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This case report presents an elderly male patient who on diagnosis with a large oropharyngeal tumour had no specific symptomatology apart from severe obstructive sleep apnoea. Histopathology revealed the tumour to be an adult rhabdomyoma, a rare but benign tumour arising from striated muscle cells. The tumour obstructed most of the oropharyngeal space and almost occluded the patient’s airway when lying in a supine position. The patient was deemed operable, and the tumour was excised in toto using a transoral robotic surgery system. On follow-up, the patient had a severe reduction of apnoeas/hypopnoeas and felt subjectively ‘reborn’. This is to our knowledge the first case where an adult rhabdomyoma is removed using a robot-assisted approach, thus presenting a new and viable option when considering removal of benign tumours of the pharynx leading to a very minor degree of morbidity for the patients.

Pulmonary hamartomas are rare, benign tumours of lung and are composed of an abnormal mixture of epithelial and mesenchymal elements. They usually present as single, round nodules with distinct boundaries and are mostly asymptomatic. We present a case of 45 years old female who presented with cough, chest pain and dyspnea with few episodes of hemoptysis. Computed tomography (CT) scan of thorax showed a well-defined non enhancing mass lesion measuring 4 × 3.2 cm seen in the left lower lobe. Wedge resection was done. Histopathological examination confirmed the diagnosis of pulmonary hamartoma.

Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumours (IMT) are unusual benign tumours, also known as inflammatory pseudotumours, represent a group of fibro-inflammatory lesions of recent individualization. They are mesenchymal tumours of intermediate class, very rare and of unknown etiology. They are initially described in the lungs, but have been observed in several other locations, mainly abdominal and pelvic. Its location in the colon is exceptional. The evolutionary doubt of these tumours requires regular and long term follow-up. We report the case of a 30-year-old patient who presented with a stenosing caecal mass. After surgical removal, histological and immunohistochemical examination was in favor of a colonic (IMT). The clinical, radiological and histological characteristics of this anatomoclinical entity will be discussed in light of the data in the literature.

We have evaluated the outcomes of endoscopically-assisted resection of large benign tumours of the parapharyngeal space by an intraoral approach. Six patients with primary benign tumours were treated in this way. The lesions were pleomorphic adenomas, Warthin's tumour, and schwannoma. The sizes of the tumours varied from 4×4 cm to 7×7 cm. All tumours were removed completely without rupture and without damage to the facial nerve. No patient developed any permanent postoperative complications such as damage to the facial nerve, salivary fistula, or limited mouth opening. The cosmetic effects were excellent. The patients were followed up for 8 to 21 months without recurrence. Endoscopically-assisted transoral resection of large benign tumours of the parapharyngeal space is a simple and safe technique that achieves excellent aesthetic and functional results.

Objectives Congenital teratomas of the oropharyngeal cavity are extremely rare and are associated with a high neonatal mortality rate due to severe airway obstruction. Management has been improved with progress in antenatal diagnosis. The authors describe this progress in the light of a series of 4 cases and a review of the literature. Methods The medical charts of four neonates treated in the department since 1995 were reviewed. The following criteria were studied: age at diagnosis, clinical and radiological features of the tumour, management at birth and outcome. Results All four cases occurred in female neonates with an antenatal diagnosis in two cases, allowing preparation for endoscopy in the delivery room in one case and an EXIT procedure in the other case. Three neonates had to be intubated in the delivery room. Imaging showed invasion of the infratemporal fossa in 3 of the 4 cases. Surgical resection via various approaches to the infratemporal fossa was complete in every case. Adjuvant chemotherapy was administered in one case. Conclusion Surgery for these mostly benign tumours is very challenging and requires a multidisciplinary team. Perinatal planning allows appropriate management at birth, decreasing the risk of airway obstruction. Surgery is the mainstay of treatment of teratomas.

Ovarian tumours are a common finding in gynecology mainly due to the increasing use of routine ultrasound technology. They are important because of their varied clinical and histopathological presentations. This study was done to assess their age incidence, modes of presentation and histopathological appearance. METHODS: This retrospective study was conducted between January 2012 and December 2012 in the Department of Gynaecology, ESICMC & PGIMSR, Bangalore. 95 cases of ovarian tumours were studied and the age of occurrence, clinical presentation and histopathological appearance were studied. RESULTS: Among 95 cases, majority were in the reproductive age group and majority were benign tumours, commonest being serous cystadenoma. Pain abdomen was the major presentation. CONCLUSION: Ovarian tumours can present variously both clinically and histopathologically and histopathological appearance is important not only for diagnosis but also for prognosis.

