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Session : Environmental riskSession : Environmental risk - présentation orale - un poster présenté; International audience

This chapter traces the genealogy of the concepts of value chain, supply chain, and their French equivalent filiere, and of the analyses based on this concept. It aims at an improved understanding of their scope and limitations in view of the challenges confronting sustainable development. Initially conceived to help formulate and evaluate industrial policies in the North, and subsequently development policies in the South, the concept of filiere encompasses a set of agents within an economic system with structural relationships that link the supply and demand of intermediate and final goods, and that have the power to influence and structure the economy concerned. The filiere was thus defined as a set of actors providing specific technical and economic functions in the process of producing and processing a good, from raw material to final product. This concept can be used to analyze the dynamics of integrating agriculture in agrifood and agro-industrial systems, measure the creation and distribution of wealth in these systems, and to undertake activities to support the development of technical and organizational innovations. In order to take the growing role of firms in the globalization of trade into account, a different approach, in terms of global value chains, conceptualizes relationships between actors by focusing on forms of governance and modalities of coordination through power relations and definition of standards. These two conceptual frameworks emphasize different aspects: structuring of productive systems in one, actor strategies in the other. However, they both participate in and embrace a logic of specialization and economic efficiency, in which issues of environmental and social sustainability often find little space. Life cycle assessment provides tools and methods to compensate for this lacuna, especially at the environmental level. However, an integrated analytical framework that takes the economic, social and environmental dimensions of sustainable development into account in a complementary manner remains to be developed.

Today, the use of sugarcane bagasse to produce electricity is widespread in the sugar industry. The use of a wholestalk harvester, in a dedicated industrial production unit, is new. This new industry and the cultivation of energy cane could provide economic benefits for producers and industry, as well as an environmental benefit for the community. It could also be an opportunity for territories that depend on imports to reduce their dependence on imported energy. ReefCane®, a simulation tool, was developed specifically to assess the financial feasibility and environmental benefits of different production and management scenarios for electricity production. The tool is made up of two parts: (a) the first assesses the price of cane and the price of electricity that would be financially feasible, and computes possible profits for growers and millers; (b) the second evaluates the environmental balance using life cycle assessment. This modelling approach was used tested one hypothesis in Reunion. Simulations highlighted the usefulness of the tool to assess the feasibility of this new industry. Simulations calculated for a 5 MWel power plant: (i) the price of electricity necessary to reach internal net returns around 8% depending on different yields; and (ii) the amount of CO2 equivalent emission avoided by the establishment of a cane energy sector compared to the current energy mix in Reunion. (Resume d'auteur)

International audience; The first tools to assess agri-chains focused on their economic aspects. Following requests from professionals from different agri-chains, CIRAD undertakes original research to develop methods for the environmental and social assessment of agri-chains. Indeed, although the production of food consumes resources and causes pollution, thus leading to various types of externalities, it remains an essential activity. It also generates positive or adverse social effects. Even though some large multinational companies wish to reduce their environmental impacts or improve their social impact, their desire or willingness is not sufficient. It is necessary to evaluate the environmental and social consequences of their actions in the most relevant manner possible. This chapter focuses on life cycle assessment methods because they are suitable for a chain-based reasoning and, due to their design, are the only methods that take the transfer of impacts into account. Since the pollution emitted by an agri-chain (or areas of consumption of non-renewable resources) can be spread out over several sites, the life cycle assessment method replaces the direct measurement of emissions. These are indirect assessment methods based on benchmarks stored in databases. Several configurations are possible in order to define boundaries (at least the spatial and temporal boundaries, but also that of affected actors in the case of a social life cycle assessment) of the system that will be studied by this type of analysis. The extent of change (marginal or extensive which modifies the system’s structure itself) also influences the determination of the system’s boundaries. The variety and sophistication of tools available for this type of assessment reflects the strong and ever increasing societal demand. The assessment addresses four key requirements: strengthening one’s market power, adjusting one’s action plan, acquiring knowledge in order to decide, and the need for self-assurance.

Apple and peach orchards are chemical-intensive systems, and aphids are one of their major pests. Aphids alter fruiting and shoot development, and they can spread viruses. Decades of insecticide use have developed aphid resistance, which calls on research to provide alternatives to chemicals for pest management. Here, we review the literature to identify, for each stage of the aphid life cycle, existing alternatives based on either top-down (i.e. aphid predation or parasitism) or bottom up (i.e. increase of host plant resistance) processes. Firstly, it was found that most studies focus on top-down processes, namely on conservation biological control aiming to preserve existing populations of natural enemies: predators, parasitoids and nematodes. This is achieved by (i) providing shelters (i.e. planting hedges, weed or flower strips) or alternative preys in periods of aphid scarcity or (ii) choosing chemicals with the lowest disruptive effects. Those methods prove more efficient when used early in the season, i.e. before the exponential increase of aphid populations. Fostering the complex of natural enemies is also preferable than just supporting one single enemy. Secondly, other techniques, like (i) releasing biological control agents (entomopathogenic fungi, nematodes) or (ii) using pheromone lures to prevent autumnal sexual reproduction, are currently adapted for their use in orchard conditions. Thirdly, bottom-up regulation has to be devised as a long-term strategy, which could start by choosing a cultivar enabling genetic avoidance or developing genetic resistance. Then, aphid development can be reduced by the control of shoot growth or nitrogen accumulation in response to pruning or moderate water and nutrient inputs. At last, autumnal return of aphids could be disrupted by techniques such as kaolin applications that impair aphid host plant location. It is concluded that these alternative methods have to be adapted to local conditions and combined in long-term strategies in order to decrease the infestation risks throughout the orchard lifespan.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of reducing dietary nutrient content for pigs from 25 to 130 kg live weight, on performance, carcass traits, meat quality and environmental impact. Forty gilts and 40 barrows were distributed in a randomized block design with two treatments and 10 replications per treatment, with four animals per experimental unit. The feeding program was in four phases. Two diets were formulated for each feeding phase. One was adjusted using the InraPorc® model to minimize crude protein, amino acid and phosphorus excess (LN), and the other (ST) was formulated with standard Brazilian recommendations. No differences were found on performance. The mean ADG and ADFI were 0.919 and 2.46 kg/day, respectively. Carcass characteristics and meat quality were also not affected by the experimental diets. The average total feed cost was 6.8% lower (P

We performed a cradle-to-grave life cycle assessment (LCA) of a bio-based cosmetic cream containing Refined Palm Kernel Oil (RPKO). The objective was to investigate the importance of the RPKO production within the environmental impact of the cosmetic cream. We assumed a baseline scenario with best oil palm agricultural practices in Malaysia, and then tested different parameters, i.e. deforestation, peat soil drainage and improved effluent treatment, in order to check their influences. In the baseline scenario, transport of the cosmetic cream was the main contributing process (largest contribution for 11 out of 15 impact indicators). Contribution of the packaging of the cosmetic cream was also significant (largest for 2 out of 15). RPKO had a low impact contribution in the baseline scenario, albeit a much more critical one in the alternative scenarios. Deforestation and peat soil drainage (i.e. transformation and occupation) influenced two environmental indicators: Climate Change and Land Use. On Climate change indicator, deforestation caused an increase of about 9% of the cosmetic cream impacts and peat soil occupation an increase of 16%. On Land Use indicator, deforestation caused an increase of 3%, peat soil transformation and occupation caused increases of 938% and 41%, respectively. Methane capture from palm oil mill effluent treatment and conversion to electricity represented a low decrease of environmental impact of cosmetic cream (from −0.1% to −2.8%). This paper showed that the palm oil agricultural phase could have a non-negligible impact over the life-cycle of a cosmetic cream in case of deforestation and peat cultivation, despite its small contribution in both mass and economic terms.

This chapter concludes the part 4 of this book on Agrichains and Evaluation of Sustainability by highlighting the main messages and issues to consider for future research and design of evaluation methods.

The objective of this thesis is to improve understandings of toxicity of various engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) to human and ecosystem. It is realized via coordinating toxicological data and a scientific consensus environmental model -- the USEtox model. As an important element in life cycle impact assessment, the characterization factor (CF) is employed as a toxicity indicator for human and ecosystem in this work. To obtain the firsthand dose-response phenomena and human toxicological data, in vitro experiments have been conducted by exposing freshly isolated porcine neutrophils to three kinds of ENPs (i.e. copper, nickel and aluminum oxide nanoparticles). The morphologies, mortality rates, and chemiluminescence, of neutrophils are observed or monitored. Additionally, to estimate the persistence time of ENPs in freshwater ecosystem, a fate model on the basis of colloid science is developed. It takes nano-specific behaviors of ENPs into account and includes recommendations of regionalized hydrological parameters. Finally, a comprehensive literature survey is accomplished to collect the ecotoxicological data of various ENPs. Under the framework of USEtox model, the non-carcinogenic human toxicological CFs for Copper NPs and the ecotoxicological CFs for 14 ENPs are recommended. These CF values could be useful in the future when evaluating the environmental impacts of products containing ENPs., L'objectif de cette thèse est d'améliorer la compréhension de la toxicité de diverses nanoparticules de synthèse (ENPs) pour l'homme et l'écosystème. Les travaux réalisés s’appuient sur la combinaison de données toxicologiques et d’un modèle environnemental - le modèle USEtox. En tant qu'élément important de l'évaluation de l'impact du cycle de vie, le facteur de caractérisation (CF) a été utilisé, dans ce travail, comme indicateur de toxicité pour l'homme et l'écosystème. Pour avoir accès aux courbes dose-réponse et à différentes données toxicologiques, des expériences in vitro ont été réalisées en exposant des neutrophiles porcins fraîchement isolés à trois types de nanoparticules de synthèse. Les modifications morphologiques, les taux de mortalité et la chimioluminescence des neutrophiles ont été évaluées. De plus, pour estimer le temps de persistance des nanoparticules de synthèse dans l'écosystème eau douce, un modèle basé sur la science des colloïdes a été développé. Il prend en compte les comportements spécifiques des nanoparticules de synthèse et inclut des recommandations sur le choix des paramètres hydrologiques régionaux. Enfin, une enquête documentaire exhaustive a été réalisée pour recueillir les données écotoxicologiques de diverses nanoparticules de synthèse. Dans le cadre du modèle USEtox, le CF toxicologique non cancérogène pour cuivre NPs et les CF écotoxicologiques pour 14 ENPs sont recommandés. Ces valeurs des CF pourraient être utiles à l'avenir pour évaluer les impacts environnementaux des produits contenant des ENPs.

