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Knowledge management being implemented in organizations with low cost, less risk and less time is widely recognized to be one of the crucial problems. Using formal and informal methods we propose a description model to support knowledge management in an software organization with many projects and many people. The prototype system based on the model can help the organizations to capture, store and share knowledge produced by different people during different software development and avoid the repeated storage of the same knowledge package produced by different people or different project. The main ingredients of the model are: (1) meta-model and conceptual model of knowledge management, and (2) description of the knowledge management model. The model was implemented and evaluated empirically; the results suggest that knowledge management using requirements successfully promotes knowledge reuse.

The sticking probability of ethanol $({\mathrm{C}}_{2}{\mathrm{H}}_{5}\mathrm{O}\mathrm{H})$ on a $\mathrm{Si}(111)\text{\ensuremath{-}}7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}7$ surface is entirely coverage independent, and the adsorption is suddenly stopped when three adatoms (half of the adatoms) are changed to $\mathrm{Si}\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{O}{\mathrm{C}}_{2}{\mathrm{H}}_{5}$ in every half unit cell. This $\mathrm{Si}(111)\text{\ensuremath{-}}7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}7$ surface saturated with ${\mathrm{C}}_{2}{\mathrm{H}}_{5}\mathrm{O}\mathrm{H}$, however, is active for the adsorption of NO. A more surprising fact is that the sticking probability of NO on this surface is equal to that on the virgin $\mathrm{Si}(111)\text{\ensuremath{-}}7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}7$ surface. That is, the sticking probability of ${\mathrm{C}}_{2}{\mathrm{H}}_{5}\mathrm{O}\mathrm{H}$ and NO on a $\mathrm{Si}(111)\text{\ensuremath{-}}7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}7$ surface has no influence of the coverage of Si-adatoms with $\mathrm{Si}\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{O}{\mathrm{C}}_{2}{\mathrm{H}}_{5}$. From these results, we deduced that the dissociation of NO and ${\mathrm{C}}_{2}{\mathrm{H}}_{5}\mathrm{O}\mathrm{H}$ takes place via the precursor state adsorption. The coverage of adatoms gives no effect on the sticking probability of NO and ${\mathrm{C}}_{2}{\mathrm{H}}_{5}\mathrm{O}\mathrm{H}$, the adsorption of NO on the faulted halves prefers that on unfaulted halves $(F∕U=2.2\ensuremath{\sim}2.4)$, although no such preference was observed in the adsorption of ${\mathrm{C}}_{2}{\mathrm{H}}_{5}\mathrm{O}\mathrm{H}$ $(F∕U=1)$. N and O atoms formed by the dissociation of NO migrate over the surface and are finally trapped by Si-adatoms. On the other hand, adsorption of ${\mathrm{C}}_{2}{\mathrm{H}}_{5}\mathrm{O}\mathrm{H}$ occurs by dissociating the precursor state molecule on an adatom-rest atom site, which is the final step of the adsorption. Therefore, the scanning tunneling microscopy image of ${\mathrm{C}}_{2}{\mathrm{H}}_{5}\mathrm{O}\mathrm{H}$ reflects the structure of the sites, while that of NO reflects the electron density of sites. The physical meaning of the sticking probability, preferential adsorption on the faulted or unfaulted halves, and site selectivity of the center to corner adatoms in a half unit cell are discussed.

Software component adaptation is widely recognized to be a crucial problem in component-based software engineering. In this paper, we focus on the signature level component adaptation such as names, parameters and propose a checking mechanism to find the signature level mismatch. A component model is designed firstly in mathematical specification which can give more details to find and adapt the signatures that have a mismatch with the user need. Some notations and definitions are given to help the checking of signature level mismatch and then a checking mechanism of signature level mismatch with the use of context-free expressions is proposed. Our proposal is based on the more details provided by the user, and is supported by dedicated algorithms. At last future work and limitation of the checking mechanism are discussed

To investigate the indications of resection for lung metastasis, the surgical procedure and factors affecting the survival based on our experience accumulated for 37 years.A total of 108 patients with pulmonary metastasis was treated by surgery. Pathology showed 93 carcinoma (86.1%) and 15 (13.9%) sarcoma. Totally 122 operations were performed: partial lung resection 51, segmental lobectomy 7, lobectomy 40, pneumonectomy 15.After surgery, the cumulative 1-, 3-, 5-, 7- and 10-year post-thoracotomy survivals were 87.9%, 47.3%, 31.7%, 23.7% and 13.9%, with an overall median survival of 34.8 months. Solitary lesions, disease-free interval (DFI)36 months, absence of extrathoracic disease and "open" thoracotomy were predictors of a longer survival whereas age, gender, symptom and pathology of the primary tumor were found statistically insignificant prognostic factors.Surgery should be undertaken for patients who do fulfill these criteria, and "open" thoracotomy is a better choice. Surgical treatment for patients with short DFI and multiple lesions should be attempted with prudence.