Horner's syndrome is most often caused by a tumour compressing the sympathetic trunk. Spindle cell lipoma (SCL) is a rare tumour, corresponding to just 1.5% of the benign tumours of soft tissues. Its most common localisation is subcutaneous tissue in the upper part of the body. This paper presents a rare case of Horner's syndrome caused by a SCL of the neck. A 42-year-old male patient was admitted to the ENT Ward of the Mazovian Special Hospital in Siedlce because of a neck tumour on the left side. Laryngological examination revealed only a hard tumour with a limited mobility on the left side of the neck. Ophthalmological and neurological consultations indicated Horner's syndrome. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy gave no clear diagnosis. The patient was qualified for surgery. The tumour was radically excised and sent for histopathological examination. The final histopathological diagnosis was: SCL. Symptoms of the Horner's syndrome disappeared within 3 weeks after the surgery. The discussed case should be noted because of untypical SCL localisation within the cervical perivascular space, and also because of presence of symptoms of Horner's syndrome caused by compression of the tumour on the sympathetic trunk that disappeared following the surgical treatment.

To present the profile of patients with ocular and adnexal tumours presenting at a tertiary eye care institute in northeast India in ten years between 2003 and 2013.Hospital based retrospective review of medical records.The clinical history, site of involvement and pathological diagnoses were retrieved from ocular pathology registers from October 2003-October 2013. This included conjunctival, orbital, adnexal and intraocular tumours. All specimens were fixed, processed and stained. Immunohistochemistry was carried out where ever indicated to come to a final diagnosis.In all 1003 cases were included in our study, with 622 (62.01%) benign tumours and 381 (37.98%) malignant tumours. 54.63% were males and 45.36% were females. Amongst the conjunctival tumours, squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) (72.5%) and nevus (39.6%) were the most common malignant and benign tumour, respectively. Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) (60%) was the most common malignant orbital tumour. Retinoblastoma (RB) (81.5%) was the most common intraocular malignancy, followed by melanoma (18.4%). Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) (35.1%) was the most common malignancy in the lid.NHL and SCC were the most frequently seen malignant tumours in adults while RB was the most common intraocular tumour in children.

Schwannomas, also known as neurilemmomas, are benign tumours arising from the sheath of peripheral nerves in the soft tissues of head, neck, extremities, mediastinum and retroperitoneum. Schwannomas are relatively slow-growing and mostly benign. Primary mesenteric schwannoma is extremely rare. In this report, we describe a 45-year-old female who presented with a lump in the abdomen caused by a benign schwannoma originating from the mesentery of the small bowel, which was treated with surgical resection and marsupialization of the remnant capsule on the posterior side. A high grade of suspicion is required to diagnose such a tumour. Ultrasonography is generally inconclusive, but histopathological examination can confirm diagnosis. The patient was followed up for six months without evidence of disease recurrence.

The expression of miRNA-21, miRNA-10b, and miRNA-34a in malignant and benign tumours and non-neoplastic lesions in canine mammary gland, using real-time PCR with TaqMan probes was determined. The expression in normal tissues was compared to neoplastic and non-neoplastic lesions using one-way ANOVA test. Significant changes in miRNA expression in neoplastic tissues, as compared to normal ones, were demonstrated. In all neoplastic tissues, the miRNA-21 expression increased while in non-neoplastic lesions slightly decreased in comparison to normal ones. MiRNA-10b expression in malignant and benign tumours increased in comparison to normal tissues and non-neoplastic lesions. MiRNA-34a expression profile in neoplastic and non-neoplastic tissues differed from other examined miRNAs (miRNA-21 and miRNA-10b). In all samples miRNA-34a expression level decreased in comparison to normal tissues. Keywords: dog, mammary gland tumours, miRNA, real-time PCR.

Pancreatic serous cystadenomas are uncommon benign tumours that are often found incidentally on routine imaging examinations. Radiological imaging techniques alone have proven to be suboptimal to fully characterize cystic pancreatic lesions. Endoscopic ultrasound, with the addition of fine-needle aspiration in difficult cases, has showed greater diagnostic accuracy than conventional imaging techniques. The best management strategy of these neoplasms is still debated. Surgery should be limited only to symptomatic and highly selected cases and most of the patients should only be strictly monitored. In the current paper, we provide an updated overview on pancreatic serous cystadenomas, focusing our attention on epidemiology, clinical characteristics and diagnostic evaluation; finally, we also discuss different management strategies and areas for future research.

