Thujopsene (1), cedrol (9), γ-cuparenol (10), and chamigrenol (11) showed potent antibacterial activity, with MIC values in the range of 25-50 μg/mL, and β-thujaplicin (12) exhibited a broad spectrum of antibacterial and antifungal activity. These results indicate that these isolated compounds are promising candidates for the development of potent Na(+)/K(+) ATPase inhibitors and antimicrobial agents.

A combination of GC, GC/MS and GC/FTIR was used to characterize the chemical composition of Cypress essential oil (Cupressus sempervirens L.) from Algeria. Seventy compounds were identified or tentatively identified in the oil. The main compounds were found to be α-pinene (47.00–52.76%), δ-3-carene (19.35–21.13%), α-terpinyl acetate (4.10–6.47%), cedrol (2.03–3.92%), myrcene (3.11–3.48%) and limonene (2.28–3.31%).

(+)-Cedrol [1] was biotransformed by cultures of Steptomyces griseus ATCC10137 and Bacillus cereus UI 1477 (NRRL B-14591). Metabolites isolated by solvent extraction and chromatography over Si gel and reversed-phase RP-C 18 columns and by preparative tlc, were examined by ms and 1 H-and 13 C-nmr spectroscopy. B.cereus afforded 2S-hydroxycedrol [2] as the only metabolite

The essential oils of fresh fruits and terminal branchlets with adherent leaves (leaves) of Platycladus orientalis (L.) Franco, growing wild in Iran, were analyzed by GC-MS, and screened for bacteriostatic and fungistatic activities (MIC determination). Eighteen components were identified in the essential oils. The major constituents of both cases were α-pinene, sabinene, 3-carene, limonene and cedrol. The essential oil of leaves has no antimicrobial activity, while the essential oil from fruit showed a modest and slightly antimicrobial activity against Bacillus subtilis, Candida albicans and Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, respectively. The defatted ethanol extract of leaves and fruits were rich in flavonoids and tannins.

Sesquiterpenes are ubiquitous in essential oils but an assessment of their environmental behavior is still required for their use as components of natural fragrance ingredients and oral care flavors. Persistency plays a key role in hazard and risk assessment, but the current knowledge on the biodegradation of sesquiterpenes in the aquatic environment is limited. This could have important consequences for the persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic (PBT) assessment of essential oils because most of the sesquiterpene components have a log K(OW) of >4.5 and are identified as potentially bioaccumulating according to REACH screening criteria. In the present study, a persistency screening assessment was conducted on 11 cyclic sesquiterpenes selected from 10 different families of sesquiterpenes characterized by their carbon skeleton. Current biodegradation prediction models (BioWin™, BioHCwin, and Catalogic) were found to be of limited use because most of the sesquiterpenes studied were outside the structural domain of the models. Aerobic biodegradation was measured in a standard or prolonged Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) 301F Manometric Respirometry test for ready biodegradability. α-Bisabolol, α-humulene, β-caryophyllene, α-cedrene, cedrol, longifolene, and δ-cadinene exceeded the pass level of 60% degradation and can be regarded as not persistent. Alpha-gurjunene, himachalenes (α, β, γ), and (-)-thujopsene almost achieved the pass level reaching between 51% and 56% ultimate biodegradation. Although germacrene D only achieved 24% ultimate biodegradation, specific analysis at the end of the test did indicate complete primary degradation. Given that the shape of the biodegradation curves indicates poor bioavailability and ready biodegradability tests are very stringent, it is expected that all the sesquiterpenes tested in the present study would be degraded under environmental conditions.

Os óleos essenciais são princípios odoríferos armazenados em células especiais da planta. O óleo essencial no gênero Hyptis é usado como anestésico, antiespasmódico, anti-inflamatório e pode induzir aborto em doses elevadas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência da sazonalidade no teor e composição do óleo essencial de Hyptis marrubioides. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos (inverno, primavera, verão e outono) e seis repetições, totalizando 60 plantas. O óleo essencial foi extraído por hidrodestilação, em aparelho de Clevenger. A análise qualitativa do óleo essencial foi por cromatografia em fase gasosa (CG/EM). Na estação do verão, as folhas das plantas de H. marrubiodes apresentaram os maiores teores de óleo essencial. Nas demais estações, os teores de óleo essencial obtidos foram semelhantes entre si. Os componentes majoritários no óleo essencial foram os monoterpenoides α-tujona e β-tujona. As concentraηões relativas dos picos correspondentes à β-tujona não apresentaram diferenças consideráveis nas quatro estações. Os sesquiterpenoides oxigenados (cedrol e cariofilenol) e não-oxigenados (α-copaeno, α-cariofileno, germacreno D e cadaleno) foram encontrados em menores quantidades no óleo essencial, entretanto observam-se diferenças quantitativas ao longo das estações. Essential oils are odorous principles stored in special plant cells. The essential oil in the Hyptis genus is traditionally used as an anesthetic, antispasmodic, anti-inflammatory, and can induce abortion in high doses. The purpose of this work was to evaluate the influence of seasons in essential oil content and chemical composition of species H. marrubioides. A completely randomized complete design was used with four treatments (winter, spring, summer and autumn) and six replications, totaling 60 plants. The essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation with a Clevenger apparatus. The qualitative analysis of the essential oil was performed by gas chromatography (GC/MS). In summer, plant leaves showed higher essential oil content. In the other seasons, essential oil content was similar. The major compounds in the essential oil were monoterpene α-thujone and β-thujone. The peak relative concentrations of β-thujone did not show considerable difference among the seasons. The oxygenate sesquiterpenoids (cedrol and caryophyllenol) and not oxygenate (α-copaene, α-caryophyllene, germacrene D and cadalene), were found in lower quantity in the essential oil; however, quantitative differences were observed over the seasons.