To study the association, clinical diagnosis and treatment of the coexistence of lung cancer and tuberculosis.Sixty-five patients with coexistence of lung cancer and tuberculosis underwent surgical treatment in our hospital between 1954.1 and 2004.3. Twelve factors possibly influencing the survival were selected. A multivariate analysis of these individual variables was performed using the cumulative survival rate by the computer' COX proportional hazard model.Histologically, there were 41 cases of squamous cell carcinoma, 15 adenocarcinoma, 3 small cell carcinoma and 6 mixed carcinoma. Chest radiological study showed infiltrative tuberculosis in 41, military tuberculosis in 2, and chronic fibrocavitary tuberculosis in 22 cases. Of these, wedge excision was performed in 4, lobectomy in 38, bilobectomy in 4, pneumonectomy in 17 and palliative resection in 2 patients. There was no operative mortality. Follow-up showed that 1-, 3- and 5-year survival was 67.7% (44/65), 35.4% (23/65), and 23.1% (15/65) respectively. Clinical analysis showed that the major significant prognostic factors influencing survival were malignancy occurred in local tuberculosis, the operation procedures for lung cancer, and the stage of lung cancer (P0.01).The occurrence of lung cancer is highly correlated to the site of tuberculosis. The recognize of this can facilitate the early diagnosis and resection of malignancy as well as the initiation of regular medical therapy.

The novel luminescent trinuclear copper( I ) complex [Cu3 (dppm)3 (NO3) (OH)] (NO3) has been obtained by treating binuclear copper(I) [Cu(dppm) (NO3)]2 with sodium tetraphenyl boron (dppm = Ph2 PCH2 PPh2). The complex was characterized by physico-chemical and spectroscopic methods. The title complex exhibits photoluminescence behavior at room temperature.

In this paper the conception of horizontal gene transfer (HGT) was introduced,and main mode of HGT was also enumerated as follows: HGT by medium such as plasmid and virus etc., and the HGT without any medium. The transfer of genes from one species to another especially between remote species was emphasized by the information from genome sequencing. The problems about evolution phylogenies and safety of GEMs (gene engineered microorganisms) for HGT were discussed.

Adsorption of 2-propanol, (CH3)2CHOH, on a Si(111)-7x7 surface was studied by scanning tunneling microscopy. (CH3)2CHOH adsorbs equally on the faulted and unfaulted half unit cells by forming Si-OCH(CH3)2 and Si-H on an adatom and rest atom pair. Si-OCH(CH3)2 is consecutively increased in each half unit cell, and the adsorption is saturated when every half unit cell has three Si-OCH(CH3)2, which corresponds to 0.5 of the adatom coverage. The sticking probability for the dissociation of (CH3)2CHOH is independent of the adatom coverage from 0 to 0.4, but it depends on coverage at higher than 0.4. By counting the darkened adatoms, Si-OCH(CH3)2 on the center adatom (m) and that on the corner adatom (n), it was found the m/n ratio is ca. 4 for the first dissociation of (CH3)2CHOH in virgin half unit cell, but it becomes ca. 1.9 and 1.8 when two and three Si-OCH(CH3)2 are contained in a half unit cell. This result reveals that the dissociation probability of (CH3)2CHOH at the adatom-rest atom pair site is influenced by the nearest Si-OCH(CH3)2 in the half unit cell.

The crystal structure of the title compound, [Ag(C18H15P)4]2[Sn2(CH3)4(CF3CO2)6], consists of discrete tetrahedral cations and trans-C2SnO4 octahedral dianions [C-Sn-C = 154.6 (2) degrees ]. The dianion lies about a center of inversion and the two Sn atoms are linked unevenly by the carboxylate unit [Sn-O = 2.291 (3) A and Sn-- O = 2.818 (3) A].