Endoscopic removal of benign tumours of papilla is increasing. Our aim was to evaluate the outcome of endoscopic resection of papillary tumours.In the years 2000-2012, 61 papillectomies were performed in Helsinki University Central Hospital. The cases were analysed retrospectively.There were 35 patients with benign tumour of papilla without familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), 16 patients with FAP and 10 patients with ampullary cancer. Jaundice and bile duct dilation were risk factors for malignancy (p0.001). In benign tumours, the recurrence rate was 25.5 %. In 5/51 benign tumour cases (9.8 %), a pancreaticoduodenectomy was performed. The remaining cases were treated endoscopically. Neither tumour size, resection in one piece or piecemeal technique, nor coagulation of resection margins had an effect on the development of residual tumour. The total complication rate was 24.6 %. Pancreatitis developed in six patients (9.8 %, 3 mild and 3 moderate). In benign tumour cases, pancreatic stent decreased pancreatitis rate (p = 0.045). In cases where only a pancreatic sphincterotomy was performed, the risk of pancreatitis was high 4/7 (57 %). Bleeding was the most common complication (18 %). Only one patient was operated due to complication, a post-papillectomy bleeding. In six out of seven non-operated cancer patients, the disease progressed.Endoscopic papillectomy is an effective procedure for treating benign papillary tumours. Jaundice and bile duct dilation are more common in malignant tumours. Pancreatic stent decreases the risk of post-papillectomy pancreatitis. Pancreatic sphincterotomy without stenting carries a high risk of pancreatitis. For papillary cancer, surgery is recommended.

Myxomas of the jaws are considered to arise from odontogenicectomesenchyme. They bear a close resemblance to the mesenchymalportion of a developing tooth. Peripheral odontogenic myxomas are veryrare and less aggressive compared with the central odontogenic myxomas.No case of peripheral odontogenic myxoma with calcification has beenreported to date. The purpose of this article is to document a case ofperipheralodontogenicmyxomawithcalcification,locatedontheposteriormaxillarygingiva. Clinicalrelevance Odontogenicmyxoma(OM)isararebenigntumourofthe jaws characterised by accumulation of mucoidground substance with little collagen. Peripheral OMs,although considered to be less aggressive than theircentral counterpart, if left untreated have unlimitedgrowth potential. The odontogenic origin of theselesions is also controversial and hence discussed in thisarticle. Introduction Myxomas are relatively rare benign tumours ofmesenchymal origin and can occur in various sites inthe body including the skin and subcutaneous tissue,heart (mainly in the left atrium), and also in varioussites of the head and neck

Metastasis, also called secondary neoplastic disease, is a tumour newly formed in a site different from that of origin, as a consequence of cancer progression and dissemination largely through blood and lymphatic vessels. The ability to form metastases is the main property that distinguishes malignant from benign tumours. Treatments for metastatic cancer are similar in practice to those for primary tumours, but such treatments are mostly palliative; indeed, almost all deaths caused by solid tumours occur in the metastatic phase. Increasing evidence supports the concept that therapies for primary tumours are inadequate to treat metastasis and can even promote formation of metastases, while exerting local growth control. Furthermore, recurrent tumours, which are denoted by increased aggressiveness and therapy resistance in comparison with the primary tumour, have an increased metastatic potential. Genetic modifications occurring during tumour progression lead to substantial differences between the primary and metastatic tumours. This emphasises the importance of designing novel therapies for metastasis. In the last decade, a number of studies have contributed to the understanding of the genetic rearrangements underlying the conversion of cancer cells into the metastasis founder cells. The present article aims at reviewing recent advances in metastasis research and attempts to discuss the reasons for which the therapeutic strategies against primary tumours may not satisfactorily address their metastatic counterparts.

To establish the risks of developing of hepatic tumours and to investigate their clinical and imaging findings in children with biliary atresia (BA) after Kasai portoenterostomy (Kasai).Among 157 children who had undergone Kasai for BA over an 18 year period, patients who had newly developed hepatic tumours were identified. Patient demographics, clinical features, and imaging findings were retrospectively reviewed.Three male and 10 female patients (mean age 3.9 years) all (8%, of 157) had single hepatic tumours, which were confirmed in 10 explanted and three non-explanted livers. Ten (77%) were benign and three (23%) were malignant. Of the benign hepatic tumours, focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH; n = 6) was the most common, followed by regenerative nodules (n = 3) and adenoma (n = 1). All FNH appeared in young children1 year of age and showed a subcapsular location, bulging contour, and lack of central scar. Malignant tumours included two hepatocellular carcinomas and one cholangiocarcinoma.Hepatic tumours developed in approximately 8% of children with BA after Kasai. Although benign tumours, including FNHs and regenerative nodules, were more common than malignant tumours, screening with alpha-foetoprotein (AFP) levels and regular imaging studies are the mainstay of malignant tumour detection.