The biogenetic-type cyclization of (+)-(3S)-2-(3-hydroxy-3-methyl-4-pentenyl)-1-methyl-3-(1-methylethenyl)cyclopentene, prepared from d-limonene, with formic acid gave stereo and regiospecifically the formates of the tricyclic compounds of the allo-cedrol skeleton, hydrolysis of which gave the unsaturated alcohols, (+)-(1S,5R,7R,8S)-2,6,6,7-tetramethyltricyclo[5.2.2.01,5]undec-2-en-8-ol (27) and (+)-(1S,5R,7R,8R-2,6,6,7-tetramethyltricyclo[5.2.2.01,5]undec-2-en-8-ol. Hydrogenation of 27 gave (+)-(1R,2S,5R,7R,8S)-2,6,6,7-tetramethyltricyclo[5.2.2.01,5]undecan-8-ol, (+)-2-epi-allo-cedrol.

Four new pinguisanes, 5-pinguisen-11-ol, 6 α -methoxy-pinguis-5(10)-en-11,6-olide, 6 α -methoxy-pinguis-5(10)-en-11,6-olide-15-carboxylic acid and 5 α ,10 α -epoxy-pinguisane-11,6-olide-15-carboxylic acid methyl ester, have been isolated from the North American liverwort Porella navicularis along with two known pinguisane-type sesquiterpenes, the drimane albicanol, allo -cedrol and the known diterpenes naviculide and trans -communic acid. The structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods. Furthermore, sesquiterpene and diterpene hydrocarbons were identified by GC-MS analysis.

Cunninghamia lanceolata is medicinal plant in South China, and its wood extractives are greatly applied in the therapy and protection of human diseases. Therefore, the nano biomedical components of the acetic ether extractives of Cunninghamia lanceolata biology were studied by Py-GC/MS to find new specific drug. 93 compounds of the extractives were identified. The main constituents were cedrol (18.76%), 1H-3a, 7-methanoazulene, 2,3,6,7,8,8a-hexahydro-1,4,9,9-tetramethyl- (9.05%), anthracene, 9-dodecyltetradecahydro-(8.06%), 1H-cycloprop[e]azulene, 1a,2,3,5,6,7,7a,7b-octahydro-1, 1,4,7-tetramethyl- (4.14%), naphthalene, 1,2,3,5,6,8ahexahydro-4, 7-dimethyl-1-(1-methylethyl)-, (1S-cis)- (3.64%), phenol, 2-methoxy-4-methyl- (3.13%), copaene (3.11%), 1-naphthalenepropanol, .alpha.-ethenyldecahydro-.alpha.,5,5,8atetramethyl-2-methylene- (2.76%), germacrene B (2.71%), naphthalene, 1,2,3,5,6,7,8,8a-octahydro-1,8a-dimethyl-7-(1-methylethenyl)- (2.66%), 1H-benzocycloheptene, 2,4a,5,6,7,8-hexahydro-3,5,5,9-tetramethyl-, (R)- (2.49%), camphene (2.44%), 2,4,6-octatriene, 2,6-dimethyl- (2.38%), caryophyllene (2.07%), etc. So the nano acetic ether extractives of Cunninghamia lanceolata biology are used as high-grade bioenergy materials.

International audience; Identification of extractives present in Cupressus lusitanica heartwood has been conducted using GC-MS analyses. The chromatogram of toluene/ethanol extracts indicated the presence of large amounts of benzaldehyde and numerous terpenic compounds such as cedrol, agathadiol, epimanool, bornyl acetate, α-cedrene and β-cedrene.* The effect of these extractives on the natural durability of cypress wood was investigated on heart wood blocks exposed to pure culture of Poria placenta before or after solvent extraction. Weight losses revealed severe fungal degradations on the extracted blocks compared to unextracted ones.* Efficiency of heartwood extractives as inhibitors of the growth of Poria placenta on malt/agar test confirms their contribution to cypress natural durability.* Cypress blocks were treated at 240 °C for different times to reach different levels of thermo-degradation to evaluate effect of heat treatment on fungal durability. Results indicate that evaporation of volatile extractives during the first few minutes of heat treatment contribute to decreased wood durability, while longer treatment times lead to the expected improvement of durability.* This study suggests that the content of extractives, which may be modified during wood drying or weathering processes, could be the origin of the conflicting data described in the literature concerning cypress natural durability.; Les extractibles présents dans le duramen de Cupressus lusitanica ont été analysés par GC-MS. Le chromatogramme des extraits obtenus à l'aide d'un mélange toluène/éthanol met en évidence des quantités importantes de benzaldéhyde et de nombreux composés terpéniques comme le cédrol, l'agathadiol, l'épimanool, l'acétate de bornyl, l'α-cédrène et le β-cédrène.* L'effet des extractibles sur la durabilité naturelle du cyprès a été évalué à l'aide d'essais réalisés sur des blocs préalablement extraits ou non puis exposés à Poria placenta. Les pertes de masse mettent en évidence une dégradation importante des échantillons extraits comparativement aux témoins non extraits.* L'efficacité des extractibles comme inhibiteur de croissance de Poria placenta a été évaluée. Les résultats indiquent une forte inhibition du développement fongique.* Des blocs de cyprès ont été traités à 240 °C pendant des temps variables pour atteindre différents niveaux de thermo-dégradation. L'évaporation des extractibles volatils durant la première phase du traitement thermique conduit à une diminution de la durabilité du bois aux agents de pourriture, alors que des traitements plus longs conduisent à l'augmentation de durabilité attendue.* Cette étude suggère que la teneur en extractibles, susceptible de varier suite au séchage ou aux intempéries, peut être à l'origine des observations contradictoires rapportées dans la littérature concernant la durabilité naturelle du cyprès.