The mechanism of divalent Ca2+ cation induction of Escherichia coli competence is still not fully understood, though it is a common method for introducing recombinant DNA into bacterial cells in gene engineering. Quantum dots (QDs), as a new fluorescent probe of being applied in biology research, have aroused great interest. In this paper, we explored the mechanism of E. coli competence development using QDs for the first time. Results showed that water-soluble QDs of diameter 3-4 nm could go into competent cells, but could not enter noncompetent cells. This result was further confirmed using atomic force microscopy and DNA transforming experiments, suggesting that nonphysiological, high concentrations of Ca2+ enhanced the penetrability of cell membranes so that QDs, which cannot enter cells normally due to their greater diameter (3-4 nm), can do so easily into competent cells. Therefore, we believe that, at least for E. coli, the mechanism of Ca2+-induced competence development is mediated physicochemically rather than physiologically.

Chinese sucker, Myxocyprinus asiaticus, is an endemic species of China and also the only representatives of family Catostomidae in Asia. The fish was naturally distributed in Yangtze River and Mingjiang River and now few could be captured because of pollution and overexploitation. The fish has been listed in the second class of preserved animal in China. Studying and assessing its population structure is an imperative and fundamental work for making effective protection strategies. We amplified and sequenced the D-loop region of mtDNA of 8 samples. The size of the D-loop region is about 958 bp. A total of 32 variation loci were detected and the mutation rate was 0.033. All the mutation came from nucleotide substitution except one nucleotide deletion. Most of the nucleotide variations were found between the 55-365 bp region. The individual mutation rate varied from 0-1.36%, which exhibited nucleotide polymorphism to some extent among 8 samples. Compared with RAPD and other PCR-based methods, the directily sequencing of mtDNA D-loop region revealed much more genetic diversity. Meanwhile, the D-loop region of Moxostoma robustum derived from GenBank was aligned with that of Chinese sucker through CLUSTAL software. By comparison, we found that the mutation rate (0.033) of D-loop of Chinese sucker is higher than that of Moxostoma robustum (0.016).

Highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) in different orientations, graphite, glassy carbon, and aromatic compounds were ablated by a pulsed laser beam in high vacuum, and the products were recorded in situ by mass spectrometry. The (0001) plane of HOPG generated mainly C[sub 60] and C[sub 70]. The surface perpendicular to the (0001) plane could not produce C[sub 60] or other fullerenes; neither did glassy carbon. The products ablated from a polycrystalline graphite were different sized carbon clusters including C[sub 60] and other fullerenes. In addition, the fullerent products from the (0001) plane were monitored as a function of laser ablation time. It was found that after thousands of shots of laser ablation, relative abundances of larger fullerenes increased as a result of damaged graphite surface. 12 refs., 4 figs.

We examined cortical and trabecular bone density and geometric properties of the unfractured distal radius in 70 women with recent Colles' fractures, using multilayer peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT). We found that cortical volumetric density, cortical area and mean cortical thickness were lower in the displaced than in the undisplaced fractures, suggesting that the cross-sectional volumetric density and geometric properties of cortical bone may be essential in determining the severity of a Colles' fracture. We also compared lumbar spine and femoral neck bone mineral density (BMD) and the occurrence of osteoporosis in the displaced and undisplaced fracture groups and found no significant difference, which suggests that displacement of a Colles' fracture is not associated with general osteoporosis.

Based on the time-dependent coincidence method, a preliminary experiment has been performed on uranium metal castings with similar quality (about 8–10 kg) and shape (hemispherical shell) in different enrichments using neutron from Cf fast fission chamber and timing DT accelerator. Groups of related parameters can be obtained by analyzing the features of time-dependent coincidence counts between source-detector and two detectors to characterize the fission signal. These parameters have high sensitivity to the enrichment, the sensitivity coefficient (defined as (ΔR/Δm)/R) can reach 19.3% per kg of 235U. We can distinguish uranium castings with different enrichments to hold nuclear weapon verification.