A 33-year-old woman presented for a preoperative examination prior to an upcoming operative hysteroscopy. During the examination, a firm 1 cm mass in her right labia minora was noted. The mass was excised in the operating room without difficulty. Pathological examination revealed a benign phyllodes tumour of the vulva. Phyllodes tumours are uncommon fibroepithelial tumours primarily found in the breast although rarely may present as a vulvar lesion. Phyllodes tumours of the vulva are rarely reported in the literature, with only 17 previously reported cases. This case represents the first reported case of a phyllodes tumour occurring in the labia minora. While most of these tumours are benign, it is important to keep these and other rare tumours in the differential diagnosis of vulvar masses. Even with benign tumours, continued surveillance for recurrence should be performed.

Primary cardiac tumours are relatively rare in the paediatric population, with benign tumours accounting for >90% of cases. Cardiac fibromas are rare primary tumours that typically reside in the ventricles. Symptoms are usually the result of blood outflow obstruction or disruption of the cardiac conduction system. They do not typically regress and usually require surgical intervention. In this case, we report a rare finding of a right atrial fibroma in an 18-month-old female who presented with lethargy and vomiting. Chest X-ray revealed an enlarged cardiac silhouette, and follow-up CT showed a 3.7×3.2×3.7 cm hypodense lesion in the right atrium. Cardiac MRI revealed the diagnosis, which was confirmed on pathology.

Keloids are skin disorders or benign tumours that are due to abnormal wound healing in the binding tissue after a trauma, inflammation, surgical wounds, or burns. Low activity radioisotopes have shown to be effective in curing or eliminating keloids on the skin. One of these radioisotopes is phosphorus-32 (32P), a beta (β-) emitter with a half-life of 14.3 days. This radioisotope can also be developed for the treatment of keloid and skin tumours. Currently, keloid is treated by a conventional method e.g.by applying the bulk of 32P radioisotope directly on keloid area. However, this method is considered inefficient and less secure. The purpose of this research is to obtain a technology for preparing of 32P-labeled skin patch. The first step of this research is to produce 32P-labeled chromic phosphate (Cr32PO4) colloids, through condensation involving oxidation-reduction reaction. In this step, Cr (VI) is reduced to Cr (III) to form Cr32PO4 with particle size of 1μm. Further study needs to be performed in due time in order to have Cr32PO4 colloids with a suitable particle size.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212376.].

Lipomas are the most common benign tumours that originate from adipose tissue and can develop in any anatomical location where the adipose tissue layer is present in the body. Penile lipoma cases are very rare in the literature. Our case is a 21-year-old male patient who underwent TIPU operation 8 years ago due to distal hypospadias. One year after the operation, a palpable swelling at the midline of the ventral portion of the penis occurred and this lesion grew over time. In this case report, we present a patient with lipoma that was developed in the surgical area 1 year after hypospadias surgery. To the best of our knowledge, this is one of the first cases of penil lipoma related to hypospadias procedure.

Haemangiomas are the most common benign tumours of the liver. Their origin lies in the proliferation of the vascular endothelium. Their growth mechanism is by dilation. They are considered giant when they exceed 5 cm at their greatest diameter. Very uncommon presentations surpass 15 cm; these are known as enormous haemangiomas. We present a case of a 54-year-old woman with an enormous haemangioma of 30 cm in diameter. A mass was present in her right upper quadrant along with dull abdominal pain for several years. It is unknown for how long the tumour had been developing. She underwent surgical management due to evident mass effect. Clinicians should be aware of the importance of early diagnosis in these types of tumours. Its erratic growth pattern, mass effect-related complications and the capacity of producing haematological abnormalities makes it an entity to be considered.

Odontomas are hamartomatous lesions composed of various dental tissues, i.e., enamel, dentin, cementum and sometimes pulp. They are the most common benign odontogenic tumours, constituting 22% of all odontogenic tumours of the jaw. They are slow-growing, benign tumours showing nonaggressive behaviour. They are usually asymptomatic and are often discovered during routine radiography. We report a case of erupting compound odontome which clinically simulated the erupting permanent incisors in an 8 year old boy, which was associated with an unerupted maxillary left central and lateral permanent incisors. The diagnosis was confirmed after surgical removal and histopathological analysis.