Bromine in contrast to other, even less common chemical elements, still remains one of the least studied. However, a great number of works show that it can be extremely toxic, exerting a negative impact on important physiological functions of living organisms and participating in the development and formation of certain types of diseases. The objective of this thesis is to establish accumulation and distribution features of bromine in the components of the natural environment of the Tomsk region, and to characterize its human and ecotoxicological impacts according to the USEtox model. This is achieved by combining two approaches: sampling methods and ecological modeling technics. Within the framework of the thesis, the content of bromine in 2709 samples is considered. The reliability of the work is provided by a statistically significant number of samples, analyzed by modern highly sensitive analytical methods (INAA, ICP-MS, X-ray fluorescence analysis, scanning electron microscopy) in accredited laboratories. Also for the first time, characterization factors for bromine have been calculated within the USEtox model. The results obtained could be useful in the future when evaluating the environmental impacts of chemicals and the associated risks for ecosystems and human health as well as for geoecological monitoring of the territory, Le brome, contrairement à d'autres éléments chimiques, reste l'un des moins étudiés à ce jour. Cependant, un grand nombre de travaux montrent qu'il peut être extrêmement toxique, exerçant un impact négatif sur les fonctions physiologiques importantes des organismes vivants et participant au développement et à la formation de certains types de maladies. L'objectif de cette thèse est d'établir les caractéristiques d'accumulation et de distribution du brome dans les composantes de l'environnement naturel de la région de Tomsk et de caractériser ses impacts toxicologiques sur la santé humaine et les écosystèmes selon le modèle USEtox. Elle est réalisée en combinant deux approches : les méthodes d'échantillonnage et les techniques de modélisation écologique. Dans le cadre de la thèse, la teneur en brome dans 2709 échantillons est considérée. La fiabilité du travail est garantie par un nombre statistiquement significatif d'échantillons, analysés par des méthodes modernes et hautement sensibles (INAA, ICP-MS, Analyse de fluorescence aux rayons X, Microscopie électronique à balayage) dans des laboratoires accrédités. De plus, pour la première fois, les facteurs de caractérisation d’impact du brome ont été calculés dans le modèle USEtox. Les résultats obtenus pourraient être utiles à l'avenir lors de l'évaluation des impacts environnementaux des produits chimiques et des risques associés pour les écosystèmes et la santé humaine, ainsi que pour le suivi géoécologique d’un territoire

From the literature review performed by Mathé (2014), we explain the objectives of implementing participatory methods in the framework of social LCA studies. We focus on the "Principles, Impacts, Indicators" method, and briefly present three case studies.

Background and objectives: Environmental impacts of national diets are often analyzed through Carbon emissions. Nevertheless, with a life cycle vision, other impacts are to be considered and new methods and data are now available to compute water deprivation and land use impacts (Pfister et al., 2016; Vidal-Legaz et al., 2016). The objective of this study was to use an hybrid method combining economical statistics data to production ones and compute environmental potential impacts due to water deprivation and land use for the French and Tunisian diets. Methods: National nutritional enquiries were merged with the international custom data base UNComtrade and the FAOstat one. For animal products, feed composition and origin were also considered. Characterization factors for the water deprivation were the WSI factors from Pfister et al. (2009). Land use impacts were computed from the occupied surface including land occupied by animal feed crops. Then LANCA characterization factors (Beck et al., 2011; Bos et al., 2016) were applied to compute land use potential impacts. Biodiversity impacts from land use were obtained from Chaudhary et al. (2015). Results: Potential impacts were computed for the total equivalent amount of food of one person during one year in France and Tunisia. Impacts are generally one order higher (roundly 5 to 15 times) for the Tunisia diet than for the French one but food production in Tunisia has positive impacts on erosion and biotic production. Comparing food groups show the prevailing importance of the group ?meat/fish/eggs?. Conclusions: The hybrid approach allowed to consider the origin of each product in the French and Tunisian diets and to differentiate environmental potential impacts due to water deprivation and land use for each country and for each food family. Keywords (5 keywords maximum): national diet, life cycle assessment, land use, water deprivation.

Some remote areas in Côte d’Ivoire are not covered by the interconnected grid. For these areas, the electricity needs of people are met by diesel generators. There are some risks with the use of diesel as fossil fuel such as the threat to the electricity supply of these areas and the increase of greenhouse gas emissions. These risks make alternative energy a major concern. Among the solutions that could be considered, we propose the jatropha biodiesel as energy source used in the diesel generators to produce electricity in these remote areas. However, it’s important before considering such a project to study its feasibility. It is the work dedicated to this thesis where the environmental and energy performances of jatropha biodiesel used as fuel by diesel generator have been studied through the life cycle assessment completed by an exergy analysis, technical analysis and economical analysis., Les besoins en électricité des populations ivoiriennes vivant en milieu rural non couvert par le réseau électrique interconnecté sont satisfaits par des groupes électrogènes fonctionnant au gazole. L’utilisation de cette source d’énergie fossile comporte des risques à savoir la menace sur l’approvisionnement en électricité de ces zones et l’accroissement des émissions de gaz à effet de serre. Face à ces risques, la recherche de sources d’énergies alternatives reste une préoccupation majeure. Parmi les solutions, nous proposons comme source d’énergie d’utiliser le biodiesel de jatropha pour alimenter ces groupes électrogènes en zones rurales isolées. Cependant, avant d’envisager un tel projet, il importe d’en étudier la faisabilité et la pérennité. C’est le travail abordé dans cette thèse où les performances environnementales et énergétiques du biodiesel de jatropha utilisé comme combustible par un groupe électrogène servant à produire de l’électricité pour une localité ivoirienne isolée ont été étudiées à partir de la méthode de l’analyse du cycle de vie complétée par une analyse exergétique et une analyse technico-économique.

Environmental impacts are based on various cause-and-effect mechanisms that link activities to emissions into the atmosphere and, subsequently, to quantitative or qualitative changes in the state of ecosystems and available resources. Assessing these impacts for an agri-chain becomes especially complex since it requires the integration at multiple levels of numerous processes contributing to several impact mechanisms. Fixing assessment objectives in advance is therefore essential in order to optimize the implementation of assessment methods and tools. Co-construction and collaboration with the agri-chain’s actors are also needed to increase knowledge on understanding and modelling impact mechanisms, their integration at different scales, and for a comprehensive assessment of sustainability in order to improve assessment methods and tools.

Urban agriculture, Life-cycle inventory,Typology,Cropping system data,Treatment frequency index,Nutrient budget; International audience; In sub-Saharan Africa, urban farmers have recently intensified the production of vegetables to cope with the increasing food demand. As a consequence, such an intensification may lead to potential risks for the environment and human health. There is therefore a need for an integrated evaluation of urban agricultural practices. Here, we studied tomato production in Benin cities. We measured performances and the environmental risks. We have monitored 12 cropping systems during 6 months and we calculated the pesticide treatment frequency index (TFI), the nutrient budgets, and the field emissions. Our results show that yields were low and variable, averaging at 9,533 kg.ha−1 and ranging from 0 to 21,163 kg.ha−1. The average TFI for pesticides was 8.9. The maximum TFI of 25 was observed for an insecticide applied weekly at 2.3 times the official rate. We observed an excess of the average nutrient budget of 120 kg N and 84 kg P. ha−1. In conclusion, our study of urban tomato production revealed poor practices and high risks for health and the environment.

The objective of the work reported here was to reduce the uncertainty on the greenhouse gas balances of biofuels using agro-ecosystem modeling at a high resolution over the Ile-de-France region in Northern France. The emissions simulated during the feedstock production stage were input to a life-cycle assessment of candidate biofuel pathways: bioethanol from wheat, sugar-beet and miscanthus, and biodiesel from oilseed rape. Compared to the widely-used methodology based on fixed emission factors, ecosystem modeling lead to 55–70% lower estimates for N2O emissions, emphasizing the importance of regional factors. The life-cycle GHG emissions of first-generation biofuels were 50–70% lower than fossil-based equivalents, and 85% lower for cellulosic ethanol. When including indirect land-use change effects, GHG savings became marginal for biodiesel and wheat ethanol, but were positive due to direct effects for cellulosic ethanol.

