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This study compared the performance of single-point near infrared spectroscopy (NIR) and near infrared chemical imaging (NIR-CI) for the detection and quantification of ruminant meat meal in processed animal proteins (PAPs). A set of 126 fish-meal samples adulterated with controlled amounts (0.25% to 16%) of ruminant meal were analysed using the two techniques. Comparison of results showed that spectra obtained by NIR-CI provided better qualitative information, whereas more accurate quantitative predictions were obtained using NIR spectroscopy. NIR-CI thus offers greater potential for species discrimination/identification, whilst NIR spectroscopy is better suited for the quantification of meal derived from a given species in PAPs. These findings represent a first step in the analysis of mixed-species processed animal proteins and suggest that NIR-CI, by providing valuable information on species origin, is a promising tool that could be used as part of the EU feed control programme aimed at eradicating and preventing Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) and related diseases.

Protein-based films prepared from red tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) washed and unwashed mince solubilised at pH 3 and 11 were prepared and characterised. Tensile strength (TS) of films from washed mince was greater than that of films prepared from unwashed mince for both pH used (P

An experiment was performed to investigate the effect of animal versus vegetable protein sources in the diet on the development of behavior in laying hens. A diet containing protein sources of only vegetable origin was compared with four diets, each containing one of four processed animal proteins (PAPs). Two PAPs (Daka-58 and Sonac-60) were classified as meat meals, whereas the remaining ones (Daka-40 and Sonac-50) were classified as meat and bone meals. The impact of a control diet (without PAP) versus four PAP diets (50 g/kg CP of animal origin) on behavior was determined. All diets were isocaloric (AME n = 11.8 MJ/kg) and isonitrogenous (dig. lysine = 6.8 g/kg). Hens were housed in 40 floor pens (12 hens/pen, 8 pens/treatment) from 20 to 40 weeks of age. Supplementation of PAPs did not generally reduce feather pecking behavior. Nevertheless, Daka-40 and Sonac-50 fed hens showed a delay in the development of feather damage and, simultaneously, an increase in litter condition, foraging and walking behavior, and floor pecks compared to hens fed Sonac-60. These shifts seemed to be partly related with the intake of digestible glycine, available phosphorus, calcium, potassium, and sodium.

Epidemiological studies have indicated that the most likely pathway of the infection of cattle with bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) is feed-borne contamination with animal proteins. The enforcement of the ban on meat and bone meal in feed for farmed animals, including the “species-to-species” ban, is considered an important measure to prevent the spread of BSE. This review summarises more than ten years of work on species identification, quantification, comparison with optical microscopy, combination with polymerase chain reaction and detection based on chemometric decision rules and discriminant models. In the first part of the review, a summary is given of existing methods for the detection, identification and quantification of processed by-products of animal origin. In the second part, the possibilities offered by the near infrared microscopy technique for detecting, identifying and quantifying processed by-products of animal origin is reviewed. Work needed on enforcing the feed ban in terms of both routine and official control measures is also discussed.

The effect of high-pressure homogenization (HPH) at 0.1 (control), 40 or 80 MPa on the denatured peanut protein were investigated. Solubility, emulsifying property, foaming property, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) characteristic, water-holding capacity (WHC) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis of the peanut protein isolates (PPIs) from the peanut flour after various HPH treatments were analyzed. Increased solubility of the denatured peanut protein by HPH treatment depended on the pH value. In the range of pH 4−7, the HPH-treated peanut protein exhibited a higher solubility than the non-HPH-treated protein, but the HPH treatment did not affect significantly the solubility in the range of pH 8−10. HPH treatment improved the emulsifying activity index (EAI) and foaming capacity (FC) but reduced the emulsifying stability index and foaming stability. In addition, HPH treatment markedly improved the WHC but slightly affected the DSC parameter. Based on the observation of SEM, many irregular fine crackles in the peanut protein after HPH treatment appeared, which showed that the treatment resulted in the change in the surface microstructure of the protein. These results indicated that the HPH treatment led to the modification of the microstructure of peanut protein and, thus, improved its functional properties such as EAI, FC and WHC. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Functional properties of plant and animal proteins are important in food processing and production formulation. Peanut exhibits an excellent potential as a source of plant proteins. Improvement of functional or nutritional properties of proteins can help produce some novel food products in food industry. The use of high-pressure homogenization (HPH) is one of the most efficient means to improve the functional properties of plant proteins. The study exhibited that application of HPH treatment resulted in the changed the microstructure of peanut protein and, thus, improved its functional properties such as the emulsifying activity index, foam capacity and water-holding capacity, which might be utilized in food industry.