The treatment of a 40-year-old woman with a giant fibroadenoma in her left breast is presented. The fibroadenoma measured 14 × 5 × 3 cm and weighed 170 g. We demonstrate that the surgical strategy and the reconstructive techniques in oncoplastic breast cancer surgery successfully can be applied to the treatment of these rare benign tumours improving the cosmetic and functional outcome.

Ovarian tumour is not a single entity, but a complex wide spectrum of neoplasms involving a variety of histological tissues. The most common are the epithelial tumours forming 80 % of all tumours. 80% are benign tumours, 10% borderline malignant and 8-10% malignant. Mucinous tumours represent about 8-10% of the epithelial tumours, they may reach enormous size filling the entire abdominal cavity. 1 Here we would like to present a case of huge benign mucinous cystadenoma in a 50 year old female where the patient could not access medical care, and presented with huge tumour which lead to breathlessness and responded remarkably to surgical excision. The patient could go back to her normal life following the procedure.

Infantile hemangiomas are the most common benign tumours in children. Although most hemangiomas can regress spontaneously in early childhood, some of them require treatment due to ulceration, bleeding, aesthetic deformity or impaired functions such as breathing or vision. Propranolol, a nonselective β-blocker, is currently first line therapy for treatment of head and neck hemangiomas that cause functional defects or significant disfigurement. The exact mechanism of propranolol action in hemangiomas treatment remains unclear. This paper presents review of current knowledge on propranolol in the treatment of infantile hemangiomas.

Soft-tissue sarcomas require tailored and multidisciplinary treatment and management. However, little is known about how sarcomas are treated and managed throughout the Asia-Pacific region.MEDLINE was systematically searched using prespecified criteria. Publications (previous 10 years) that reported tumour characteristics, treatment patterns, survival outcomes, and/or safety outcomes of patients with soft-tissue sarcoma were selected. Exclusion criteria were studies of patients18 years of age; ≤ 10 patients; countries other than Australia, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Korea, Malaysia, New Zealand, Philippines, Singapore, Taiwan, or Thailand;20% benign tumours; sarcomas located in bones or joints; gastrointestinal stromal tumour; Kaposi's sarcoma; or not reporting relevant outcomes.Of the 1,822 publications retrieved, 35 (32 studies) were included. Nearly all patients (98%, 1,992/2,024; 31 studies) were treated with surgery, and more studies used adjuvant radiotherapy than chemotherapy (24 vs 17 studies). Survival outcomes and recurrence rates varied among the studies because of the different histotypes, sites, and disease stages assessed. Only 5 studies reported safety findings.These findings highlight the lack of specific data available about soft-tissue sarcomas in the Asia-Pacific region. Better efforts to understand how the sarcoma is managed and treated will help improve patient outcomes in the region.

Introduction After 20 years of experience in laparoscopic liver surgery there is still no clear definition of the best approach (totally laparoscopic [TLS] or hand-assisted [HAS]), the indications for surgery, position, instrumentation, immediate and long-term postoperative results, etc. Aim To report our experience in laparoscopic liver resections (LLRs). Patients and method Over a period of 10 years we performed 132 LLRs in 129 patients: 112 malignant tumours (90 hepatic metastases; 22 primary malignant tumours) and 20 benign lesions (18 benign tumours; 2 hydatid cysts). Twenty-eight cases received TLS and 104 had HAS. Surgical technique: 6 right hepatectomies (2 as the second stage of a two-stage liver resection); 6 left hepatectomies; 9 resections of 3 segments; 42 resections of 2 segments; 64 resections of one segment; and 5 cases of local resections. Results There was no perioperative mortality, and morbidity was 3%. With TLS the resection was completed in 23/28 cases, whereas with HAS it was completed in all 104 cases. Transfusion: 4.5%; operating time: 150 min; and mean length of stay: 3.5 days. The 1-, 3- and 5-year survival rates for the primary malignant tumours were 100, 86 and 62%, and for colorectal metastases 92, 82 and 52%, respectively. Conclusion LLR via both TLS and HAS in selected cases are similar to the results of open surgery (similar 5-year morbidity, mortality and survival rates) but with the advantages of minimally invasive surgery.

Lipoleiomyomas are benign mesenchymal tumours of smooth muscle and adipose tissue and uncommonly occur in the uterus. Here we report a case of uterine lipoleiomyoma that manifested purely as intravenous component and clinically presented as a large retroperitoneal mass with extension into inferior vena cava and right atrium. The connection of the mass to the corneal end of the uterus was noted only at surgery.