This paper discusses the characteristics of biomarkers in Damintun ultra-high wax oils and related Paleogene source rocks as well as the type of organic matter and the maceral composition in the source rocks. An overall comparison between Damintun ultra-high wax oils and the well-known Gippsland/Taranaki high-wax oils is made in order to discuss the generation of these oils. Damintun high-wax oils contain high concentrations of sesquiterpenoids but relatively low concentrations of diterpenoids. This is in contrast to the high concentration of diterpenoids derived from resins of southern hemisphere conifers in the Gippsland/Taranaki high-wax oils (Noble et al. , 1986; Weston et al. , 1989). α-Cedrene, cuparene and cedrol were identified in Damintun high-wax oils, source rock extracts and pyrolysates and in saponification products of the asphaltenes and kerogens. This suggests a contribution of Cupressaceae and Taxodiaceae conifers to the Damintun source rock formations. The organic matter of the Damintun S 4 source rock (the principal source rock for ultra-high wax oil) is mainly of type III, with the organic carbon content ranging from 0.96 to 10.49% and the extractable organic matter varying from 100 to 1660 ppm. As supported also by maceral composition in the source rocks, Damintun ultra-high wax oils were mainly generated from particular types (i.e. Gymnospermae and Angiospermae ) of terrestrial higher plant remains incorporated into the source formations.

Analyses of high- and low-cedrol volatile leaf oils of Juniperus semiglobosa from India showed the taxon to be rich in sabinene (12.3–29.2%), p-cymene (0.4–8.5%), terpinen-4-ol (trace-11.0%) with cedrol ranging from 34.1 to 1.5%. Contrary to some reports, comparisons of the volatile leaf oils of Juniperus semiglobosa from India with those from J. excelsa from Greece indicates that J. semiglobosa is not conspecific with J. excelsa.

Mature foliage from 63 trees of seven populations of Cupressus bakeri Jepson was analysed for mono- and sesquiterpenoids by GC. Compositional variability was high with monoterpenoids and moderate with sesquiterpenoids and higher within than between populations in either case. Of the 54 mono- and sesquiterpenoids present, tricyclene, thujene, α-pinene, α-fenchene, camphene, sabinene, β-pinene, myrcene, 3-carene, p-cymene, limonene, β-phellandrene, γ-terpinene, trans-p-menth-2-ene-1-ol, camphor, terpinen-4-ol, p-cymene-8-ol, bornyl acetate, α-cedrene, β-cedrene, thujopsene, α-curcumene, cuparene, calamenene, cedrol, α- and β-acorenol, α-cadinol and cadalene were identified by GC-MS. In canonical discriminant analysis the populations separated into three groups, the separations obtained did not substantiate the existence of the ssp. matthewsii and typica proposed by Wolf.

The biogenetic-type cyclization of (+)-(3S)-2-(3-hydroxy-3-methyl-4-pentenyl)-1-methyl-3-(1-methylethenyl)cyclopentene, prepared from d-limonene, with formic acid gave stereo and regiospecifically the formates of the tricyclic compounds of the allo-cedrol skeleton, hydrolysis of which gave the unsaturated alcohols, (+)-(1S,5R,7R,8S)-2,6,6,7-tetramethyltricyclo[5.2.2.01,5]undec-2-en-8-ol (27) and (+)-(1S,5R,7R,8R-2,6,6,7-tetramethyltricyclo[5.2.2.01,5]undec-2-en-8-ol. Hydrogenation of 27 gave (+)-(1R,2S,5R,7R,8S)-2,6,6,7-tetramethyltricyclo[5.2.2.01,5]undecan-8-ol, (+)-2-epi-allo-cedrol.