Plant proteins are being used as a replacement for animal proteins in wine fining. The surface hydrophobicity of plant proteins in four commercial preparations differing for their origin and processing was assessed by using a fluorescent hydrophobic probe in wine-like media. Displacement of the probe by addition of wine phenolics was measured as a way to compare and predict to some extent the efficiency of these proteins in wine fining. It was found that the binding of polyphenols was much more specific than that of the hydrophobic probe. Further analysis of the polyphenol pattern in protein-treated wine-like solutions pointed out two relevant facts: (1) proteins may interfere with the chemistry of the interactions between polyphenols and other wine components; (2) individual protein preparation having different surface hydrophobicities also have different specificities in binding different polymeric forms of the polyphenols and in their substitution products. These findings are related to the possible carry-over of transition metals and may be worth exploring for custom tailoring the fining process. Whether the practical application of the latter finding will call for production and/or screening of plant-derived proteins with features appropriate to this task remains to be investigated. However, the approaches presented in this study may be used for large-scale screening of protein suitability for fining application under laboratory conditions, providing guidelines for their use in actual winemaking applications.

From the first cases of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) among cattle in the United Kingdom in 1986, the route of infection of BSE is generally believed by means of feeds containing low level of processed animal proteins (PAPs). Therefore, many feed bans and alternative and complementary techniques were resulted for the BSE safeguards in the world. Now the feed bans are expected to develop into a "species to species" ban, which requires the corresponding species-specific identification methods. Currently, banned PAPs can be detected by various methods as light microscopy, polymerase chain reaction, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, near infrared spectroscopy, and near infrared microscopy. Light microscopy as described in the recent Commission Regulation EC/152/2009 is the only official method for the detection and characterization of PAPs in feed in the European Union. It is able to detect the presence of constituents of animal origin in feed at the level of 1 g/kg with hardly any false negative. Nevertheless, light microscopy has the limitation of lack of species specificity. This article presents a review of legislations on the use of PAPs in feedstuff, the detection details of animal proteins by light microscopy, and also presents and discusses the analysis procedure and expected development of the technique.

Subcellular localization is an important protein property, which is related to function, interactions and other features. As experimental determination of the localization can be tedious, especially for large numbers of proteins, a number of prediction tools have been developed. We developed the PROlocalizer service that integrates 11 individual methods to predict altogether 12 localizations for animal proteins. The method allows the submission of a number of proteins and mutations and generates a detailed informative document of the prediction and obtained results. PROlocalizer is available at http://bioinf.uta.fi/PROlocalizer/ .

Les travaux du Centre de Recherches Oceanologiques (CRO) portent principalement sur les especes locales tres prolifiques pour pallier les insuffisances en proteines animales et reduire les importations ivoiriennes. Nos travaux portent sur les hybridations entre les especes de Tilapias ( Oreochromis niloticus , Sarotherodon melanotheron , et Tilapia guineensis ) qui sont etudiees a la station experimentale d’aquaculture de Layo. Les analyses en composantes principales (ACP) basees sur 90 individus hybrides, respectivement de O. niloticus et T. guineensis , ainsi que de O. niloticus et S. melanotheron ont ete effectuees. La matrice de l’ACP des hybrides de O. niloticus et T. guineensis est composee de 11 caracteres meristiques et 25 caracteres metriques, alors que celle de O. niloticus et S. melanotheron est composee de 12 caracteres meristiques et 26 caracteres metriques. La distribution des individus hybrides de l’etude traduit que trois (03) groupes se degagent. Ces groupes peuvent etre des recombinaisons entre les hybrides eux-memes ou entre les hybrides et leurs souches parentales respectives de O. niloticus , S. melanotheron et T. guineensis . La presente etude confirme les hybridations dans la station experimentale d’aquaculture de Layo, par l’existence de divers taxons recombines dont les souches devront etre clairement identifiees a travers une etude genetique approfondie. © 2017 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved. Mots cles: Oreochromis niloticus , Sarotherodon melanotheron , Tilapia guineensis , hybrids, station d’aquaculture English Title: Hybridizations of the taxa Oreochromis niloticus (Linne, 1758) to the taxa Tilapia guineensis (Bleeker, 1862) and Sarotherodon melanotheron (Ruppell, 1852) in the ponds of Layo aquaculture station (Cote d'Ivoire) English Abstract Research carried out by the Oceanological Research Center (CRO) focuses on highly prolific local species to overcome the deficiencies in animal proteins and reduce Ivorian imports. Our work concerns hybridizations between the Tilapia species ( Oreochromis niloticus , Sarotherodon melanotheron , and Tilapia guineensis ) that are studied at the Layo experimental aquaculture station. Principal component analyzes (PCAs) based on 90 hybrids of respectively O. niloticus and T. guineensis , and also hybrides of O. niloticus and S. melanotheron were established. The ACP matrix of the O. niloticus and T. guineensis hybrids is composed of 11 meristic characters and 25 metric characters, while that of O. niloticus and S. melanotheron is composed of 12 meristic characters and 26 metric characters. The distribution of hybrids individuals from the study shows that three (03) groups emerge. These groups may be recombinations between the hybrids themselves or between the hybrids and their respective parent strains of O. niloticus , S. melanotheron and T. guineensis . This study confirms the hybridizations in the experimental aquaculture station of Layo, by the existence of various recombined taxa whose strains will have to be clearly identified through a genetic study. © 2017 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved. Keywords: Oreochromis niloticus , Sarotherodon melanotheron , Tilapia guineensis , hybrids, aquaculture station

Different regions of an insect cuticle have different mechanical properties, partly due to different degrees of stabilization and hardening occurring during the process of sclerotization, whereby phenolic material is incorporated into the cuticular proteins. Our understanding of the chemistry of cuticular sclerotization has increased considerably since Mark Pryor in 1940 suggested that enzymatically generated ortho-quinones react with free amino groups, thereby crosslinking the cuticular proteins. The results obtained since then have confirmed the essential features of Pryor's suggestion, and the many observations and experiments, which have been obtained, have led to a detailed and rather complex picture of the sclerotization process, as described in this review. However, many important questions still remain unanswered, especially regarding the precise regional and temporal regulation of the various steps in the process.