In today's society, it is difficult to spread the Industrial ecology. This can be explained by the fact that information for decision makers is mainly outcome from the natural and engineering sciences. Thus, information provided in the decision process is focused on the physical study of material and energy flows. It seems irrelevant to challenge the industrial and public decision makers. For this, this thesis aims to understand which indicators to use to better integrate environmental impacts in the process of industrial and public decision. It is particularly interested in the integration of environmental externalities in the decision process. It seeks to understand what are the interactions between the life cycle of a product and ecosystem services of a territory by using the methodology of Life cycle assessment. This proposal was put to the test by developing an illustrative case study by modeling two ecosystem services related to eutrophication. Then indicators of industrial systems on ecosystem services are tested in an experimental validation process in two different contexts of decision making, Dans notre société actuelle, il s’avère difficile de déployer l’Écologie industrielle. Ceci peut s’expliquer par le fait que l’information à destination des décideurs est principalement issue des sciences naturelles et de l’ingénieur. Ainsi l’information apportée dans les processus de décision est focalisée sur l’étude physique des flux de matière et d’énergie. Elle semble peu pertinente pour interpeller les décideurs industriel et public. Pour cela, ce travail de thèse a pour objectif de mieux comprendre quels indicateurs utiliser pour mieux intégrer les impacts environnementaux dans les processus de décision industriel et public. Il s’intéresse en particulier à la prise en compte des externalités environnementales dans les processus de décision. Il cherche ainsi à mieux comprendre quelles sont les interactions entre le cycle de vie d’un produit et les services écosystémiques au niveau local au moyen de la méthodologie d’analyse du cycle de vie. Cette proposition est mise à l’épreuve en la développant sur un cas d’étude illustratif modélisant deux services écosystémiques liés au phénomène d’eutrophisation. Ensuite, des indicateurs des systèmes industriels sur les services écosystémiques sont testés dans un processus de validation expérimentale dans deux contextes de prise de décisions différents

This thesis aims to develop a methodology for evaluating the sustainable development of underground constructions, so that we can highlight their specificities. The construction and operation phases of underground facilities have a strong environmental impact; they represent also a consequent financial investment, which is usually a key factor in the decision-making process. In the other hand, these facilities offer many benefits to the city and to their users. This methodology, that proposes a complete evaluation of underground constructions, takes into account the different dimensions of sustainable development: environmental, social, economic. The governance dimension is also integrated through analyzing standards and legislation related to every step of this work. The first part of this thesis contains a detailed study of underground construction projects: functionality and their contribution in the sustainable city. The other parts contain an evaluation of environmental impacts carried out by the Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA) and the analysis of social and economic impacts carried out by the High Environmental Quality (HQE). The aim is to evaluate all the sustainable development aspects on the basis of a scoring system “benefits / drawbacks” for underground constructions. This methodology, applied to an urban tunnel case study, enables to evaluate several alternatives and then to propose a prioritization system of indicator results. By using the developed methodology, the different proposed alternatives can be classified by choosing the most advantageous ones within the meaning of sustainable development., Cette thèse a pour objectif de développer une méthodologie d’évaluation au sens du développement durable des aménagements souterrains, afin de mettre en évidence leurs spécificités. La construction et l’exploitation des aménagements souterrains ont de forts impacts sur l’environnement et représentent un investissement financier conséquent le plus souvent déterminant dans le processus décisionnel. Or, ces aménagements offrent de nombreux avantages pour la ville, et pour leurs usagers. Cette méthodologie, qui propose une évaluation complète d’aménagements souterrains, prend en compte les différents volets : environnemental, social et économique. La dimension « gouvernance » est intégrée en balayant les normes et les textes réglementaires liés à chaque étape du travail. La première partie du mémoire comprend une étude approfondie de types de projets souterrains permettant d’étudier leur fonctionnalité et de mettre en évidence la place du souterrain dans la ville durable. Dans les parties suivantes, une évaluation environnementale menée par la méthode d’analyse du cycle de vie (ACV) et une évaluation au sens du développement durable se basant sur la méthode Haute Qualité Environnementale (HQE) sont présentées. L’objectif est d’évaluer tous les aspects du développement durable en s’appuyant sur un système de notation avantages/inconvénients construit spécifiquement pour le souterrain. La méthodologie appliquée à un cas d’étude de tunnel urbain est capable d’évaluer plusieurs variantes et de proposer un système de hiérarchisation des résultats d’indicateurs. Grâce à la méthodologie développée, les différentes variantes proposées peuvent être classées en choisissant les plus avantageuses au sens du développement durable.

This thesis aims to develop a methodology for evaluating the sustainable development of underground constructions, so that we can highlight their specificities. The construction and operation phases of underground facilities have a strong environmental impact; they represent also a consequent financial investment, which is usually a key factor in the decision-making process. In the other hand, these facilities offer many benefits to the city and to their users. This methodology, that proposes a complete evaluation of underground constructions, takes into account the different dimensions of sustainable development: environmental, social, economic. The governance dimension is also integrated through analyzing standards and legislation related to every step of this work. The first part of this thesis contains a detailed study of underground construction projects: functionality and their contribution in the sustainable city. The other parts contain an evaluation of environmental impacts carried out by the Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA) and the analysis of social and economic impacts carried out by the High Environmental Quality (HQE). The aim is to evaluate all the sustainable development aspects on the basis of a scoring system “benefits / drawbacks” for underground constructions. This methodology, applied to an urban tunnel case study, enables to evaluate several alternatives and then to propose a prioritization system of indicator results. By using the developed methodology, the different proposed alternatives can be classified by choosing the most advantageous ones within the meaning of sustainable development.; Cette thèse a pour objectif de développer une méthodologie d’évaluation au sens du développement durable des aménagements souterrains, afin de mettre en évidence leurs spécificités. La construction et l’exploitation des aménagements souterrains ont de forts impacts sur l’environnement et représentent un investissement financier conséquent le plus souvent déterminant dans le processus décisionnel. Or, ces aménagements offrent de nombreux avantages pour la ville, et pour leurs usagers. Cette méthodologie, qui propose une évaluation complète d’aménagements souterrains, prend en compte les différents volets : environnemental, social et économique. La dimension « gouvernance » est intégrée en balayant les normes et les textes réglementaires liés à chaque étape du travail. La première partie du mémoire comprend une étude approfondie de types de projets souterrains permettant d’étudier leur fonctionnalité et de mettre en évidence la place du souterrain dans la ville durable. Dans les parties suivantes, une évaluation environnementale menée par la méthode d’analyse du cycle de vie (ACV) et une évaluation au sens du développement durable se basant sur la méthode Haute Qualité Environnementale (HQE) sont présentées. L’objectif est d’évaluer tous les aspects du développement durable en s’appuyant sur un système de notation avantages/inconvénients construit spécifiquement pour le souterrain. La méthodologie appliquée à un cas d’étude de tunnel urbain est capable d’évaluer plusieurs variantes et de proposer un système de hiérarchisation des résultats d’indicateurs. Grâce à la méthodologie développée, les différentes variantes proposées peuvent être classées en choisissant les plus avantageuses au sens du développement durable.

This thesis aims to develop a methodology for evaluating the sustainable development of underground constructions, so that we can highlight their specificities. The construction and operation phases of underground facilities have a strong environmental impact; they represent also a consequent financial investment, which is usually a key factor in the decision-making process. In the other hand, these facilities offer many benefits to the city and to their users. This methodology, that proposes a complete evaluation of underground constructions, takes into account the different dimensions of sustainable development: environmental, social, economic. The governance dimension is also integrated through analyzing standards and legislation related to every step of this work. The first part of this thesis contains a detailed study of underground construction projects: functionality and their contribution in the sustainable city. The other parts contain an evaluation of environmental impacts carried out by the Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA) and the analysis of social and economic impacts carried out by the High Environmental Quality (HQE). The aim is to evaluate all the sustainable development aspects on the basis of a scoring system 'benefits / drawbacks' for underground constructions.This methodology, applied to an urban tunnel case study, enables to evaluate several alternatives and then to propose a prioritization system of indicator results. By using the developed methodology, the different proposed alternatives can be classified by choosing the most advantageous ones within the meaning of sustainable development.; Cette thèse a pour objectif de développer une méthodologie d'évaluation au sens du développement durable des aménagements souterrains, afin de mettre en évidence leurs spécificités. La construction et l'exploitation des aménagements souterrains ont de forts impacts sur l'environnement et représentent un investissement financier conséquent le plus souvent déterminant dans le processus décisionnel. Or, ces aménagements offrent de nombreux avantages pour la ville, et pour leurs usagers. Cette méthodologie, qui propose une évaluation complète d'aménagements souterrains, prend en compte les différents volets : environnemental, social et économique. La dimension« gouvernance » est intégrée en balayant les normes et les textes réglementaires liés à chaque étape du travail. La première partie du mémoire comprend une étude approfondie de types de projets souterrains permettant d'étudier leur fonctionnalité et de mettre en évidence la place du souterrain dans la ville durable. Dans les parties suivantes, une évaluation environnementale menée par la méthode d'analyse du cycle de vie (ACV) et une évaluation au sens du développement durable se basant sur la méthode Haute Qualité Environnementale (HQE) sont présentées. L'objectif est d'évaluer tous les aspects du développement durable en s'appuyant sur un système de notation avantages/inconÎnients construit spécifiquement pour le souterrain. La méthodologie appliquée à un cas d'étude de tunnel urbain est capable d'évaluer plusieurs variantes et de proposer un système de hiérarchisation des résultats d'indicateurs. Grâce à la méthodologie développée, les différentes variantes proposées peuvent être classées en choisissant les plus avantageuses au sens du développement durable.