The volatiles materials is the first killer to damage the lives of indoor air pollutions. Based on the single-factor method, volatiles of temperature-pressure forming materials by cotton stalk was studied by Py-GC/MS to control indoor air pollutions. Therefore, Py-GC/MS was used to analyze the components from pyrolysis products of temperature-pressure forming materials by cotton stalk,. After treated with freeze-drying, the comminuted power of temperature-pressure forming materials by cotton stalk was pyrolyzed in He atmosphere at 450�� , then the pyrolysis product was analyzed by online linked GC/MS. Relative content of each component was determined by area normalization. The main and abundant constituents were arbon dioxide, ethene, ethoxy-, 1,6-anhydro-.beta.-D-glucopyranose, phenol, 2-methoxy-4-(1-propenyl)-, cedrol, thylene oxide, butanal, ethanone, 1-phenyl-, oxime, and so on. More than 30 compounds were identified in the pyrolysis products of Cotton stalk by the Py-GC/MS analysis. Most of the pyrolysis products could be used as biomedicine. But some of the volatiles of temperature-pressure forming materials by cotton stalk was toxic. And this meant that cotton stalk need be pretreatment.

As a ideal raw material in bioenergy, extractives of Cunninghamia lanceolata wood are severely wasted. Therefore, the chemical components from Cunninghamia lanceolata wood were extracted with benzene /ethanol and identified by Py- GC/MS after concentration. Relative content of each component was determined by area normalization. 83 compounds of the extractives were identified. The main constituents were anthracene, 9-dodecyltetradecahydro- (11.78%), cedrol (9.12%), 1H- cycloprop(e)azulene, 1a,2,3,4,4a,5,6,7b-octahydro-1,1,4,7-tetramethyl- (6.22%), 1H-3a,7-methanoazulene, 2,3,4,7,8,8a-hexahydro-3,6,8,8- tetramethyl- (5.46%), 1-naphthalenepropanol, .alpha.-ethenyldecahydro- .alpha.,5,5,8a-tetramethyl-2-methylene- (4.09%), 1-naphthalenepropanol, .alpha.-ethenyldecahydro-5-(hydroxymethyl)-.alpha.,5,8a-trimethyl-2- methylene- (3.64%), phenol, 2-methoxy-4-propyl- (3.34%), .alpha.- bisabolol (3.27%), germacrene B (3.19%), 2(1H)-pyridinone, 1,4,6- trimethyl- (3.14%), hexadecanoic acid (3.09%), etc. The benzene /ethanol extractives could be used as bioenergy and biomedicine.

As the most abundant renewable forestry resource in South China, Eucalyptus urograndis wood is most suitable for bioenergy. Therefore, Py-GC/MS was used to analyze the components from pyrolysis products of Eucalyptus urograndis wood. After treated with freeze-drying, the comminuted power of Eucalyptus urograndis wood was pyrolyzed in He atmosphere at 590square, then the pyrolysis product was analyzed by online linked GC/MS. Relative content of each component was determined by area normalization, and 38 compounds representing 99.35% were identified. The main and abundant constituents were carbon dioxide (59.93%), ethene, ethoxy- (18.73%), 1,6-anhydro-.beta.-D-glucopyranose (4.58%), phenol, 2-methoxy-4-(l-propenyl)- (4.19%), cedrol (3.14%), thylene oxide (2.33%), glycidol (1.23%), 1H-3a,7-methanoazulene, 2,3,4,7,8,8a-hexahydro-3,6,8,8-tetramethyl- (1.16%), butanal (1.13%), ethanone, 1-phenyl-, oxime (0.59%), and so on. So pyrolysis products of Eucalyptus urograndis wood could be used to bioenergy, bio-pesticides, expensive chemicals, and so on.

International audience; Dans le but de contribuer à la valorisation de la flore marocaine en vue d'identifier de nouvelles substances potentiellement intéressantes sur les plans biologique et thérapeutique, nous avons procédé à l'étude des huiles essentielles de la sciure de bois et de feuilles de Tetraclinis articulata (Vahl) Masters originaire de la région de Khemisset (Plateau Central marocain). L'étude par CPG et CPG/SM de l'huile essentielle de sciure a permis d'identifier 22 constituants dont les cinq majoritaires sont : α-acorénol (20,9%), cédrol (17,9%), totarol (8,8%), α-cédrène (8,7%) et β-acorénol (7,4%). Dans l'huile essentielle de feuilles, nous avons reporté la présence de 28 composés représentant 94% de la composition chimique totale avec l'acétate de bornyle (30.6%), le camphre (18,6%), l'α-pinène (16,8%) et le limonène (5,7%) comme constituants principaux. L'huile essentielle de sciure a été fractionnée sur colonne ouverte de silice en utilisant un éluant de polarité croissante. Ainsi, cinq fractions ont été recueillies, représentant respectivement 8,6%, 13,9%, 13,9%, 37,2% et 26,4% de la masse d'huile essentielle totale. La fraction (FH) éluée avec le pentane est constituée d'hydrocarbures sesquiterpéniques alors que les quatre fractions oxygénées (FO1 à FO4) éluées avec un mélange diéthyloxyde/pentane de polarité croissante sont dominées par les alcools terpéniques: le totarol dans la fraction FO1 (42,4%), l'α-acorénol dans la fraction FO2 (34,9%) et FO3 (54%) et le cédrol dans la fraction FO4 (58.2%). Le fractionnement de l'huile essentielle nous a permis de concentrer les constituants susceptibles d'être valorisés pour leurs propriétés biologiques et organoleptiques. Mots-clés : Tetraclinis articulata (Vahl) Masters, huiles essentielles, cédrol, α-acorénol, totarol, CC, GPG, GPG/SM.