If questions about nutritional value are set aside, what purpose does the act of consuming an animal possess? I take this as my central question here because meat-eating is not just an issue of nutrition: as Derrida wrote: 'and who can be made to believe that our cultures are carnivorous because animal proteins are irreplaceable?'1 There is something else going on when an animal's flesh is consumed.

This paper presents a framework for developing and validating a near infrared (NIR) hyperspectral imaging method as a standard protocol accepted by regulatory authorities. The focus is on detecting processed animal proteins (PAPs) in feedstuffs. Studies aimed at determining the performance characteristics and robustness of the protocol are presented. Various criteria and tests were used to assess the limit of detection, the repeatability and the risk of cross-contamination and to validate the NIR hyperspectral imaging method for detecting PAPs in compound feed. This protocol has been fully tested and validated though different studies in line with International Standard ISO 17025 and it is essential in order to transfer the method to other laboratories and introduce this technology to official control at the laboratory level.

To guarantee feed quality and safety the development and improvement of analytical methods for feed authentication and detection of contaminants is fundamental. Near infrared reflectance microscopy (NIRM) has been investigated as an alternative method to contribute to control systems for feed materials. The major task is the need to build NIRM reference spectral libraries that must represent the variability in feed ingredients. The aim of the present work was to evaluate the performance of a NIRM reference spectral library on animal feed, with external samples of animal feed ingredients and possible contaminants such as processed animal proteins, and in particular to assess its ability to identify ingredients in mixtures. Three external sample sets were used: (A) artificial mixtures, (B) synthetic mixtures and (C) synthetic binary mixtures. The prediction and repeatability results for set A, in which the spectra are from pure ingredients, were very good for both animal and vegetable ingredients and confirm that the spectral library is very good at identifying spectra from pure ingredients. For sets B and C, in which the spectra were measured on mixtures, the prediction results were very disappointing compared with the artificial samples. This means that a strategy that tries to match the spectra taken from a mixture with those of pure ingredients is unlikely to meet with much success. It is possible that an interpolation between pure ingredients for suitably chosen spectral ranges may provide a way to extend this system to mixtures, including mixtures of several ingredients.

In silico methods are useful tool in protein structure-functional relationships analysis. BIOPEP and InterPro databases were applied to analyze the presence of bioactive fragments in the domains occurring in the sequences representing the major groups of proteins. Domains found in the proteins analyzed had mostly transporting (bovine β-lactoglobulin), immunoglobulin-like (chicken connectin), alpha-amylase inhibitor (a/β-wheat gliadin), calcium binding (chicken myosin) functions, or allowed straightly to assign the protein to an appropriate superfamily (bovine casein). It confirmed the thesis about the existence of the functional relations between the structure (sequence) and the domains with identified conformation. Amongst the domains present in the protein sequences we revealed the presence of fragments with the activities: antihypertensive, opioid, dipeptidylpeptidase IV inhibitors, immunomodulating, and neuropeptides. In the chicken connectin within the immunoglobulin-like domain we found immunomodulating fragments. InterPro analysis did not reveal the existence of any domains in a soybean globulin. It can be explained by the lack of the key structure information helpful in the defining the structure-function relationships. As the number of information in the applied databases will continue to increase we can expect to find stronger relationships between bioactivity of fragments encrypted in proteins and the functionality of domains. This might allow in the future to find evolutionary similarity between different origin food proteins - sources of bioactive peptides.

The superiority of Africanized over European honey bees in tropical and subtropical regions of the New World is both well documented and poorly understood. As part of an effort to try to understand the process by which the displacement of European bees occurred, we examined the ability of these two types of bees and of hybrids between the two to convert natural and artificial diets into usable protein. Newly emerged bees from colonies of tropically adapted Africanized and temperate-origin Carniolan bees and first-generation hybrids between the two were caged and fed artificial and natural protein diets for six days to determine whether there were differences in their ability to use these diets. The Africanized bees developed significantly higher protein levels in the hemolymph than did the Carniolan bees. The difference was 31% when the bees were fed bee bread (37.5 and 28.56 microg protein/microL hemolymph, respectively). The hybrids developed protein levels intermediate between the two parental types. These were approximately 10 times the levels found in bees fed with sucrose alone. Superior food conversion efficiency of the Africanized bees may be one of the reasons for their superiority both in the wild and for beekeeping in tropical and subtropical Latin America.