Organic photovoltaics present an emerging technology with significant potential for increasing the resource efficiencies and reducing the environmental and human health hazards of photovoltaic devices. The discipline of life-cycle assessment is applied to assess how various prospective manufacturing routes, device characteristics, uses and disposal options of organic photovoltaics influences these potential advantages. The results of this assessment are further compared to silicon based photovoltaics as a benchmark for performance. A deeper look is given to the potential human health impacts of the use of engineered nanomaterials in organic photovoltaics and the appropriateness of life-cycle assessment to evaluate this impact criteria. A newly developed life-cycle impact assessment model is presented to demonstrate whether the use of and potential hazards posed by engineered nanomaterials outweighs any of the resource efficiencies and advantages organic photovoltaics possess over silicon photovoltaics.; Les systèmes photovoltaïques organiques sont des technologies émergentes présentant de forts potentiels d’économie de ressources et de réduction des impacts sur l'environnement et la santé humaine par rapport aux dispositifs photovoltaïques conventionnels. La méthode de l’analyse du cycle de vie est appliquée afin d'évaluer la façon dont les différents procédés de fabrication, les caractéristiques des dispositifs, la phase d’utilisation et les scénarios de fin de vie des cellules photovoltaïques organiques influent sur ces avantages potentiels. Les impacts de cette technologie émergente sont comparés aux technologies conventionnelles à base de silicium pour établir un référentiel de performance des technologies photovoltaïques.En outre, les effets potentiels sur la santé humaine de l'utilisation de nanomatériaux dans les cellules photovoltaïques organiques ont été spécifiquement étudiés ; et la pertinence de l’analyse du cycle de vie pour évaluer cette catégorie d’impact a été examinée. Ainsi, un nouveau modèle d'évaluation de l'impact sur le cycle de vie est présenté afin de quantifier les dangers potentiels posés par les nanomatériaux. Enfin,ces impacts potentiels sont comparés aux avantages des cellules photovoltaïques organiques sur les cellules à base de silicium.

Increase in resource demand raises concerns over their availability. In the recent years, national and international institutions have targeted sustainable resource supply and new economy models (e.g. circular economy, etc.) as a goal of their short- and long-term strategies. In this context, different methodological approaches under Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) framework are used to address the impact of resource depletion. However, they provide partial visions, based on limited available data, and do not reflect society challenges related to the resources. The newly developed factors and the LCIA method provide a more exhaustive vision through the availability of resources and may be used in Life Cycle Assessment or circular economy approaches. This work is done in partnership with the cd2e and Team2 cluster. It is also carried out in collaboration with CYCLeco Life Cycle Assessment Experts.; L’augmentation de la consommation de ressources suscite des préoccupations quant à leur disponibilité. Ces dernières années, les organisations nationales et internationales ont défini l’approvisionnement durable des ressources et la mise en place d’une économie circulaire comme des objectifs centraux de leurs stratégies à court et long termes.Dans ce contexte, différentes approches méthodologiques relevant de l’Analyse du Cycle de Vie (ACV) sont utilisées pour caractériser l'impact de l'épuisement des ressources. Les approches actuelles fournissent néanmoins des visions partielles, car dépendantes de données disponibles limitées, et ne reflètent pas les défis de la société en lien avec cette question des ressources.La méthode et les facteurs nouvellement développés fournissent une vision plus exhaustive de la disponibilité des ressources et peuvent être utilisés dans des analyses du cycle de vie ou dans des approches d'économie circulaire. Ce travail fut produit en partenariat avec le cd2e et le pôle de compétitivité Team². Il a également été réalisé en collaboration avec le bureau d’études et d’expertise en ACV, Cycleco.

The environmental impacts of livestock system, especially pig production, have come under increase debate in recent years. The challenge is meeting the growing demand for food at an affordable cost, without compromising the environmental integrity. Previous studies have shown that feed production is responsible for the majority of CO2-eq. emission resulting from pig farming system. Furthermore, due to the concern on food-feed competition, there is an increased interest in using alternative feedstuffs in livestock diets. The implications of using co-product from food processing in pig diets for the environmental impacts were examined using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), under Brazilian pig systems. The pig fattening in South Region of Brazil was considered to carry out the LCA, including production and transport of feedstuffs and complete feeds, raising of pigs, and manure management. Impacts were estimated at farm gate and the functional unit was one kg of body weight gain (BWG) over fattening. We considered a fattening pig farm using diets based on maize and soybean meal, with amino acids inclusion, in a 4-phases feeding program. Soybean was assumed to be produced without deforestation. The following diets were evaluated: diet with soybean meal as protein rich ingredient (Control); diet with soybean meal and meat and bone meal as protein rich ingredients (Co-product). Diets were formulated at least cost. Performance and excretion of pigs from 30 to 115 kg BW on average, were simulated for each protein source scenario using InraPorc population model (24,000 pigs/scenario) and considering between-animal variability. The LCA calculations were performed for each pig, according to its individual performance and excretion, using a model developed with SAS software and the results were subjected to variance analysis. The climate change impact of pigs fed with Control diet was 2.45 kg CO2-eq. per kg BWG, while estimated potential impacts of eutrophication and acidification were 17.5 g of PO4-eq. and 58.4 g of SO2-eq. per kg BWG, respectively. The Co-product used in pig diets reduced by 4% the potential impacts of climate change compared with the Control, with mean value of 2.36 kg CO2-eq. per kg BWG. Conversely, for eutrophication and acidification, Co-product strategy slightly increased the impact by about 1 and 3%, respectively. Results indicated that the inclusion of co-products, as meat and bone meal, in growing-finishing diets can reduce the carbon emissions in pig farming system, whereas it has no benefit for other impacts such as eutrophication and acidification.

International audience; The production of pig feeds has a major contribution to climate change, energy use and land occupation impacts of the animal product. Nonetheless, the traditional least-cost (LC) feed formulation methods minimize the cost of the feed mix, without consideration of its environmental impacts. The objective of this study was to estimate the potential mitigation of environmental impacts calculated by Life Cycle Assessment through a multi-objective formulation of pig feeds, in the French context. The linear programming problem built searches the best feed formula under nutritional constraints with a multi-objective function including an economic price index (price of the feed mix relative to LC formulation) and an environmental impacts index (environmental impacts relative to LC formulation). A weighting coefficient between price and environment (α) ranging from 0 to 1 was included. Growing and finishing feeds were formulated with two scenarios of feed ingredients availability (current limited LIM, increased NLIM) and 4 scenarios of feed ingredient prices. When increasing α from 0 to 0.5, the environmental indexes of the growing and finishing feeds dropped down to -10% in LIM and down to -17 to -20% in NLIM scenario, respectively. Concomitantly, the average feed price increased by 1.5% in LIM and 1.7% in NLIM. For α higher than 0.5, the environmental index was almost no further reduced. At α=0.5, all the impacts considered were reduced relatively to LIM-LC, excepted for land occupation in NLIM. The low-impact feeds incorporated higher proportions of pea and wheat middlings and lower proportions of meals (rapeseed and sunflower) than LC formulated feeds. The multi-objective formulation of pig feeds is an efficient methodology to find low-impact feeds according to a given economic scenario. Improving the availability of some feed ingredients (pea, co-products of wheat…) at the territory level would allow (at same feed’s nutritional composition) further reduction of pig feeds impacts relatively to the current French context. Multi-objective formulation can provide a decision support tool to the feed industry to produce low-impact feeds for the pig production chain.

International audience; Feeds contribute highly to the environmental impacts of livestock products. Therefore formulating low-impact feeds necessitates data of the environmental impacts of feed ingredients with consistent perimeters and methodology for life cycle assessment (LCA). We built the ECOALIM dataset of life cycle inventories (LCI) and associated impacts for feed ingredients utilised in animal production in France. It provides several perimeters for LCI (field gate, storage organization gate, plant gate and harbour gate) with homogeneous data source from R&D French institutes covering the period 2005-2012. The dataset of 149 environmental impacts is available as an Excel spreadsheet on the ECOALIM website and provides ILCD and CML climate change and acidification, eutrophication, CED non-renewable energy, phosphorus consumption, and CML land occupation. Life cycle inventories of the ECOALIM dataset are available in the Agribalyse® database in SimaPro® software. The ECOALIM dataset can be utilized by the feed manufacturer and the LCA practitioner to investigate the formulation of low-impact feeds. It also provides data for environmental evaluation of feeds and environmental evaluation of animal production systems.