A toxicologic and dermatologic review of cedrol when used as a fragrance ingredient is presented.

The extractives from masson pine (Pinus massoniana L.) bark has been used in medicine successfully. Therefore, Py-GC/MS was used to analyze the high-grade resource recovery of benzene/ethanol extractives of masson pine wood. Relative content of each component was determined by area normalization. The main and abundant constituents of 590deg pyrolysis product of masson pine wood werel-phenanthrene carboxylic acid, 1,2,3,4,4a,9,10,10a-octahydro-1,4a-dimethyl-7-(1- methylethyl)- 1(31.66%), oleic Acid (20.63%), pimaric acid (10.24%), 9,12-octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)- (5.99%), (1-chlorovinyl)triethylsilane (1.92%), 9,17-octadecadienal, (Z)- (1.82%), 9,10-anthracenedione, 1-amino-2-methyl-(1.70%), oxacyclohexadecan-2-one (1.55%), oleic acid (1.46%), benzaldehyde, 3-[4-(1,1-dimethylethyl)phenoxy]- (1.40%), hexadecanoic acid(4.40%), cedrol(1.23%), 9-octadecenal, (Z)- (1.22%), octadecanoic acid (0.97%), ergosta-4,6,22-trien-3.beta.- ol(0.83%), .gamma.-Sitosterol(0.57%), etc. The analytic result suggested that the benzene/ethanol extractives of masson pine wood can be used as materials of biomedicine, skin care and cosmetic, flavor and bioenergy.

The extractives of Eucalyptus urophydis wood consumes more bleaching agents which seriously affect the quality of pulp and paper, and increases more difficulties on the treatments of wastewater and black-liquid from wood industry, especially pulp- and paper-making industry. Therefore, In order to solve the problem, Py-GC/MS was used to analyze the high- grade resource recovery of benzene/ethanol extractives of flesh E. urophydis wood. Relative content of each component was determined by area normalization. The main and abundant constituents of 590degC pyrolysis product of Eucalyptus urophydis bark were 3,7-dihydroxy-9-methoxy-l-methyl-6H- dibenzo[B,D]pyran-6-one(5.01). 1-phenanthrenecarboxylic acid,l ,2,3,4,4a,9,10,10a-octahydro-l,4a-dimethyl-7-(l-methylethyl)- (4.19), ergosta-4,6,22-trien-3.beta.-ol(4.07), phenol, 2,6- dimethoxy-(2.99), hexadecanoic acid(2.96), acetic acid(2.86), ethanone, l-(3-methoxyphenyl)- (2.83), phenol, 2-methoxy-(2.38), 1-phenanthrenecarboxylic acid, 1,2,3,4,4a,9,10,10a-octahydro- l,4a-dimethyl-7-(l-methylethyl)-, methyl ester(2.05), germanicol(2.00), benzoic acid, 4-[phenyl(phenylimino)methoxy]- , methyl ester(1.97), 3-buten-2-one, 4-(2,6,6-trimethyl-l- cyclohexen-1-yl)- (1.86), 4.alpha.-Methylcholest-7-en-3-one(1.78), phenol, 2-methoxy-4-(l-propenyl)- (1.58), phenol, 2,6-dimethoxy- 4-(2-propenyl)- (1.55), cedrol(1.12), hexadecanoic acid, ethyl ester(1.08), brucine(1.02), bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate(0.91), 9,12- octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)- (0.83), beta.-sitosterol(0.84), etc. The analytic result suggested that the benzene/ethanol extractives of E. urophydis chips can be used as materials of biomedicine, skin care and cosmetic , bioenergy and flavor.

本研究は、作成年代の明記のない紙を素材とする文化財(文書・典籍・聖教・絵図)の年代推定について、非破壊調査である光学的観察によって行う方法論を確立することである。そのため、これらの文化財、そのうち特に文書の原本の料紙を所蔵機関に出向いて調査を行った。その主なものは、大徳寺文書(東京大学史料編纂所)・東寺百合文書(京都府立総合資料館)・東大寺文書(東大寺図書館)・中川家文書(神戸大学)・上杉家文書(米沢市上杉博物館)・醍醐寺文書(醍醐寺)・井伊家文書(彦根城博物館)・島津家文書(東京大学史料編纂所)・中条家文書(山形大学図書館)・白川結城文書(白河市教育委員会)・広橋家記録(国立歴史民俗資料館)・琉球国辞令書(沖縄県立博物館・沖縄県立公文書館・石垣市八重山博物館・九州国立博物館ほか)で、合計1万5千点ほどの調書を採った。また、前近代の文書等の料紙について、本研究グループが推定した製法で実際にその紙ができるのか確かめるために、高知県紙産業技術センターの協力を得て、杉原紙・大高檀紙・漉返紙等の製作実験を行った。その結果、まず成果として確認できることは、中世から近世まで通した文書等の料紙の客観的なデータが整備されたことである。ついで、古文書については、その料紙の時代的変遷の概要と料紙の光学的判定法が明確になったということである。楮紙は、平安時代から南北朝時代までは檀紙が優勢であり、室町時代には杉原紙・強杉原に取って代わられる。安土桃山時代から江戸時代まででは、大高檀紙・奉書紙・美濃紙が台頭し、おおよその時代的変遷を解明する見通しがついた。また、斐紙は、南北朝時代に軍勢催促状として使い始められ、その後中断を経て、戦国時代は武家文書として盛んに使用されたことを解明した。そして、従来の研究で、混乱していた料紙分類の定義について、整合的な提案をできるようになったと考えている。, 研究課題番号：15200058平成15年度～平成17年度科学研究費補助金 基盤研究(A)研究成果報告書 研究代表者：富田正弘, 第１部 研究の概要１．はしがき1２．研究組織3３．交付決定額（配分額）6４．研究発表7第２部 研究報告１．料紙論と和紙文化 湯山賢一11２．古文書料紙の使用法覚書ー御判御教書と御内書ー 林譲21３．紙素材文化財の料紙判定法について 富田正弘29４．楕・三極・雁皮繊維の鑑別 大川昭典45５．文書料紙の填料の観察 大川昭典53６．琉球国発給文書と竹紙 富田正弘59第３部 調査データ１．琉球固辞令書補充版87２．後七日御修法修僧交名料紙調査データ95

Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases play an important role in the biosynthesis and metabolism of terpenoids. We explored the potential of recombinant human liver cytochrome P450 monooxygenases CYP1A2, CYP2C9, and CYP3A4, heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli, to convert mono- and sesquiterpenoids to human metabolites. This natural product group is a diverse class of secondary metabolites and includes several industrially and pharmaceutically interesting compounds. Incubation of cedrol with CYP3A4 resulted in a bioconversion of 74% (+/- 8.9%) after 1 h of the unknown metabolites 2-hydroxycedrol and 4-hydroxycedrol, which have been structurally elucidated by (1)H and (13)C NMR and GC-MS. We conclude that recombinant human cytochrome P450 enzymes can be useful tools in a combinatorial biosynthesis strategy for the production of new natural products and for in vitro metabolization studies.

The composition of the volatile leaf oils of Juniperus procera from Ethiopia and Kenya are reported and compared with the leaf oil of Juniperus excelsa from Greece. The leaf oil of J. procera is dominated by α-pinene (22.3%), 3-carene (18.7%), trans-totarol (8.9%) and abietadiene (7.8%) as well as moderate levels (2–4%) of elemol, α-eudesmol, myrcene, β-phellandrene, β-pinene and terpinolene. Particularly unusual for Juniperus is the large yield of 12 diterpenoids. In contrast, the oil of J. excelsa from Greece is dominated by cedrol (28.1%), α-pinene (22.5%) and limonene (22.7%), with moderate amounts of 3-carene and myrcene as well as numerous sesquiterpenes in small concentrations. The divergence of J. procera from J. excelsa as early as the Mio-Pliocene has resulted in numerous differences in their leaf volatile oils and also a few morphological changes. The proposal that J. procera is conspecific with J. excelsa is rejected.

The major components of the volatile leaf oil of J. foetidissima of Greek origin are sabinene (19.6%), α-thujone (18.6%), terpinen-4-ol (17.6%) and γ-terpinene (6.5%). Minor compounds are α-terpinene (4.3%),/3-thujone (3.5%), cedrol (3.2%), myrcene (2.7%), and α-pinene (2.6%). Polychemism for high and low α-thujone was found (39.9 to 0.2%). Fifty two of 56 constituents are identified.

The chemical composition of the leaf oils of Juniperus excelsa obtained from trees growing in northern Greece and Kew gardens have been compared. The leaf oil from native (Greek) J. excelsa is dominated by cedrol (28.1%), α-pinene (22.5%) and limonene (22.7%), with moderate amounts of δ-3-carene (2.3%), myrcene (1.9%) and two unidentified constituents. The oil from the cultivated juniper at Kew is also dominated by cedrol (40.0%) and α- pinene (46.2%), whereas limonene is small (1.3%). Sixty three of the 67 constituents have been identified.

To clarify the influences of ethnic and regional characteristics, and differences in perception on the cedrol effect on autonomic nerve activity, we compared women in their 20s-40s in Norway, Thailand, and Japan. A questionnaire survey of sense of stress and sleep conditions was performed at the same time. The degree of perceived stress, using a 30-item checklist, was highest in Japanese women. The mean stress score exceeded 5.0 in Japanese women, significantly higher than in Thai women (p