During present investigation medicinal uses of these shell fishes has been studied. It was found that after removal of shell and mantle of Pila, Bellamya, Lamellidens and Parreysia, the flesh of these molluscs in various forms consumed for the cure of some aliments of local people and also provide essential animal proteins, steroids, vitamins and minerals to the people of the region. The flesh of Pila and Viviparous sp. is used as medicine to cure asthma, swelling of joints, burns by aboriginal people of this region. The foot portion of these edible shell fishes is eaten in the form of curry as well as in roasted form at regular intervals. The soup of eggs of these species are also used as medicine and given to children suffering from rickets. The flesh of Lamellidens, is eaten in the form of cooked curry and given to people suffering from cardiac diseases and blood pressure. It was also observed that the local people of the region consumed these shell fishes to cure a number of other ailments such as rheumatism, calcium metabolism, heart diseases, conjunctivitis, giddiness, nervousness, dehydration and various gastro intestinal disorders.

Near infrared (NIR) calibrations were developed for the instantaneous and simultaneous prediction of the animal species composition of processed animals proteins (PAPs). A total of 359 PAPs samples were used to built calibration and validation sets. Different derivatives and scatter correction pre-treatments were tested. Modified partial least squares regressions were developed for the prediction of the percentage of poultry by-products meal, pork meal, cattle meal, ruminant meal and non-ruminant meal in a mixture. All the equations presented R2 and ratio performance deviation ( RPD) values around 0.9 and 3, respectively. In the external validation procedure, the results obtained correspond well with the calibration statistics. This study shows the potential of NIR technology to quantify the animal species in PAPs and it clearly demonstrates the importance of the size and structure of the calibration set in the robustness of the equations.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the concentrations of essential and toxic elements in hair of children in Tanzania in order to assess their nutritional status. 141 samples of hair from boys and girls living in Tanzania were analyzed using instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA). The mean concentration levels of Zn and Cu were lower whilst those of other elements were in the same range as the hair elemental concentrations reported in the literature. The lower concentrations of Zn might be related to the diet of mainly cereals with low animal proteins consumed by most of the Tanzanian population.

The aim of this document was to provide a critical review of the current knowledge on hypersensitivity pneumonitis caused by the occupational environment and to propose practical guidance for the diagnosis and management of this condition. Occupational hypersensitivity pneumonitis (OHP) is an immunologic lung disease resulting from lymphocytic and frequently granulomatous inflammation of the peripheral airways, alveoli, and surrounding interstitial tissue which develops as the result of a non-IgE-mediated allergic reaction to a variety of organic materials or low molecular weight agents that are present in the workplace. The offending agents can be classified into six broad categories that include bacteria, fungi, animal proteins, plant proteins, low molecular weight chemicals, and metals. The diagnosis of OHP requires a multidisciplinary approach and relies on a combination of diagnostic tests to ascertain the work relatedness of the disease. Both the clinical and the occupational history are keys to the diagnosis and often will lead to the initial suspicion. Diagnostic criteria adapted to OHP are proposed. The cornerstone of treatment is early removal from exposure to the eliciting antigen, although the disease may show an adverse outcome even after avoidance of exposure to the causal agent.

Carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) stable isotope analysis of bone collagen from 57 human and 137 faunal samples was conducted with the aim of reconstructing human diet at the Late Chalcolithic (mid-4th millennium BC) site of Camlibel Tarlasi, north-central Anatolia. The analyses indicate that the diet of the inhabitants of Camlibel Tarlasi was based largely on C3 resources. Comparison of human and faunal δ15N values suggest that animal proteins were likely to be of secondary importance to diet, with cultigens such as wheat and barley and potentially pulses taking the role of dietary staples. Age-related variation in stable isotope signals was identified.

Human consumption of bird meat in modern societies comes in two ways: as embryos -i.e., eggs- and as hatched individuals, either young or adults. Poultry provide nowadays about one-third of the animal proteins and fat in human diets, but the bird-human interface is possibly an ancient one. Hundreds of species are kept as pets and non-edible products, such as feathers or eggshells are used by traditional cultures in all continents as body ornaments, headdresses or jewelry. Regarding early humans, it has been proposed that Neanderthals decorated themselves with raptors and corvid feathers. It is also known that they consumed birds, including pigeons, according to cut marks in bone remains. Even if birds may be perceived as elusive prey due to their flight capabilities, they are forced to incubate their eggs in a fixed position, the nest, where the nestlings grow until they reach full size. This makes eggs, nestlings and brooding adults easy prey. Roosting birds are practically defenseless against stealth predators. And humans may become such when they learn to interpret cues left behind by the birds themselves. Birds share a common sensitive world with humans. Most birds are diurnal as we are, and they rely on visual and auditive cues for communication, that we may learn to interpret, or that we can even imitate.

The identification, evaluation, and development of ingredients is a key step in the development of effective formulation strategies for all aquaculture feeds. Traditionally there has been much reliance on the use of fish meal and fish oil in aquaculture diets and because of this intensive aquaculture has been perceived as a net fish user rather than producer. However, in addition to alleviating concerns about the reliability of aquaculture as a food provider, and also the long-term sustainability of aquaculture as an industry, the use of alternative ingredients also empowers the formulator with additional options. These options include improving the technical qualities of pellets and also introducing certain nutrients and nutraceuticals to increase the value of the resultant compound diet in which the ingredients are included.