North-eastern Thailand is an essential production area for high-quality fragrant rice for domestic use and export. While rainfed conditions largely prevail, plans to extend irrigation are drafted. This article compares paddy rice production under irrigation and rainfed conditions. Techno-economic performances were analysed jointly with environ- mental impacts, based upon life cycle analysis, and energy and water use analyses. Data were collected in 2010 from 45 diverse rice cropping systems in the Lam Sieo Yai Basin, according to three systems, namely wet-season rain-fed (Rw), wet-season irrigation (Iw), and dry-season irrigation (Id) systems. Wide-ranging performances and impacts were observed, while cropping practices were relatively homogeneous. Differentiation of systems originated mostly from differences in yield, which were largely impacted by water supply. The results highlight the low performances and high impacts of Id systems. They require mostly blue water, while the two other systems rely primarily on green water. Id systems also require more energy and labour, due to increased water management needs. The productivity of most production factors was higher in Rw and Iw systems. Emissions proved relatively similar across systems, with the exception of CH 4 , which was markedly lower in Rw systems due to specific water and organic residue management. Id systems systematically emitted more nitrates, phosphates, and pesticides. Rw systems showed the lowest environmental impacts per ha and per kg of paddy rice produced. The average Global Warming Potential was 2.97 kg CO 2 -eq per kg rice in Rw systems, 4.87 in Iw systems, and 5.55 in Id systems. This article further discusses the results in view of contrasting perspectives, including societal objectives, farmer income and environmental integrity, and possible irrigation development in north-eastern Thailand.

This study presents the contributions of materials, earth engineering machines and construction techniques to potential environmental impacts from the main items of typical road earthworks. To achieve this goal, the overall activity at a 1.9-km long French earthworks project site for a heavily trafficked highway was surveyed during its 2007–2009 construction period. Using data collected and a numerical model of road life cycle assessment (LCA), i.e. ECORCE, six indicators could be evaluated, namely: energy consumption, global warming potential, acidification, eutrophication, photochemical ozone creation, and human chronic toxicity. When available, several life cycle inventories were implemented in order to appraise indicator sensitivity with respect to the considered panel of pollutants. Results also allowed estimating from an LCA point of view: (i) the conservation of both aggregates and soil as induced by quicklime treatment and (ii) the duration necessary for projected traffic levels to offset the potential environmental impacts of the earthworks stage.

SETAC Europe LCA case study symposium, Montpellier, FRA, 20-/09/2016 - 22/09/2016; International audience; Comparative LCA of bioethanol production from waste and from beets.; ACV comparative de la production de bioéthanol à partir de déchets et bioéthanol à partir de betteraves.

Pig livestock farming systems face economic and environmental issues. The pig fattening unit is responsible for most of the feeding cost and nutrient excretion in pig farming. Thus, optimizing the feed sequence plans of growing-finishing pigs is a way to improve the economic and environmental outputs on a commercial farm. We developed a model, called PigOptim that optimizes the feed sequence plan of a population of growing pigs. PigOptim calculates the environmental impacts of pig production by Life Cycle Analysis (LCA). It optimizes the number of feeding phases, the average live weight at the beginning of each phase, the lysine supply (from 70% to 130% of the average requirement of the population) and the formula of each feed with a multi-objective function which integrates gross margin (GM) of the unit and its impact on Climate Change (CC). PigOptim includes response laws of growth performance issued from simulations performed with InraPorc® software for a population. For an optimization of GM only, the best results of GM and CC were obtained for a lysine supply between 90% and 100% of the average requirement of the population, whereas animal performance was maximized at 110% of the average requirement. Indeed, reducing feed costs between 110% and 90% of the average lysine requirement compensates for the reduction in growth performance. This result highlights the interest of models accounting for animal variability when investigating economic and environmental issues. The simultaneous optimization of GM and CC led to a reduction of GM and CC, but some other environmental impacts increased. These first results suggest that PigOptim gives consistent estimations of animal performance, GM and environmental impacts. To our knowledge, PigOptim is the first model optimizing feed sequence plan on criteria calculated by LCA. In the future, PigOptim will have to include various environmental impacts in the objective function and will need an improved optimization process for further integration into a decision support system.

International audience; The objective of this study was to evaluate with life cycle assessment (LCA) the effects of the addition of feed-use amino acids (FU-AA), on the environmental impacts of pig production in Brazil. The LCA considered the process of pig fattening in South Region of Brazil, including production and transport of feed ingredients and complete feeds, raising of pigs, and manure management. Impacts were calculated at farm gate and the functional unit was one kg of body weight gain over fattening. We considered a fattening pig farm with diets mainly based on maize and soybean meal in a 4-phases feeding program. Soybean was assumed to be produced without deforestation. Diets evaluated were: without FU-AA (noAA), with FU-AA and minimum crude protein (CP) content (withAA), and with FU-AA without CP constraint (lowCP). Performance and excretion of pigs, from 30 kg BW on average to an average BW of 115 kg at slaughter, were simulated for each FU-AA scenario using InraPorc population model (2000 pigs/scenario) and considering between-animal variability. The LCA calculations were performed for each pig, according to its individual performance and excretion, using a calculation model developed with SAS software and the results were subjected to variance analysis using SAS. For climate change, the incorporation of FU-AA did not appear to be an efficient strategy since the lowest impact (2.38 kg CO2-eq.) was obtained for noAA diets and the higher for lowCP diets (2.51 kg CO2-eq.; P

Life cycle assessment (LCA) has been used in many studies to evaluate the effect of feeding strategy on the environmental impact of pig production. However, in Brazil there are hardly any results on this topic. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of diet formulation with nutritional requirements estimated by mathematical model on LCA impact of pigs from 25 to 130 kg live weight, produced in a typical farm in the South of Brazil. Forty gilts and 40 barrows (24.5 ± 1.8 kg) were distributed in a randomized block design with two treatments, 10 replications per treatment, and four animals per experimental unit. The feeding program was in four phases. Two diets were formulated for each feeding phase: LN - adjusted using InraPorc® model to minimize the crude protein, amino acids and phosphorus excess (LN); ST - adjusted to suit the standard Brazilian recommendations (Rostagno et al., 2011). The LCA considered the process of pig fattening including production and transport of feed ingredients and complete feeds, raising the pigs, and manure management. Impacts were calculated at farm gate and the functional unit was one kilogram of body weight gain over fattening. The LCA calculations were performed for each experimental unit according to its own performance and excretion. Data were subjected to ANOVA with the main effects of treatment, block, sex and interaction between treatment and sex, using SAS. In the overall period, pigs fed with LN diet consumed 16.1 and 10.1% less crude protein and total phosphorus, respectively. The LN diets showed to be an efficient feeding strategy to reduce the impact of pig production on the variables appointed as indicators of climate change by about 3.75%. Similar effects were observed for acidification and eutrophication, which were reduced 8.19 and 9.47%, respectively. Terrestrial ecotoxicity and land occupation were 4.02 and 8.79% lower, respectively, when pigs were fed with LN diets. Conversely, cumulative energy demand was not affected by dietary nutrient reduction. It was concluded that the reduction of crude protein, amino acids and phosphorus contents to better adjust nutrient supplies to animals requirements appears very effective for reducing life cycle impact of pig fattening.

Life Cycle Assessment and Other Assessment Tools for Waste Management and Resource Optimization, Cetraro, ITA, 05-/06/2016 - 10/06/2016; International audience; LCA case studies applied to waste management options of organic products face several LCA methodological choices and among them, the multifunctionality question. Indeed, studies dealing with waste management aim to assess the environmental impacts of different organic waste treatments that enhance the organic waste fertilizing and amending properties. This is expressed in LCA studies by a primary function (to treat the waste) and secondary functions (to fertilize or provide an organic amendment to agricultural soils).The induced multifunctionality is often treated by system expansion by subtracting the secondary functions, leading to potentially avoided impacts. When dealing with residual organic fertilizing materials, scientific papers are used to substitute the function “fertilizing with organic wastes” by an alternative function “fertilizing with mineral fertilizers”. Occasionally, the function “amending with organic wastes” can be substituted by an alternative function “amending with peat”. This paper aims to present the results of a literature review dealing with methodological choices and quantitative rates to substitute residual organic fertilizing materials (digestates, composts issued from various substrate origins: Sludge, crop residues, manure...) with mineral fertilizers.Based on a corpus of 132 peer-reviewed papers dealing with LCA case studies of residual organic fertilizing materials including land spreading, a set of 41 papers detailing system expansion by subtraction (substitution) was selected among this corpus. Those selected papers were used to state how the authors solve the above-mentioned multifunctionality problem and to highlight the quantitative rates to substitute residual organic fertilizing materials with mineral fertilizers.The literature review highlights nine different forms to consider substitution. In most of these papers, substitution is based on the fertilizing potential1 of the residual organic fertilizing material and/or on its utilization rate based on the nutrient availability2 (referred later on as substitution coefficient). Regarding P and K, the substitution coefficients are often close and most of the papers consider a 100% substitution coefficient whatever the organic waste. The substitution coefficient for N ranges 20 to 30% for compost and 40 to 90% for digestate. These range differences depend on the substrate origin, the type of treatment and its performances. When considering the alternative function (i.e. to fertilize with mineral fertilizers), most of reviewed papers only take into account the mineral fertilizer production but do not consider their transport, spreading operation and spreading emissions. The main mineral fertilizers substituted are ammonium nitrate for N, superphosphate or triple superphosphate for P and potassium chloride for K.Whereas the 41 case studies of the review have different system boundaries, functional units and hypothesis, the impact on the results of the substituted mineral fertilizers can be barely compared between the studies. The impact of substitution is not significant in most of the case studies; however some authors highlight a significant contribution of the substituted mineral fertilizers. This is pointed out regarding mainly climate change, acidification and eutrophication, and generally these impacts are respectively caused by the N2O, NH3, nitrate and phosphate emissions of the potentially avoided spread mineral fertilizers. Therefore, the way system expansion is led has a decisive influence on results. Impacts on smog, particulate matter formation, toxicity, ecotoxicity, resources, ozone layer depletion and primary energy barely emerged.The review led to an overview of the LCA habits when considering substitution of residual organic fertilizing materials used as agricultural fertilizers. It pointed out the need to superimpose the boundaries of the substituted activities. The way authors deal with the N, P and K content of digestates has been examined, leading to an overview of substitution practices. It has also been demonstrated that the most often substituted mineral fertilizers reflect the most often sold mineral fertilizers. Thus, conclusions of the literature review led to recommendations for practitioners using LCA in the organic waste management field.