Hydrodistillation of berries and leaves of Juniperus phoenicea grown in Sinai yielded volatile oils in the yield of 0.36 and 1.96%, respectively. Using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry technique, fifty eight compounds were identified in berry oil representing 99.2% of the oil composition. α-Pinene was the major compound in berry oil (39.30%) followed by sabinene (24.29%). Berry oil composed mainly of monoterpenoids which amounted to 90.53%, of which 72.85% was monoterpene hydrocarbons. The sesquiterpenoids accounted for about 8% of the total oil composition. Leaf oil was composed of about 66 compounds representing 99.16% of the total composition of the oil. α-Pinene was the major constituent of leaf oil at concentration of 38.22%, followed by α -cedrol (31.23%). The monoterpene hydrocarbon was the predominant chemical group (41.29%) followed by the oxygenated sesquiterpenes (32.21%). Both oils showed very high cytotoxic activities against all cell line tested. They showed equal activities against brain (0.6 μg//ml) and cervix (5.0 μg//ml) human cell lines, while berry oil was slightly more active than leaf oil against lung (0.6 and 0.7 μ/ml, respectively), liver (0.7 and 0.9 μg//ml, respectively) and breast human cell lines (0.8 and 1. μg//ml, respectively). The antimicrobial activity and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of leaf and berry oils were also determined. The oils showed high activity against most of the tested strains. Keywords: Juniperus phoenicea, Cupressaceae, essential oils, berries, leaves, antimicrobial, cytotoxic, GCMS analysis.African Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine Vol. 4 (4) 2007: pp. 417-426

The epimeric tricyclic sesquiterpenoid alcohols globulol, epiglobulol, cedrol, epicedrol, longifolol, and isolongifolol were investigated in their ability to inhibit the recombinant human UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 2B7. The stereoisomers displayed rapidly reversible competitive inhibition, which was substrate-independent. Longifolol and its stereoisomer isolongifolol displayed the lowest competitive inhibition constants ( K ic ) of 23 and 26 nM, respectively. The K ic values of cedrol and its epimer epicedrol were 0.15 and 0.21 μM, those of globulol and epiglobulol were 5.4 and 4.0 μM, respectively. The diastereomeric alcohols exhibited nearly identical affinities toward UGT2B7 indicating that the spatial arrangement of the hydroxy group had no influence on the dissociation of the enzyme–terpenoid complex. The high affinities stemmed presumably from mere hydrophobic interactions between the hydrocarbon scaffold of the terpenoid alcohol and the binding site of the enzyme. Glucuronidation assays revealed that there were large differences in the rates at which the epimeric alcohols were conjugated. Therefore, the spatial arrangement of the hydroxy group controlled the rate of the UGT2B7-catalyzed reaction. The introduction of a methyl group into the side chain of isolongifolol and longifolol increased the steric hindrance. As a result, the rate of the UGT2B7-catalyzed reaction was decreased by more than 88%. The findings indicated that the rate of the UGT2B7-catalyzed glucuronidation is significantly controlled by stereochemical and steric factors. Considering the high inhibition levels exerted by the tricyclic sesquiterpenoid alcohols, these compounds might serve as valuable lead structures for the design of potent inhibitors for UGT2B7.

A sample of pyrolytic oil of Vietnamese origin, extracted from Cupressus funbris Endl. was investigated by GC-RI, GC-MS and 13C-NMR spectroscopy. In the pyrolytic oil, dominated by sesquiterpenes (76% of the total composition), 46 components were identified after repeated silica gel chromatography. The main components were: α-cedrene (26.7%), cedrol (12.3%) and β-cedrene (6.6%). The pyrolytic oil differed from the commercial Chinese cedarwood oil (C. funebris wood oil), on the one hand by the absence of thujopsene and conversely the presence of several bicyclo[4.4.0]decane hydrocarbons and alcohols (selinane and cadinane derivatives), and on the other hand by the presence, as minor components, of phenol derivatives. The composition of the pyrolytic oil was compared with that of a commercial sample of cerdarwood oil [53 components identified, thujopsene (25.9%), α-cedrene (24.1%), cedrol (11.3%) and β-cedrene (7.4%)]. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The following constituents were isolated from the heartwood of Juniperus chinensis LINN. var. tsukusiensis MASAM. : cedrol, thujopsenal, widdrol, sandaracopimaric acid, hinokiic acid, 12-hydroxy-α-longipinene and 15-hydroxyacora-4(14), 8-diene. The latter two compounds are new tricyclic and spirobicyclic sesquiterpenes, and their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectral and chemical evidence.

By naturally occurring gene-transformation Ri–plasmids of Agrobacterium rhizogenes have been integrated into the plant genome of Chamomilla recutita, thereby inducing the formation of hairy roots. Clones with the best biosynthetic potential were multiplied for phytochemical investigations. The amounts of terpenoid and polyene compounds in the genetically transformed cultures were compared with those in in-vivo plants. In Hungary a wild chamomile population was found which contained significant amount of (-)–α-bisabolol in the oil from the inflorescence. We used biotechnological methods to preserve the genome of this wild type. Transformed chamomile root cultures were obtained by infection of sterile organized cultures with Agrobacterium rhizogenes strains #A–4,# 15834, and #R–1601. Hairy roots freed from bacteria were cultivated on solid medium and then in liquid, hormone-free, B5 and MS media. The qualitative and quantitative composition of the essential oil was examined by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. The volatile compounds were identified by comparing their retention times with those of authentic standards and of essential oils of known composition, and by peak enrichment. Confirmation of identity was achieved by comparison of mass spectra with those reported in the literature and those of reference compounds. The amount of each component as a percentage of the total was determined by area normalization. GC and GC–MS studies showed that genetically transformed chamomile cultures generated the terpenoid and polyene compounds most characteristic of the parent plant. The main components of hairy root cultures were trans-β-farnesene, α-farnesene, geranyl isovalerate, and cedrol. We identified β-selinene as a new component of the genetically transformed cultures.