Currently, the interest for health-promoting functional foods, dietary supplements and pharmaceutical preparations containing bioactive peptides deriving from food proteins, is increasing. Despite the large literature concerning peptides derived from animal proteins, only recently the scientific community investigated the possibility to obtain bioactive peptides from vegetable sources, also discovering novel functional features. In this article, the functional effects of vegetable-derived peptides, including antihypertensive, antioxidant, antitumoral, antiproliferative, hypocholesterolemic, antinflammatory activities, are described. The novel biotechnologies for the release of bioactive peptides from vegetable matrices, including microbial fermentation and the use of microbial enzymes are investigated. Moreover, the modern technologies for their recovery, purification, and analysis, are reviewed and discussed.

The annual ring test for the detection of animal proteins in animal feed of the IAG - International Association for Feeding stuff Analysis, Section Feeding stuff Microscopy was organized by RIKILT - Wageningen UR, The Netherlands. The aim of the ring study was to provide the participants information on the performance of the local implementation of the detection method for their local quality systems. A further aim was to gather information about the application of the microscopic method. The current 2016 version of the IAG ring test for animal proteins facilitated the full scenario with the methods for microscopy and PCR as published in Regulation (EC) 51/2013 amending Annex VI of Regulation (EC) 152/2009 together with accompanying SOPs. All four samples were based on an artificial feed mimicking a formulation for ruminant feed. Two samples were labelled as fish feed (B and D), which was effectuated by adding 2% of a general fish meal. Adulteration was achieved by adding 0.1% pig MBM (B), 0.1% ruminant MBM (D) and a combination of 0.1% ruminant MBM and 0.1% fish meal (C). This combination of different spikes allowed the diverse application of the detection methods. Forty eight participants enrolled for the ring test, of which 45 submitted microscopic results. Of these, 20 participants applied the combination of microscopic and PCR analysis. Three participants submitted exclusively PCR results.

Protein contact with the skin can be associated with 2 major clinical conditions: contact urticaria and protein contact dermatitis. This article reviews the pathogenesis, clinical pictures and the literature on the proteins having caused immunological occupation-related skin problems, i.e. fruits, vegetables, spices, plants, and woods; animal proteins; grains and enzymes, all affecting a wide variety of jobs. This is illustrated with some cases observed in the contact-allergy unit in Leuven.

ABSTARCT Cross-sectional investigation on 2928 samples consisting of 1503 males and 1425 females was carried out on the Scheduled Tribes, namely Minas, Bhils, Sahariyas, Garasias, Damors and Kathodis of Rajasthan. Samples were collected belonging to age group 8 to 18 and were classified into yearly intervals. Information regarding the nutritional status was based on 24 hours recall method. Weights and volumes of foods were taken for each individual. The total daily nutrient intake for the individual was calculated using the food composition tables for the Indian foods. Consumption of most of the healthy and protective foods is lacking in the present study populations. Cereals is the staple food which is also lacking along with pulses, animal proteins, fats and green leafy vegetables which results in lower intake of nutrients. It is seen that the present study tribal groups are below the recommended values for all the major nutrients indicating a high prevalence of malnourishment, with males showing somewhat better position than the females of the present study.

Since the bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) crisis, the use of animal proteins in animal feed has been prohibited. From October 2003, the European Union (EU) adopted Regulation (EC) no. 1774/2002 governing animal by-products (ABPs), which seeks to address the possible risks inherent in recycling potential infectivity due to the absence of barriers within species and to exclude the cannibalism which may be induced by intra-species recycling. There is an urgent need to develop fast and reliable methods for identification of low-level ABP origins. In this study, near infrared (NIR) microscopy was used to identify different classes of ABPs. Samples of fish meals ( n = 10) and meals of land-animal origin ( n = 50) were ground, sedimented and analysed using an Auto Image Microscope connected to a Fourier transform near infrared spectrometer (FT-NIR). Sediment fraction particles were spread on a Spectralon plate, presented to the NIR microscope and scanned in the 1112–2500 nm region. The support vector machine (SVM) algorithm was used to construct models to identify class origin. Models correctly classified 100% of the samples in the calibration set and between 95 and 95.5% in the validation set. The results demonstrated the potential of FT-NIR microscopy as a rapid method for distinguishing between fish and land-animal particles.

A better understanding of the motives underlying the adoption of sustainable and healthy diets is needed for designing more effective policies. The aim of the study was to examine how eating motives were associated with self-reported changes in the consumption of beef, beans, and soy products, i.e., changes related to reducing animal and increasing plant proteins. The study analysed a survey of an adult population living in Finland (N = 1048). The eating motives were measured with the Eating Motivation Survey (TEMS), which distinguishes between 15 eating motives. Six clusters of consumers based on self-reported changes in food choices were identified with latent class analysis (LCA). Four clusters had established food consumption patterns ("Beef only", "Beef and beans", "Beef, beans, and soy products", and "No beef"), one was undergoing a change, and one had attempted a change earlier. ANOVA with planned contrasts revealed that the motives relating to natural concerns, health, and weight control were higher, and convenience and price lower, among those who had an established diet including beans and soy products, as compared to those who consumed only beef. Those undergoing a dietary change expressed a higher endorsement of natural concerns as well as health, sociability, social image, and price motives than those with an established diet including beans and soy products. The results suggest that eating motives play an important role in changing towards more sustainable food consumption patterns in which meat/beef is replaced with plant proteins.