The osteomas are osseous lesions with slow and asymptomatic growth that most of the times is a finding in radiological exams requested for other reason. It's the most common benign neoplasm of the paranasal sinuses. The osteomas are located mainly in the frontal sinus (37–80%), followed by the ethmoidal sinuses (20%), maxillary sinuses and rarely in the sphenoid sinus. Although osteoid osteoma is rare in paranasal sinuses, it should be considered if there is a bone density mass and complete excision should be performed with care. Although osteomas are benign tumours, they may enlarge progressively and produce complications. Their resection is not free of risks, so there is some controversy about the management of asymptomatic patients. Endonasal surgery reduces the morbidity of the treatment but the location and size of the lesions do not allow to employ this technique in all cases.

We report on a group of patients with tumours in the Hoffa’s fat pad (HFP), their clinical presentation, histological type and treatment, including two synovial sarcomas with their clinical follow-up, which have not been described previously in the literature. We performed a retrospective review of our prospectively collected database of 25 cases of HFP tumours with at least six months follow-up. The gender, age at presentation (over and under 16 years of age), clinical features, history of trauma, treatment chosen, and complications were recorded. The mean age of the patients was 32 years (three to 47). Six patients were under 16 years old. Pain was the most common symptom, present in 92 % (n = 23/25). The final diagnoses included 23 (92 %) benign tumours and two (8 %) malignant tumours. The most common benign tumour was pigmented villonodular synovitis (PVNS) (48 % n = 12). The two malignant tumours were synovial sarcomas and both presented in patients under 16 years old. Hoffa’s fat pad tumours are an uncommon and rarely diagnosed group of lesions that can be misinterpreted as any knee pathology. Although the majority of HFP tumours are benign, malignant tumours should be considered in the differential diagnosis for the paediatric population.

Introduction. Intracranial schwannomas not related to cranial nerves are uncommon brain tumours. Such tumours account for less than 1% of all surgically treated schwannomas. Only 79 cases have been reported in the literature. Methods. We describe two cases treated in our centre. The patients are young women with seizures as a presenting symptom. Both underwent surgery with the presumptive diagnosis of benign brain tumour. Histopathological examination revealed the certain diagnosis of Schwannoma. Results. Good outcome was achieved with total excision of the tumour. Based on the literature, demographic data, clinical aspects, imaging features and theories on the possible origin of this rare tumour are discussed. Conclusions. These tumours should be included in the differential diagnosis of supratentorial benign tumours in young adults. Total excision, whenever possible, is the treatment of choice.

Uterine fibroids are the most common benign tumours that affect women of reproductive age and they represent the main indication for surgery for benign uterine pathology. In 25% of cases, they become clinically apparent, causing heavy menstrual bleeding, pelvic pain and/or infertility. Therefore, fibroids have a notable impact on the economic costs for the health system and also on the quality of life of the women they afflict. Although MRI is the most precise technique to diagnose fibroids, ultrasound remains the most cost-effective method. Surgery has been the treatment of choice for years, and several minimally invasive procedures have recently been developed. There are a wide variety of conservative medical treatment options, which are continually expanding. Research on the biology of these tumours can lead to new therapeutic options for the management of fibroids as we better understand the role that growth factors and genetic mutations play in them.

Desmoid tumours are benign tumours that have a tendency to be locally invasive. We present a desmoid tumour of the lower abdominal wall in a 30 year old female patient, discussed the treatment options and reviewed literature of this uncommon lesion. Key words: Desmoid, abdominal wall, benign tumour.

The aim of this study is to describe childhood cancer incidence and survival in the French islands of Reunion and Mayotte for the period 2005-2011. Data were taken from the population-based Cancer Registry of Reunion Island. All incident cases of malignant tumours and benign tumours of the Central Nervous System diagnosed between 2005 and 2011 in children under the age of 15 and living in Reunion or Mayotte were included. A total of 236 cases were registered (176 in Reunion, 60 in Mayotte). Age-standardised incidence rates (ASRs, world standard) for all cancers were 125.0 and 101.8 per million for Reunion and Mayotte, respectively. ASRs for the main cancer groups were lower than those described in mainland France for the same period. The 5-year overall survival rate for all patients was 78.5% (95%CI 71.9- 83.7), slightly lower than that reported in mainland France.

