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Recovering valuable active substances from the by-products of agricultural processing is a crucial concern for scientific researchers. This paper focuses on the enrichment of soybean trypsin inhibitor (STI) from soybean whey wastewater using either ammonium sulfate salting or ethanol precipitation, and discusses their physicochemical properties. The results show that at a 60% ethanol content, the yield of STI was 3.983 mg/mL, whereas the yield was 3.833 mg/mL at 60% ammonium sulfate saturation. The inhibitory activity of STI obtained by ammonium sulfate salting out (A-STI) was higher than that obtained by ethanol precipitation (E-STI). A-STI exhibited better solubility than E-STI at specific temperatures and pH levels, as confirmed by turbidity and surface hydrophobicity measurements. Thermal characterization revealed that both A-STI and E-STI showed thermal transition temperatures above 90 °C. Scanning electron microscopy demonstrated that A-STI had a smooth surface with fewer pores, while E-STI had a rough surface with more pores. In conclusion, there was no significant difference in the yield of A-STI and E-STI (p < 0.05); however, the physicochemical properties of A-STI were superior to those of E-STI, making it more suitable for further processing and utilization. This study provides a theoretical reference for the enrichment of STI from soybean whey wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: In this article, the cluster consensus problems of two classes of nonlinear multi‐agent systems (NMASs) are studied under the dynamic event‐triggered control (ETC) strategy, where cooperative‐competitive interactions among agents and high‐order dynamics are considered. First, two dynamic ETC protocols are developed to realize the cluster synchronization of NMASs. Different from the static ETC, a dynamic parameter regulated by an adaptive law is used in place of a constant which can improve the trigger time intervals and reduce the energy consumption. Subsequently, an adaptive control mechanism based on the proposed ETC strategy is designed to adjust the controller parameter for agents. Some sufficient conditions for achieving the cluster consensus of NMASs are derived by using the Lyapunov stability theory and algebraic graph theory. Moreover, it is proved in theory that Zeno phenomenon can be excluded with these control schemes. Finally, two simulation examples validate the effectiveness of the theoretical results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The photovoltaic performance and stability of tin–lead perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are undermined by the reaction between the perovskite layer and the commonly used hole contact, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) : polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT : PSS). In addition to its acidity issue, the PSS polyelectrolyte can be etched by polar solvents within the perovskite precursor, exposing the highly doped PEDOT chains and resulting in carrier quenching at the buried interface. Here, an inorganic salt, cesium carbonate (CC), is incorporated to convert the labile PEDOT : PSS mixture into a robust polymer substrate. The salt induces substantial morphological transformation in the polymer matrix with enhanced interchain coupling, rendering the PEDOT : PSS resistant to polar solvents. The modified hole contact suppresses redox reactions, chemical degradation, and recombination losses at the buried interface. Single-junction methylammonium-free tin–lead PSCs achieved an efficiency of 23.18% (certified 22.30%). The encapsulated device retained 91% of its initial efficiency after 500 hours of maximum power point operation under AM1.5G one-sun illumination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined how depressive symptoms play mediating roles between cyberbullying and traditional bullying victimization and suicidal ideation and the moderating roles of cognitive reappraisal and emotion invalidation. A total of 1,823 Chinese adolescents (Mean age = 11.20, SD = 1.21, 47.8% girls) participated this study. Results showed that cyberbullying victimization was more strongly related to suicidal ideation than traditional bullying victimization. Depressive symptoms played mediating roles between cyberbullying and traditional bullying victimization and suicidal ideation. Cognitive reappraisal mitigated the effects of cyberbullying and traditional bullying victimization on depressive symptoms, and perceived emotion invalidation strengthened the effect of depressive symptoms on suicidal ideation. Results further showed that the mediating effect of depressive symptoms was more prominent when there were low levels of cognitive reappraisal and more perceived emotion invalidation. Promoting youths' cognitive reappraisal and providing validating responses to their depressive symptoms could mitigate the destructive effects of bullying victimization on suicidal ideation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]