The increasing deficit of raw meat and its quality reduction necessitates the improvement of existing technologies that would allow not only the rational and efficient usage of raw meat, but also other sources of food proteins.Effective ingredients that can improve the unstable functional- technological properties of raw meat are zoogenic and phytogenic protein substances and hydrocolloids.After analyzing the literary sources rational balance of food additives was chosen to create a functional food compositions. For recipes of created compositions indicators of emulsion sustainability and emulsifying ability were examined, what enabled to determine the ability to create a composition to absorb and store fat in its structure. Taking into account high stability indicators of the emulsion (45-18 %), and emulsifying ability (91-53 %) recipe number 3 is the best.Positive impact of food additive E551 (silica) on these indicators was proved, because the stability of the emulsion and emulsifying ability increased by an average 3-5 %., Для создания функциональных пищевых композиций использовали белковые препараты животного (белок из свиной шкурки Белкотон-С95) и растительного происхождения (соевый изолят Pro-Vo 500U) в комплексе со смесью гидроколлоидов (ксантановая и гуаровая камедь, карбоксиметилцеллюлоза, каррагинан). Для функциональных композиций были выбраны следующие степени гидратации – 1:10, 1:15 и 1:20.Доказано повышение показателей устойчивости эмульсии и эмульгирующей способности путем комбинирования избранных компонентов с использованием нанокомпозитов., Для створення функціональних харчових композицій залучили білкові препарати тваринного (білок зі свинячої шкурки Белкотон-С95) та рослинного походження (соєвий ізолят Pro-Vo 500U) в комплексі з сумішшю гідроколоїдів (ксантанова та гуарова камідь, карбоксиметилцелюлоза, карагенан). Для функціональних композицій обрано наступні ступені гідратації – 1:10, 1:15 та 1:20.Доведено підвищення показників стійкості емульсії та емульгуючої здатності шляхом комбінування обраних компонентів з використанням нанокомпозитів.

Applications of glass- and carbon-fiber reinforced polymers (FRPs) in construction have increased in recent years due to the deterioration of civil infrastructure and the numerous advantages of FRPs. Many advantages of conventional polymers and FRPs, however, are also disadvantages, especially when considering their environmental impact. The low cost of many polymers is an artifact of their inexpensive petrochemical feedstock, and their strength and chemical recalcitrance make them very difficult to degrade after their service life. This work concerns the development and characterization of sustainable, low-carbon alternatives to traditional FRP materials. Epoxy-like resins derived from animal proteins are combined with natural fibers to produce fully biobased FRP composites. Preliminary results demonstrate that these biobased FRPs exhibit similar mechanical properties to traditional FRPs. In this paper, the advantages and disadvantages of using natural FRPs in structural applications are discussed, along with the development of predictive models to facilitate novel materials design.

Since June 2013 the total feed ban of processed animal proteins (PAPs) was partially lifted. Now it is possible to mix fish feed with PAPs from non-ruminants (pig and poultry). To guarantee that fish feed, which contains non-ruminant PAPs, is free of ruminant PAPs, it has to be analysed with a ruminant PCR assay to comply with the total ban of feeding PAPs from ruminants. However, PCR analysis cannot distinguish between ruminant DNA, which originates from proteins such as muscle and bones, and ruminant DNA, which comes from feed materials of animal origin such as milk products or fat. Thus, there is the risk of obtaining positive ruminant PCR signals based on these materials. The paper describes the development of the combination of two analysis methods, micro-dissection and PCR, to eliminate the problem of ‘false-positive’ PCR signals. With micro-dissection, single particles can be isolated and subsequently analysed with PCR.

In the past two decades, hairy root research for the production of important secondary metabolites has received a lot of attention. The addition of knowledge to overcome the limiting culture parameters of the regulation of the metabolic pathway by specific molecules and the development of novel tools for metabolic engineering now offer new possibilities to improve the hairy root technique for the production of metabolites. Furthermore, engineering hairy roots for the production of animal proteins of therapeutic interest in confined and controlled in vitro conditions is seen as one of the exciting spin-offs of the technology. Recent progress made in the scale-up of the hairy root cultures has paved the way for industrial exploitation of this system. This review highlights some of the significant progress made in the past three years and discusses the potential implications of that research.