The effect of Chamomilla recutita (L.) Rauschert is made up by several groups of active substances, among which terpenoids in the inflorescences are of greatest importance. Among cultivated species, the Hungarian BK-2 contains more chamazulene in its essential oil than the German Degumil type, which is mainly cultivated for its (-)-alpha-bisabolol. Both components have important antiinflammatory activities. Among wild chamomile populations in Hungary, a population was found in the area of Szabadkigyos containing significant amounts-on average 48%-of (-)-alpha-bisabolol in its inflorescence oil. In vitro cultures were made from this population to obtain propagation material containing a high number of active substances. The intact roots contained no (-)-alpha-bisabolol but the sesquiterpene alcohol beta-eudesmol as new compound was identified by our group. Sterile plantlets, cultured in vitro, were multiplied for phytochemical investigations. Pharmacologically important compounds of the essential oils were followed in great detail. The amount of in vitro cultured terpenoids and polyin compounds was compared with that of in vivo plants. These volatile compounds were identified by comparing their retention times with those of authentic standards, essential oils of known composition and peak enrichment. The confirmation of identity was done by comparison of their mass spectra with those reported in the literature and reference compounds. The percentage evaluation of each component was made by area normalisation. Gas chromatography (GC) and mass spectrometry (MS) showed that sterile chamomile cultures generated the most important terpenoid and polyin compounds characteristic of the parent plant. We identified germacrene-D, berkheyaradulene, 4-(2', 4', 4'-trimethyl-bicyclo[4.1.0]hept-2'-en-3'-yl)-3-buten-2-one, geranyl-isovalerate and cedrol as new components in these sterile cultures.

It is well known that odors affect behaviors and autonomic functions. Previous studies reported that some compounds in cedar wood essence induced behavioral changes including sedative effects. In the present study, we analyzed cardiovascular and respiratory functions while subjects were inhaling fumes of pure compound (Cedrol) which was extracted from cedar wood oil. Vaporized Cedrol (14.2+/-1.7 microg/l, 5 l/min) and blank air (5 l/min) were presented to healthy human subjects (n=26) via a face mask, while ECGs, heart rate (HR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic BP (DBP), and respiratory rates (RR) were monitored. Statistical analyses indicated that exposure to Cedrol significantly decreased HR, SBP, and DBP compared to blank air while it increased baroreceptor sensitivity. Furthermore, respiratory rate was reduced during exposure to Cedrol. These results, along with the previous studies reporting close relationship between respiratory and cardiovascular functions, suggest that these changes in respiratory functions were consistent with above cardiovascular alterations. Spectral analysis of HR variability indicated an increase in high frequency (HF) component (index of parasympathetic activity), and a decrease in ratio of low frequency to high frequency components (LF/HF) (index of sympathovagal balance) during Cedrol inhalation. Furthermore, Cedrol inhalation significantly decreased LF components of both SBP and DBP variability, which reflected vasomotor sympathetic activity. Taken together, these patterns of changes in the autonomic parameters indicated that Cedrol inhalation induced an increase in parasympathetic activity and a reduction in sympathetic activity, consistent with the idea of a relaxant effect of Cedrol.

Microbial transformation of (+)-cedrol was investigated by using Staphylococcus epidermidis and found that stereospecific hydroxylation of (+)-cedrol occurred at the C-3 position to form (+)-(3S)-3-hydroxycedrol.

WOS: 000181797800005, Essential oils from heartwood and sapwood of the root and stem of J. foetidissima were analyzed by GC/MS. Cedrol, widdrol, 8,14-cedranoxide, 14-hydroxy-beta-caryophyllene, widdrene and alpha-cedrene were found as main components in the oils. The oil from the root heartwood which was collected as fractions during steam distillation was used for the isolation of constituents. Eight compounds were isolated using chromatographic techniques (such as CC, FC, MPLC, prep HPLC and prep TLC) and characterized by spectral methods as cedrol, widdrol, 8,14-cedrandiol, 8,14-cedranoxide, 14-hydroxy-beta-caryophyllene, thujopsenal, alpha-cedrenal and cadalene.

The essential oils from fresh leaves of Cupressus sempervirens L. were subjected to GC/MS analysis in order to determine seasonal variations in their chemical composition. The plant material were collected within 12 months (1999) in the central part of Dalmatia (Croatia). The qualitative composition of the components appeared to be constant. However there were notable differences in the amounts of several compounds. The main component was  -pinene (28.4-79.2%). Other important components were  -3-carene (9.1-32.6%),  -cedrol (1.2-12.9), limonene (1.4-8.7%), terpinolene (0.6-7.0%) and  -terpinyl acetate (0.8-4.5%).

The leaf essential oils of Juniperus saltuaria Rehd. & Wils. were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Major components are sabinene (38.2%), elemol (7.6%), S-β-hydroxyisopimarene (5.3%), α-eudesmol (4.3%), terpinen-4-ol (3.9%) and cedrol (3.2%). Both cis- and trans-sabinol are also present, which is unusual.