Splenic diseases are rare. Tumours of the spleen are classified as either benign or malignant. Primary benign tumours of the spleen are extremely rare, identified on surgery and autopsy, accounting for

Introduction: Salivary gland tumours account for 3-6% of tumours of the head and neck. About 80% of salivary gland tumors occur in parotid glands, 10-17% of which are malignant The aim of the study was to assess whether there is an upward trend in cancer incidence within the parotid glands, with particular emphasis on cancers. Materials and methods: 322 patients underwent surgery and 328 parotid gland tumours were removed in the years 2005-2014 at the Department of Laryngology and Laryngological Oncology of the Upper Silesian Medical Centre in Katowice-Ochojec. Clinical, histopathological and statistical analyses of the removed parotid gland tumours were performed. Results and discussion: A significant increase in the incidence of benign tumours, especially mixed and Warthin tumours, was demonstrated. There was no significant increase in the number of malignant tumours over the analysed period of time.

The diagnosis and management of eyelid cancers are quite challenging. Eyelid tumours are relatively rare diverse group of diseases varied in their presentation and extent. Many benign tumours and inflammatory conditions quite frequently masquerade eyelid cancers. Eyelid cancers are not single entity but comprise a wide range of tumours with extremes of tumour biology from indolent to very aggressive histopathologic types. Compromise on aesthetics and eyelids' indispensable function of protecting the eyes during management, may lead to untoward cosmetic disfigurement and loss of vision. On the other hand, inadequate cancer clearance will also be vision threatening and life threatening due to loco regional recurrence and metastasis. To strike an optimal balance is a challenging task, to achieve 'cancer cure' with maximum preservation of function and cosmetics. In addition, the integration of other modalities of treatment, judicious selection and their sequencing require multidisciplinary discussion and joint management by different specialists. We are presenting four case scenarios, we met with in our teaching hospital with reference to literature review to emphasize that eyelid malignancies are not always simple with respect to diagnosis and management.

Spitzoid lesions represent a challenging and controversial group of tumours, in terms of clinical recognition, biologic behavior and management strategies. Although Spitz naevi are considered benign tumours, their clinical and dermoscopic morphologic overlap with spitzoid melanoma renders the management of spitzoid lesions particularly difficult. The controversy deepens because of the existence of tumours that cannot be safely histopathologically diagnosed as naevi or melanomas (atypical Spitz tumours). The dual objective of the present study was to provide an updated classification on dermoscopy of Spitz naevi, and management recommendations of spitzoid looking lesions based on a consensus among experts in the field. After a detailed search of the literature for eligible studies, a data synthesis was performed from 15 studies on dermoscopy of Spitz naevi. Dermoscopically, Spitz naevi are typified by 3 main patterns: starburst pattern (50.6%), a pattern of regularly distributed dotted vessels (19.3%) and globular pattern with reticular depigmentation (17.0%). A consensus-based algorithm for the management of spitzoid lesions is proposed. According to it, dermoscopically asymmetric lesions with spitzoid features (both flat/raised and nodular) should be excised to rule out melanoma. Dermoscopically symmetric spitzoid nodules should also be excised or closely monitored, irrespectively of the age, to rule out atypical Spitz tumours. Dermoscopically symmetric flat spitzoid lesions should be managed according to the age of the patient. Finally, the histopathologic diagnosis of atypical Spitz tumour should warrant wide excision but not a sentinel lymph node biopsy. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

A Dissertation submitted to the School of Graduate Studies in partial fulfillment for the Master of Science in Bio-Mathematics (MSc.BM) degree at Strathmore University From available literature, there is strong evidence that the growth of tumours is to a great extent influenced by the cellular response of the immune system in addition to the therapy administered. While chemotherapy treatment is very effective in killing cancer cells, the levels of toxicity associated with it affects other body cells negatively, the worst of which are cells with higher rate of multiplication and regeneration. A lot of research, with impressive results has been carried out in cancer for the past over four decades, yet there is still not a universally accepted effective mathematical model that provides a way of optimizing chemotherapy efficacy and toxicity.The mathematical model developed in this research has provided a theoretical understanding of the interactions among cancer cells and body cells for cancer patients as well as laying the stage for future research work. Based on the findings from reviewed biological literature, a mathematical model comprising of six ODEs describing the growth of tumour cells while incorporating the immune system response and chemotherapy treatment was formulated and analyzed both analytically and numerically. Three scenarios are presented namely: no tumour with no treatment, tumour with no treatment and tumour with treatment. In the first case (no tumour and no treatment), the system was found to be stable. The tumour with no treatment equilibrium was on the other hand was found be unstable implying that the immune system cannot eliminate cancer cells on their own.Lastly, the case of tumour with treatment was found to be stable hence longer survival times for the patients receiving chemotherapy treatment. When however, the concentration of chemotherapy was increased, the system goes back to instability due to the decline of the number of NK and CD8+ T-cells as a result of chemotherapeutic toxicity.According to the results of the formulated mathematical model, treatment regimens consisting of right concentrations of chemotherapy is effective in eliminating the tumour cell population. Further research should therefore focus on developing models that quantify the optimal drug concentration for maximum efficacy on tumour cells with minimal toxicity to immune cells.