The objective of our study was to test amaranth grain or dried biomass in the diet for broiler chickens as a resource of protein replacing animal protein. Further, the effect of amaranth on broiler performance, carcass characteristics and meat quality were assessed in a feeding trial. The experimental groups of broilers were fed feed mixtures with crude amaranth grain (AC), heat processed amaranth grain (AP) or dried above-ground biomass (AB). Control groups (C) received the diet containing animal proteins. The results obtained in the experimental groups of broiler chickens can be compared to the control group in all the production indicators under investiga- tion. On day 42 of the experiment, live weight (g) of female broilers ranged from 2 205.1 ± 152.5 (AP) to 2 254.0 ± 136.5 (C), and that of male broilers from 2 375.1 ± 233.0 (AC) to 2 506.0 ± 286.0 (C). Feed conversion ranged from 1.80 kg in control group of male broiler chickens to 1.91 kg in experimental group of male broilers (AB). Percentage yield in female broiler chickens ranged from 70.8 ± 1.74 (AB) to 72.4 ± 3.34 (AC) or 72.4 ± 1.98 (C), and in male broilers from 72.8 ± 3.55 (AP) to 75.1 ± 2.44 (AB). Our results showed that amaranth can fully replace meat-and-bone meals in the diets for broiler chickens.

Conservators are often faced with unfamiliar artefacts. The challenge of understanding little-known materials when few examples survive is more unusual. This paper describes inter-disciplinary approaches to understanding a group of significant but largely forgotten man-made fibres produced in Europe, America and Japan in the mid-twentieth century. Made from animal proteins (milk, egg white, gelatine, slaughterhouse waste and whale flesh) and vegetable proteins (peanuts, soya bean and maize), their development was closely linked to military preparations for World War II. Evidence from a wide range of documentary sources used to understand their technology and cultural significance is evaluated, and the issue of lacking corroborative data derived from artefacts is discussed. Thompson's 'rubbish theory' is proposed as a useful conceptual framework for understanding changing attitudes to these man-made fibres.

Performance characteristics were evaluated for two lateral-flow test kits, Reveal for Ruminant in Feed (Neogen Corporation) and FeedChek (Strategic Diagnostics Inc.), designed to detect ruminant or terrestrial animal proteins in feeds. The stringent acceptance criteria used were developed by the Center for Veterinary Medicine Office of Research to identify test kits with comparable selectivity and sensitivity to microscopy and PCR assay, the analytical methods used by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Guidelines were developed for evaluating the selectivity, sensitivity, ruggedness, and specificity of these kits. These guidelines further stated that ruggedness and specificity testing would be performed only after a test passed both the selectivity and sensitivity assessments. Acceptance criteria for determining success were developed using a statistical approach requiring 90% probability of achieving the correct response, within a 95% confidence interval. A minimum detection level of 0.1% bovine meat and bone meal, consistent with the sensitivity of the methods used by the FDA, was required. Selectivity was assessed by testing 60 dairy feed samples that contained no added animal proteins; sensitivity was determined by evaluating 60 samples (per level of fortification) of the same feed that contained 0.025, 0.05, 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 1, or 2% bovine meat and bone meal. The Reveal test passed the selectivity assessment but failed the sensitivity assessment, detecting only samples fortified at the 2% level and then only 17 to 33% of those samples, when read according to the label directions. The FeedChek test passed the sensitivity assessment but failed the selectivity assessment, with rates for false-positive results ranging from 34 to 38%, depending on the user. The sensitivity of the Reveal test was affected by the concentration of trace minerals present in the feed; concentrations toward the high end of the normal range prevented the detection of true positive feed samples containing bovine meat and bone meal. Better sensitivity assessments were obtained when lamb meal was used either alone or in combination with bovine meat and bone meal. The FeedChek test was not affected by the concentration of trace minerals or by the type of animal meal used. These results indicate that neither of the two tests is adequate for routine regulatory use.

A rapid PCR-based analytical method for detection of animal-derived materials in complete feed was developed. Using a commercially available DNA forensic kit for the extraction of DNA from animal feed, a sensitive method was developed that was capable of detecting as little as 0.03% bovine meat and bone meal in complete feed in under 8 h of total assay time. The reduction in assay time was accomplished by reducing the DNA extraction time to 2 h and using the simpler cleanup procedure of the kit. Assay sensitivity can be increased to 0.006% by increasing the DNA extraction time to an overnight incubation of approximately 16 h. Examination of dairy feed samples containing either bovine meat and bone meal, porcine meat and bone meal, or lamb meal at a level of 0.1% (wt/wt basis) suggested that this method may be suitable for regulatory uses. The adoption of this commercially available kit for use with animal feeds yields an assay that is quicker and simpler to perform than a previously validated assay for the detection of animal proteins in animal feed.

As interest in the ability of functional foods to impact on human health has grown over the past decade, so has the volume of knowledge detailing the beneficial roles of food-derived bioactive peptides. Bioactive peptides from both plant and animal proteins have been discovered, with to date, by far the most being isolated from milk-based products. A wide range of activities has been described, including antimicrobial and antifungal properties, blood pressure-lowering effects, cholesterol-lowering ability, antithrombotic effects, enhancement of mineral absorption, immunomodulatory effects, and localized effects on the gut. Although there is still considerable research to be performed in the area of food-derived bioactive peptides, it is clear that the generation of bioactive peptides from dietary proteins during the normal digestive process is of importance. Therefore, it will become necessary when determining dietary protein quality to consider the potential effects of latent bioactive peptides that are released during digestion of the protein.