International audience; Wastewater sludge is currently considered as a waste but with new industrial practices and european regulation (End-of-Waste directive) considerate will be soon a valuable product. This paradigm shift must be followed by the consideration of environmental constraints to introduce this new product on market. Assessing the environmental performances of these future ‘marketable sludges’ can be processed with Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) but it first implies to take into consideration the whole life cycle of this new product from the raw material extraction up to the product end of life. How this can be reasonably done when waste LCA consider that the waste is free of any environmental load when entering the system, assumption often known as the “zero burden approach”? Giving a environmental load to “product sludge” consists in the resolution of several methodological questions which arise as the wastewater treatment plant will provide several coproducts : the clean water and the sludge, both having a merchandable value. This paradigm shift implies that the wastewater treatment plant has several function and multifunctionnality has to be resolved. Because sludge is a direct and indivisible production from water treatment, process subdivision cannot be achieved. In the same basis, system expansion can be barely used as there is no known alternative to the “wastewater treatment” if system is expanded to only keep the “sludge production” one. Finally, allocating an environmental burden to these two coproducts appears to be the best way to solve the induced multifunctionnality. As a consequence, allocation factors have to be developed to allocate an environmental burden both to the sludge produced and to the clean water released in the receiving media. This is quite challenging as it supposed (i) to model the sludge production both from primary treatement and biological treatment, (ii) to create new allocation factor based on these physical and biological processes as classical allocation factors cannot be used, (iii) to validate these allocation factors whatever the wastewater treatment plant configuration. This paper aims at presenting the allocation factors used to charge sludge with an environmental burden when sludge is from now considered as “product sludge”.

International audience; L’analyse du cycle de vie (ACV) est une méthode de plus en plus utilisée dans le secteur du bâtiment, en particulier pour l’aide à la conception Les études d’ACV sont classées en deux grandes familles : l’approche attributionnelle (ACV-A) et l’approche conséquentielle (ACV-C). Les études ACV-A allouent une responsabilité environnementale au cycle de vie du produit étudié (e.g. l’impact d’un bâtiment). L’ACV-C se focalise sur les conséquences environnementales d’une décision (e.g. décision de construire un nouveau bâtiment). Ceci influence la réalisation de l’étude, notamment au niveau des données utilisées et des techniques d’allocations employées (allocation ou extension du système). Cette communication propose une comparaison entre ACV-A et ACV-C sur un cas d’étude simple : une maison individuelle passive située près de Chambéry. Les différences entre les deux approches sont importantes et peuvent affecter le classement des variantes de conception. Les deux approches sont discutées en fonction de leur apport concernant un objectif d’éco-conception.

The preservation of natural ressources is one of the biggest concerns for the years to come. The building sector that fulfills the need of a housing for every human being requires a lot of materials. Indeed, this industry plays a crucial role. Then, it seems relevant to study the building end of life which managing can transform waste into ressources. Thanks to the Life Cycle Assessment, it is possible to evaluate the environmental impacts of demolition sites and also to estimate the potential benefits of a more durable managing. From a traditional demolition where waste separation was not or little done, we are now going to a selective demolition where waste sorting is made and the different waste categories are sent to specific installations (recycling platforms, incinerators or landfills for example). Nowadays, waste recyling is being encouraged particularly for materials where the environmental benefits come with the economic ones like for metals. Our work considered the reuse of structural elements in reinforced concrete instead of their recycling. It allows to increase their lifetime while decreasing the need in mineral ressources. The environmental relevance of this solution was studied. The second contribution deals with the data adaptation needed in LCA. During the various LCA studies done in this work, the Ecoinvent database was used. However, the provided data was often too aggregated and consisted in average data which reduces the relevance of using it in specific cases. A deep analysis of the truck transportation and the landfill processes was made as well as the adaptation needed to be coherent with the specific case of demolition sites located in France. In the case of the transport process, the empty returns were more specifically taken into account. For the landfill process, one has to deal with the differences between the french and the swiss infrastructures used as the reference ones. Thus, this data adaptation could be extended to other transport and landfill processes but also to other Ecoinvent processes in order to reinforce the reliability of LCA studies; La préservation des ressources naturelles est un des enjeux majeurs dans les années à venir. Le secteur de la construction tant par les besoins auxquels il répond que par les ressources qu'il mobilise joue un rôle majeur dans ce challenge. Il est alors pertinent de s'intéresser à la fin de vie de bâtiments dont la gestion permet de potentiellement transformer des déchets en matières premières. A l'aide de l'Analyse de Cycle de Vie, il est possible d'estimer les impacts environnementaux de ces chantiers mais surtout d'estimer les bénéfices possibles d'une gestion plus durable. D'une démolition traditionnelle où le tri des déchets n'était pas ou peu réalisé nous sommes passés vers une démolition plus sélective où les différentes catégories de déchets étaient séparées puis envoyées dans les différentes installations et filières de gestion des déchets (plateforme de recyclage, incinérateurs ou installations de stockage par exemple). Le recyclage des déchets est aujourd'hui favorisé notamment pour des matériaux où les bénéfices environnementaux rejoignent ceux économiques comme les métaux. Notre travail a envisagé la réutilisation d'éléments structurels en béton armé en lieu et place d'un recyclage afin d'allonger leur durée de vie et de diminuer les besoins en ressources minérales. La pertinence environnementale de cette solution alternative a été ainsi regardée. Une deuxième contribution se situe au niveau de l'adaptation de données. Dans les différentes analyses ACV menées tout au long de cette thèse, la base Ecoinvent a été utilisée. Cependant, les données fournies sont souvent moyennées ce qui diminue la pertinence de leur utilisation dans un cas spécifique. Le procédé de transport par camion ainsi que celui de mise en décharge ont été étudiés de manière approfondie afin de les adapter à notre cas spécifique des chantiers de démolition situés en France. Dans le cas du transport, il a été nécessaire d'intégrer le retour à vide des camions évacuant les déchets tandis que les installations de stockage françaises ont des infrastructures différentes des décharges de référence suisses. Ainsi, ce travail d'adaptation des données Ecoinvent pourrait être étendue à d'autres modules de transports ou de décharges mais également à d'autres modules Ecoinvent afin de renforcer la pertinence des études ACV

International audience

Efficient use of by-products is essential as natural ressources are increasingly scarce. Industrial strategies to adress this issue are more efficient when they are developed on a system-based level, such as with regional industrial symbioses,rather then with individual or isolated approaches.Regional industrial symbiosis projects involve different industrial activities based on a territory and that are to be engaged collectively in order to make structural changes within the regional metabolism. This kind of project might be promoted by individuals or organisations legitimated by the whole of industrial symbiosis'actors. A facilitator group initiates the project, catalysing changes, based on a plausible promise of benefits. Those considered changes are gradually adapted and refined by the involved actors. In such a way, plausible benefits must match to their model of choice that comprises environmental, among others, dimensions.While methods and tools dedicated to environmental assessment of product were developped under strong research effort, the issue of environmental assessment fo regional industrial symbioses so far as has been weakly studied. For that purpose Life-cycle assessment (LCA) is presented as an ultimate environmental assessment method. However, LCA was not elaborated in oder to account for individual environmental perspective, nor to address structural system changes induced consequently to the implementation of a regional industrial sysbiosis nore its temporal effects on the environment, but instead LCA addresses global environmental issues related to a product. Starting from this analysis, and dealing with outcomes from social sciences, we propose to adopt an anthropocentric conception of the environment, as a system of complex subject-object relationships, for which we identify key elements of the perception of environemental consequences. Those key elements enable to build a logical basis composed of three environments that enable to cover, and thus to consider, actors' perception of environmental consequences related to the project. We present a participatory method that embeds this logical basis and suggests successively to 1) identify the environmental phenomena of interest related to the project, 2) design corresponding indicators considering concomitantly available data about the biophysical characteristics and scientific knowledge about the impact chains, 3) assess the environmental consequences. We illustrate the method and its epistemological foundations with a case study: a project that aims to recycle organic residues in agriculture in Réunion Island., L'usage efficient de matières résiduaires devient essentiel lorsque les ressources se raréfient. Afin de répondre à cette problématique par une approche industrielle, des stratégies à adopter sont plus efficientes lorsqu'elles sont développées à des échelles systémiques, notamment par des symbioses industrielles territoriales (SIT), plutôt qu'à un niveau individuel ou isolé. Un projet de SIT invite ainsi différentes activités économiques présentes sur un territoire à s'engager de manière collective afin de modifier structurellement le métabolisme territorial. Ce type de projet peut être impulsé par des organisations ou individus légitimés par le réseau d'acteurs de la SIT en devenir. Une équipe facilitatrice peut initier la démarche en se basant sur la formulation d'une promesse plausible de bénéfices, progressivement adaptée avec la participation des acteurs qui concourent à la conception, puis l'implémentation des scénarios, dépendamment de leurs "modèles de décision", lesquels incluent entre autres des dimensions environnementales. Alors que l'évaluation environnementale de produits a fait l'objet d'intenses efforts de développements, la considération concrète de conséquences environnementales de projets de SIT reste très vaguement explorée et l'Analyse du cycle de vie (ACV) est présentée comme une méthode de choix pour l'évaluation environnementale de SIT. L'ACV n'intègre cependant ni le caractère subjectif de l'environnement pour appréhender le modèle de décision des acteurs, ni les changements structurels industriels pluriannuels induits par une SIT et leur effets sur l'environnement dans le temps. Partant de ces constats, et nous basant sur des recherches en sciences sociales, nous proposons une approche de conception anthropocentrée de l'environnement invitant à conceptualiser l'environnement comme un système de relations complexes sujet-objet, et pour lequel nous identifions des éléments clés de représentation de conséquences environnementales. L'identification de ces éléments clés nous a permis de constituer une base logique composée de trois environnements, permettant donc de couvrir la perception de --et donc de considérer conséquences sur-- l'environnement du point de vue des acteurs. Nous présentons une méthode participative qui intègre cette base logique et permet successivement 1) d'identifier les phénomènes environnementaux d'intérêt du projet de SIT, 2) de concevoir des indicateurs afférents au regard des connaissances relatives au territoire dans sa dimension biophysique et des mécanismes biophysiques mis en jeux, 3) d'estimer les conséquences environnementales du projet. Nous illustrons l'application de ces propositions méthodologiques pour un projet de gestion territorialisée de résidus organiques valorisés en agriculture à la Réunion.