This paper proposes an automatic diagnostic method for breast tumour disease using hybrid Support Vector Machine (SVM) and the Two-Step Clustering Technique. The hybrid technique is aimed at improving the diagnostic accuracy and reducing diagnostic miss-classification, thereby solving the classification problems related to Breast Tumour. To distinguish the hidden patterns of the malignant and benign tumours, the Two-Step algorithm and SVM have been combined and employed to differentiate the incoming tumours. The developed hybrid method enhances the accuracy by 99.1% when examined on the UCI-WBC data set. Moreover, in terms of evaluation measures, it has been shown experimentally results that the hybrid method outperforms the modern classification techniques for breast cancer diagnosis.

Introduction: Characterization of adnexal masses as benign or malignant is of utmost importance for optimal management and prognostication. Ultrasound examination plays an important role in the differentiation of adnexal masses. Various sonographic characteristics have been recognised to differentiate benign and malignant adnexal masses. Subjective evaluation of gray-scale ultrasound images by an experienced ultrasound examiner to discriminate adnexal masses is known as “pattern recognition”. Aim: To access the efficacy of pattern recognition at predicting an accurate histological diagnosis of adnexal masses. Materials and Methods: All adnexal masses diagnosed clinically or during screening sonography were included in the study (n=136). Sonographic pattern recognition was performed and documented with specific diagnosis whenever feasible. Risk of Malignancy Index 3 (RMI3) score was also calculated. Results were compared with the gold standard histology. Chi-square test was used to assess the significance of the results and a p-value

In 2002 J.T. Rutka stated in an editorial commentary that: “There is perhaps no other primary brain tumour that evokes more passion, emotion, and, as a result, controversy than does the craniopharyngioma”. This statement clarifies the situation of medical specialists such as endocrinologists, neurosurgeons, neuropathologists, neurooncologists, paediatric oncologists and neuro-radiologists involved in treatment of craniopharyngioma (CP) patients. Although CPs are classified by the WHO as benign tumours, their size and relationship to multiple critical structures can incur massive clinical complications. Here we elucidate the histological and genomic hallmarks, setting adamantinomatous (ACP) apart from papillary craniopharyngiomas (PCP). In addition, molecular mechanisms that we already know to be involved in the pathogenesis of ACP, e.g. Wnt, SHH and EGFR signalling influencing proliferation, morphology, migration and recurrence by the establishment of a presumably tumour stem cell niche, are discussed. Our understanding of the driving force of ACP tumourigenesis opens new avenues for targeted treatment options, e.g. the inhibition of the EGFR.

A wide range of musculoskeletal tumours and tumour-like conditions may be encountered when patients undergo radiological examinations. Some malignant musculoskeletal lesions may mimic benign tumours at imaging, being confused with benign cystic lesions or haematomas. Also, inappropriately selected magnetic resonance (MR) image sequences or computed tomography (CT) display windows can lead to misdiagnosis. Many orthopaedic surgeons interpret radiological images themselves, and therefore need to be as aware of these issues as radiologists are. This review describes and illustrates a number of such errors that commonly occur, and provides suggestions for avoiding these pitfalls.

The aim of this report was to present a clinical case and diagnostics of intrathoracic bone cyst as well as successful outcome of the surgical treatment in a male, 3-year-old West Highland White Terrier dog, weighing 6.9 kg. The dog was admitted in a very poor condition with clinical signs of severe dyspnoea that developed during about one month period of time before admission to our clinic. The dog underwent physical examination and further examinations including radiological examination which revealed a radiopaque mass formation in the cranial mediastinum. Ultrasonographic examination showed the presence of fluid; following thoracentesis revealed pseudochylous fluid. The bone cyst was surgically removed and more than 10 months after surgery the dog’s health was very good without any difficulties. Bone cysts in dogs are infrequent; this was the first case at our clinic and presented a successful treatment.