The functionality of pork and beef heart surimi, glycosilated heart surimi and heat-precipitated panela and Oaxaca whey proteins were evaluated under in a meat batter in order to determine their utility in sausage formulation. Glycosilation improved yield and decreased water liberation, followed by the panela whey proteins. Texture results indicated that the glycosilated heart proteins improved overall texture, reflecting the effect of proteins on gel matrix. The lower functional properties for Oaxaca whey were probably due to the highly acidic conditions of this type of whey. Improvement in meat product formulation could be achieved employing underutilized animal proteins, reducing costs and enhancing texture.

The gelatin extracted from “The Giant” was measured so as to crosscheck the reliability of 14 C dating of collagen. The results indicate that both methods are consistent, which indicates that the giant died during 4200–4100 cal BP, in the late Longshan Cultural period. Stable isotopic reanalysis on the sample (δ 13 C = −8.40 ± 1.9‰ and δ 15 N = 8.84 ± 2.0‰) shows that C4 plants (mainly millet) were a primary source of food for the giant, along with animal proteins which may have come from domestic animals.

In this study by using SDS-PAGE electrophoresis different bands of cuticular proteins of engorged female ticks, Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum and Boophilus microplus, was clarified six different bands of proteins with molecular weights (182, 68, 67, 66, 57, 56 KDa) of H.anatolicum anatolicum while any band of proteins in Boophilus microplus was not separated because it dissolved quickly in electrophoresis solution. The cuticular protein determinants of H.anatolicum anatolicum and B. microplus were 4.7 mg/ml, 1.3 mg/ml, respectively. It may be concluded that protein bands of cuticle could be used as one of taxonomic parameters of ticks.

Summary Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), or ‘mad cow disease’, is one of several transmissable spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) known to affect certain mammals and is spread through the ingestion of infected animal tissue. It is believed that the inadvertent contamination of meat and bone meal (MBM) with infected animal tissue and the subsequent use of this material as a feed supplement contributed to the spread of the disease in cattle. As a result, the use of processed animal proteins (PAPs) in animal feeds is regulated in many parts of the world. Although feed testing is the only definitive means to certify compliance, regulatory compliance often relies solely on paper certification. Recently, rapid methods have become available that can be used by regulators to determine compliance during routine inspections. We describe a rapid, immunochromatographic strip test that can detect 0.1% MBM in animal feed. The test takes 15 min to perform and large numbers of samples can be screened for PAPs simultaneously.

The mainstay in the treatment of haemophilia A is replacement therapy with repeated infusions of plasma-derived Factor VIII (FVIII) concentrates or recombinant FVIII products. While modern plasma-derived FVIII concentrates have an excellent safety profile, there is an inexorable shift towards the use of recombinant products, especially in affluent countries. Recombinant FVIII products have demonstrated excellent haemostatic efficacy and higher safety with regard to the transmission of blood-borne pathogens. The experience in haemophilia A treatment with five currently available recombinant FVIII products, including the first third-generation product, Advate®, which is completely free from human or animal proteins, is summarised. Some unresolved problems concerning the efficacy and assaying of recombinant factors and future perspectives of both recombinant and plasma-derived FVIII products in global haemophilia care, are also discussed.

Keratinophilic fungi are an ecologically important group of fungi that cycle one of the most abundant and highly stable animal proteins on earth —keratin. This article briefly explains how to isolate and identify them, the process of keratin degradation, and the ecological role of this important but unnoticed group of minute keratin cycling machines present in soil. We believe that Indian soil contains many more such fungi which have not been isolated and we hope this article will create interest among students to isolate and study these interesting fungi.

More than 250 agents that are encountered in the workplace have been shown to induce asthma in susceptible individuals. It is estimated that 2% to 15% of cases of asthma may be occupational. High-molecular-weight substances, such as plant and animal proteins, enzymes, and large carbohydrate molecules, can induce IgE-mediated occupational asthma. The incidence of disease varies among industries and is dependent on the physiochemical properties of the agent, the level and duration of exposure, industrial hygiene, engineering practices, and host factors. Risk factors, common high-molecular-weight workplace antigens, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis are discussed.

Weaning is a critical phase characterized by social stress (establishment of a new hierarchy), environmental stress (removal of and from the sow) and nutritional stress for the piglet. From a nutritional standpoint, weaning corresponds to a change from a liquid to a dry form of feed; in addition to this, post-weaning formulations commonly contain vegetable ingredients. To limit the problems arising from nutritional changes, piglets must be fed highly digestible diets containing high biological value proteins. The aim of the present trials was to investigate the effects on piglet growth and health of different diets containing some animal proteins that are not commonly used in post-weaning pig formulations (i.e. whole egg meal and dried plasma).

Het onderzoeksprogramma Profetas dat staat voor Protein Foods, Environment, Technology and Society, bestudeert de mogelijkheden om de consumptie van dierlijke eiwitten of vleeseiwitten terug te dringen door milieuvriendelijke plantaardige eiwitten