International audience; LCA has been used in many studies to evaluate the effect of feeding strategy on the environmental impact of pig production. However, because most studies have been conducted in Europe the question of the possible interactions with the context of production is still in debate. The objective of this study was then to evaluate these effects in two contrasted geographic contexts of production, Brazil and France. The LCA considered the process of pig fattening, including production and transport of feed ingredients, feed production and transport to the farm, raising of fattening pigs, and manure storage, transport and spreading. Impacts were calculated at the farm gate and the functional unit considered was one kg of body weight gain over the fattening period. Performances of pigs were simulated for each scenario using InraPorc® population model (2000 pigs for each scenario considering between animal variability). The LCA calculations were performed for each pig according to its own performance and excretion, and the results were subjected to variance analysis. The results indicate that for some impacts there are clear interactions between effects of feeding program, origin of soybean and location of production. For climate change, the interest of phase feeding and incorporation of feed-use amino acids (FU-AA) is very limited and even counterproductive in Brazil with soybean from South, whereas it appears to be an efficient strategy with soybean from Center West, especially in Europe. Rather similar effects are observed for cumulative energy demand. Conversely, eutrophication and acidification potential impacts are reduced by phase feeding and FU-AA addition in a rather similar way in all situations. In all situations, precision feeding, the only strategy that takes account for the between animal variability, is the most effective approach for reducing life cycle impact of pig fattening, whereas the potential of phase feeding program and FU-AA is dependent of soybean origin and geographical context of pig production, contrasting with many published results.

This thesis focuses on development of the spatialized territorial life cycle assessment (STLCA) method, which spatializes environmental-impact calculation, and on its application to a case study to help decision making. The thesis is organized into four main chapters: (1) building the STLCA framework, (2) spatializing nitrogen emissions, (3) developing regionalized characterization factors for eutrophication and (4) comparing STLCA and LCA results. STLCA can estimate environmental impacts of a territory that are more similar to real impacts and can map emissions and impacts to help decision making. However, STLCA requires time, data and expertise to be applied; thus, it is necessary to determine its suitability for the goals of a given study before using it., Les travaux de cette thèse se focalisent sur l’élaboration du cadre méthodologique de l’Analyse du cycle de vie territoriale spatialisée (ACVTS), qui intègre la spatialisation dans le calcul des impacts environnementaux, et son application sur un territoire d’étude dans une optique d’aide à la décision. Elle s’organise autour de : (1) la construction du cadre méthodologique de l’ACVTS ; (2) la spatialisation des émissions azotées ; (3) le développement d’une méthode de caractérisation régionalisée de l’eutrophisation ; (4) la comparaison des résultats d’ACVTS et d’ACV. L’ACVTS permet une évaluation des impacts du territoire plus proches des impacts réels et permet de cartographier émissions et impacts pour l’aide à la décision. Gourmande en temps, données et expertise, elle nécessite de bien définir le questionnement de l’étude.

Eco-efficiency is a useful guide to dairy farm sustainability analysis aimed at increasing output (physical or value added) and minimizing environmental impacts (EIs). Widely used partial eco-efficiency ratios (EIs per some functional unit, e.g. kg milk) can be problematic because (i) substitution possibilities between EIs are ignored, (ii) multiple ratios can complicate decision making and (iii) EIs are not usually associated with just the functional unit in the ratio’s denominator. The objective of this study was to demonstrate a ‘global’ eco-efficiency modelling framework dealing with issues (i) to (iii) by combining Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) data and the multiple-input, multiple-output production efficiency method Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). With DEA each dairy farm’s outputs and LCA-derived EIs are aggregated into a single, relative, bounded, dimensionless eco-efficiency score, thus overcoming issues (i) to (iii). A novelty of this study is that a model providing a number of additional desirable properties was employed, known as the Range Adjusted Measure (RAM) of inefficiency. These properties altogether make RAM advantageous over other DEA models and are as follows. First, RAM is able to simultaneously minimize EIs and maximize outputs. Second, it indicates which EIs and/or outputs contribute the most to a farm’s eco-inefficiency. Third it can be used to rank farms in terms of eco-efficiency scores. Thus, non-parametric rank tests can be employed to test for significant differences in terms of eco-efficiency score ranks between different farm groups. An additional DEA methodology was employed to ‘correct’ the farms’ eco-efficiency scores for inefficiencies attributed to managerial factors. By removing managerial inefficiencies it was possible to detect differences in eco-efficiency between farms solely attributed to uncontrollable factors such as region. Such analysis is lacking in previous dairy studies combining LCA with DEA. RAM and the ‘corrective’ methodology were demonstrated with LCA data from French specialized dairy farms grouped by region (West France, Continental France) and feeding strategy (regardless of region). Mean eco-efficiency score ranks were significantly higher for farms with 30% maize in the total forage area before correcting for managerial inefficiencies. Mean eco-efficiency score ranks were higher for West than Continental farms, but significantly higher only after correcting for managerial inefficiencies. These results helped identify the eco-efficiency potential of each region and feeding strategy and could therefore aid advisors and policy makers at farm or region/sector level. The proposed framework helped better measure and understand (dairy) farm eco-efficiency, both within and between different farm groups.

This thesis aims to develop a methodology for evaluating the sustainable development of underground constructions, so that we can highlight their specificities. The construction and operation phases of underground facilities have a strong environmental impact; they represent also a consequent financial investment, which is usually a key factor in the decision-making process. In the other hand, these facilities offer many benefits to the city and to their users. This methodology, that proposes a complete evaluation of underground constructions, takes into account the different dimensions of sustainable development: environmental, social, economic. The governance dimension is also integrated through analyzing standards and legislation related to every step of this work. The first part of this thesis contains a detailed study of underground construction projects: functionality and their contribution in the sustainable city. The other parts contain an evaluation of environmental impacts carried out by the Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA) and the analysis of social and economic impacts carried out by the High Environmental Quality (HQE). The aim is to evaluate all the sustainable development aspects on the basis of a scoring system 'benefits / drawbacks' for underground constructions.This methodology, applied to an urban tunnel case study, enables to evaluate several alternatives and then to propose a prioritization system of indicator results. By using the developed methodology, the different proposed alternatives can be classified by choosing the most advantageous ones within the meaning of sustainable development., Cette thèse a pour objectif de développer une méthodologie d'évaluation au sens du développement durable des aménagements souterrains, afin de mettre en évidence leurs spécificités. La construction et l'exploitation des aménagements souterrains ont de forts impacts sur l'environnement et représentent un investissement financier conséquent le plus souvent déterminant dans le processus décisionnel. Or, ces aménagements offrent de nombreux avantages pour la ville, et pour leurs usagers. Cette méthodologie, qui propose une évaluation complète d'aménagements souterrains, prend en compte les différents volets : environnemental, social et économique. La dimension« gouvernance » est intégrée en balayant les normes et les textes réglementaires liés à chaque étape du travail. La première partie du mémoire comprend une étude approfondie de types de projets souterrains permettant d'étudier leur fonctionnalité et de mettre en évidence la place du souterrain dans la ville durable. Dans les parties suivantes, une évaluation environnementale menée par la méthode d'analyse du cycle de vie (ACV) et une évaluation au sens du développement durable se basant sur la méthode Haute Qualité Environnementale (HQE) sont présentées. L'objectif est d'évaluer tous les aspects du développement durable en s'appuyant sur un système de notation avantages/inconÎnients construit spécifiquement pour le souterrain. La méthodologie appliquée à un cas d'étude de tunnel urbain est capable d'évaluer plusieurs variantes et de proposer un système de hiérarchisation des résultats d'indicateurs. Grâce à la méthodologie développée, les différentes variantes proposées peuvent être classées en choisissant les plus avantageuses au sens du développement durable.

International audience; LCA case studies applied to waste management options of organic products face several inventory completeness issues and among them, the spreading operation emissions. Indeed, organic products contain nutrient elements which turn into air, water and soil emissions after their spreading. LCA practitioners need to consider these quantitative data in order to carry out relevant assessments. Emission data obtained from experimental measurements, as they are specific to each residual organic fertilizing material and each pedoclimatic condition, cannot be used as generic data. Moreover, when the LCA case study is processed based on the primary function “to treat the waste”, the secondary function “to fertilize with organic fertilizers” can be solved by system expansion by subtracting the secondary functions. Thus, mineral fertilizers, also having spreading emissions, are often subtracted. This paper aims to present results of a literature review dealing with emission data at the spreading operation, both for residual organic fertilizing materials and mineral fertilizers. A set of 30 papers detailing emission data of organic wastes and mineral fertilizers during the spreading operation was selected from a corpus of 132 peer-reviewed papers (1) dealing with LCA case studies of residual organic fertilizing materials including land spreading. The selected papers were used to state how the N, P and trace metal element emissions at spreading operation were inventoried, as well as the consideration of C emission and sequestration. Emissions are heterogeneously considered in the case studies. N2O, NH3 and NO3- are usually quantified whereas NOx, N2 and PO43- are often left out of the system. Based on the literature review, it has not been possible to suggest emission values for each type of residual organic fertilizing material. Main conclusions are: •N2O : their value ranges are quite consensual (0,17%-2% for direct emissions, 1% of N emitted as NH3 and NOx and 0,75-2% of N emitted as NO3- for indirect emissions (2) ). •As NH3 emissions are very variable, a pedoclimatic model should be used. There is a high variability on nitrate models, which should be better investigated. •NO3- emissions into water have a great variability, either on the emission rate value or on the different forms N is expressed (leakages or run-off of total N, N-NH4…). •NOx are expressed as a % of direct and/or indirect N2O emission produced during denitrification. •N2 is rarely considered, whereas it should be in order to equilibrate the N mass balance and check that no N is artificially created or lost. •PO43- leakages are in a range value of 1,7% to 10% of P. •For climate change, biogenic carbon is hardly ever considered. Trace metal concentration is barely considered and constitutes a subject to explore especially concerning toxicity and ecotoxicity impacts. The spreading emissions of mineral fertilizers are not often considered. Emission rates are issued from the same sources as for organic products, and their values are very close. The influence of the spreading emissions of the organic products and the substituted mineral fertilizers on the LCA results has been noticed several times. Over all, the impact of the spreading operation has been pointed out because of the NH3 contribution to acidification and the NH3 and nitrate contributions to eutrophication. The impact of the spreading operation on climate change due to N2O emissions, on eutrophication due to phosphate emissions, on particulate matter formation due to NOx emissions has also been detected. Those results tempt to pay particular attention to the inventory emissions. The review led to an overview of the emission inventory data for residual organic fertilizing materials and mineral fertilizers at the spreading operation. A value range has been proposed for each P-based and N-based emission and when it was not possible, variability has been highlighted. The infrequent consideration of carbon fate and trace metals in LCA case studies has been pointed out. The impact of the inventory emissions on results has been assessed to be weighty and leads to recommendations for LCA practitioners in waste management. (1) The corpus was constituted using queries with the keyword groups: digestate, mineral fertilizer, LCA, substitution, allocation (2) Direct N2O emissions are emitted during the nitrification and denitrification processes during the nitrogen cycle. Indirect N2O emissions are emitted from NH3, NOx and NO3- emissions.

CFA 2016, 13ème Congrès français d'acoustique, LE MANS, FRANCE, 11-/04/2016 - 15/04/2016; L'intégration du bruit issu du trafic routier dans l'Analyse du Cycle de Vie (ACV) représente un défi qui n'a pas encore été pleinement résolu. Pour pouvoir relier un incrément de trafic de Îhicules à un impact sur la santé, il faut connaître l'évolution induite sur le niveau d'exposition des habitants aux alentours. Dans cet objectif, les logiciels de modélisation du bruit du transport routier (émission et propagation) peuvent être utilisés, à condition de porter une attention particulière à leur paramétrage.La méthode qui vise à calculer l'impact d'un trafic supplémentaire en appliquant un incrément est sensible, entre autres paramètres, à la distance de propagation maximale choisie, c'est-à-dire la distance à partir de laquelle une route n'est plus considérée quand on calcule le niveau sonore en façade d'un bâtiment. La directive européenne 2002/49/CE ne donne pas d'indications à ce sujet. Une distance de propagation maximale de 2000m est fixée par la méthode NMPB-Routes-2008. Mais peut-on prendre moins ?Une distance de propagation maximale plus petite permet des temps de calculs plus courts mais aboutit à des résultats moins précis. Dans l'objectif de réaliser un grand nombre de simulations pour l'ACV, il s'agit donc de trouver un compromis entre temps et précision de calcul. A partir de quelle distance, le gain en décibel est négligeable par rapport au temps de calcul. L'exposition de la population dans différentes situations (urbain, péri-urbain, rural, présence ou non d'une voie à grand trafic aux alentours) est calculée en prenant différentes distances de propagation (500m, 1000m et 2000m) pour en cerner l'impact. Le choix de la distance optimale sera discuté.

Cet ouvrage traite des conditions et des modes de gestion de la culture du cotonnier, plus particulièrement en Afrique, de la semence à l'utilisation des produits, en se reposant sur les résultats de recherche. Des recommandations pratiques sont formulées à l'intention de tous les acteurs de la filière coton. Ainsi, l'intérêt d'améliorer la production du cotonnier et sa qualité est abordé sous tous les aspects de la culture par des spécialistes dans une approche systémique. Cet ouvrage propose au lecteur professionnel une aide à la décision en agronomie et en gestion des systèmes de culture, sans oublier les aspects phytosanitaires. Il informe également sur l'impact du changement climatique, sur les modalités de la transformation et de l'usage des produits et coproduits. Enfin, l'Analyse de cycle de vie appliquée à l'évaluation environnementale des systèmes cotonniers enrichit particulièrement la manière d'organiser et d'optimiser les différentes étapes de cette production d'importance mondiale. L'objectif de cet ouvrage est de proposer des pratiques agricoles et des recommandations pour l'avenir, contribuant ainsi à améliorer la culture du cotonnier et la qualité de ses produits. Rédigé dans un langage accessible, cet ouvrage est destiné à tous les professionnels de terrain.

Les bioénergies répondent aux trois enjeux de transition énergétique, de développement et d’indépendance. Elles permettent de contribuer au système énergétique par trois vecteurs, la chaleur, le combustible gazeux ou liquide et l’électricité. Tout système durable de bioénergies doit appréhender d’abord des interrogations de disponibilité des biomasses forestières, agricoles et de déchets. Les verrous technologiques s’inscrivent dans les deux voies technologiques majeures : la thermochimie et les biotechnologies. La durabilité a longtemps été un sujet de controverses, maintenant apaisé par les règlements mis en place., The LORVER project (www.lorver.org) aims at developing a chain to produce biomass for industrial purposes, by reusing degraded sites (e.g. brownfield soils) and abandoned materials (e.g. urban or industrial by-products). In the context of circular economy, these abandoned sites and materials must not be viewed as a drawback but as new resources. This project brings together a consortium composed of companies and laboratories having the required expertise to construct this chain, allowing the environmental and economic upgrading of abandoned sites and materials while respecting the principles of sustainable development. After having identified the resource of available sites and byproducts, the approach consists of 1) construct Technosols from by-products, to reach the agronomic properties required for cultivation, 2) implement cultivations (short rotation coppices, hemp, nettle, hyperaccumulator plants), 3) develop processes to produce energy, biochar, fibres, metal-based M.O. compounds, and 4) assess the environmental and economic impacts of the chain. This project, conducted in the Lorraine region (France), will demonstrate the pertinence of the approach.

All relevant data have been deposited into Dryad (DOI: 10.5061/dryad.14km1).; Feeds contribute highly to environmental impacts of livestock products. Therefore, formulating low-impact feeds requires data on environmental impacts of feed ingredients with consistent perimeters and methodology for life cycle assessment (LCA). We created the ECOALIM dataset of life cycle inventories (LCIs) and associated impacts of feed ingredients used in animal production in France. It provides several perimeters for LCIs (field gate, storage agency gate, plant gate and harbour gate) with homogeneously collected data from French R&D institutes covering the 2005–2012 period. The dataset of environmental impacts is available as a Microsoft® Excel spreadsheet on the ECOALIM website and provides climate change, acidification, eutrophication, non-renewable and total cumulative energy demand, phosphorus demand, and land occupation. LCIs in the ECOALIM dataset are available in the AGRIBALYSE® database in SimaPro® software. The typology performed on the dataset classified the 149 average feed ingredients into categories of low impact (co-products of plant origin and minerals), high impact (feed-use amino acids, fats and vitamins) and intermediate impact (cereals, oilseeds, oil meals and protein crops). Therefore, the ECOALIM dataset can be used by feed manufacturers and LCA practitioners to investigate formulation of low-impact feeds. It also provides data for environmental evaluation of feeds and animal production systems. Included in AGRIBALYSE® database and SimaPro®, the ECOALIM dataset will benefit from their procedures for maintenance and regular updating. Future use can also include environmental labelling of commercial products from livestock production.