Two types of markers, namely the clone-specific markers including T-cell receptor (TCR) gamma, TCR delta, and Ig heavy-chain (IgH) gene rearrangements, and malignancy-specific fusion gene mRNA such as SIL-TAL-1, BCR-ABL, and HRX-partner genes, were investigated by molecular biology techniques in 65 Chinese patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). In combination, these markers were informative among 96% of patients. Minimal residual disease (MRD) was followed up in 23 of these patients with available materials over a period varying from 8 to 54 months with at least one leukemia-specific probe. In most children, MRD was decreased continuously to an ultimately undetectable level within 6 to 12 months after remission induction therapy. One patient exhibited low-level residual leukemic cells for 4 years before the MRD turned negative. Another patient remained in complete remission for 45 months, although a positive signal was detected at 34 months using TCR delta probe, but was negative with a TCR gamma marker which was positive at presentation. In three patients who relapsed, MRD either persisted through the clinical course or became positive and eventually increased 3-11 months before clinical relapse. These data suggested that the combined use of multiple gene markers is a valuable tool for the PCR-based MRD detection, since it can cover most ALL patients. Furthermore, long-term follow-up of MRD is helpful for determining the dosage as well as the period of maintenance chemotherapy and for predicting impending relapse.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses several Chinese coals that are demineralized using various methods. The corresponding changes of rheological behavior and static stability of coal water slurry (CWS) are investigated. The function of mineral matters and the added electrolyte on CWS are also discussed in the chapter. Various pretreatments for demineralization are used to study the effects of mineral matters on the CWS properties. Water-washing did not affect CWS properties while acid-washing significantly increased the apparent viscosity and decreased the maximum coal loading (MXCL). The high concentration of dissolved inorganic ions, especially high-valent cations is attributed to this behavior. The damage of CWS properties after de-ashing pretreatment, resulting in a sharp increase in apparent viscosity, decrease in MXCL and static stability and change in rheologic behavior. The addition of electrolyte improves the rheological behavior. The effects of mineral matters on CWS properties contribute to their soluble ions.

We sequenced the genome of the high-siderophore-yielding strain Pseudomonas sp. HYS and then analyzed its iron acquisition systems. The 5.6-Mb draft genome sequence has a special pattern of pyoverdine synthesis clusters and contains an hmuRSTUV heme uptake cluster, which has a homolog only in some strains of the order Enterobacteriales .

By coupling two biochemical processes of reduction of Na2SeO3 with detoxification of Pb2+ in a quasi-biosystem, water-dispersed PbSe nanocubes with good monodispersity were controllably synthesized with different sizes at low temperature (90 °C) under mild conditions. The crystallization mechanism and the nature of bio-molecules influenced on the crystallization process were investigated.

CH(3)OH undergoes dissociation on a Si(111)-7 x 7 surface via a two dimensionally free precursor. The sticking probability attained by the STM (scanning tunneling microscopy) was entirely coverage independent, where the observed image represented the final state of the adsorption. CH(3)OH dissociates equally on the faulted and unfaulted halves at room temperature. However, the dissociation at the center adatom-rest atom site is four times preferential to that at the corner adatom-rest atom site in each half unit cell. Such site selectivity, center/corner, changes with the occupation of adatoms in corresponding half unit cell, that is, center/corner=4 for the half unit cell with one reacted adatom, but 2.6 and 1.8 for the half unit cells with two and three reacted adatoms, respectively. Such site selectivity is well rationalized by the dissociation depending on the local conformation of the site instead of the local density of states (LDOS). The site selectivity of center/corner is well reproduced by considering the occurrence probability of the whole dissociation pattern. As the STM image represents the final state of the adsorption, if the final step of adsorption involves dissociation of molecule or precursor, the STM image reflects the dissociation probability depending on the local structure. On the other hand, if no dissociation of molecule or precursor is involved at the final step, the adsorption probability might depend on the LDOS. The adsorption of H(2)S, H(2)O, and NH(3) is also discussed from this general viewpoint of adsorption. The concept of a two dimensionally free precursor will be important to understand the kinetics of heterogeneous catalysis.

A series of carbon cluster ions have been created by direct laser vaporization of elementary carbons and organic compounds with different structures and compositions. The mass spectra of the carbon cluster ions were recorded in situ by a time-of-flight mass spectrometer and the experimental results showed that the formation of fullerenes and their relative abundances are closely related to the surface structure of the sample. Under direct laser vaporization, the products from a perfect (0001) surface of graphite were mainly C60 and C70. The surface perpendicular to the (0001) plane of graphite could not produce C60, other fullerene ions or compounds containing six-membered aromatic carbon rings. The products of amorphous carbon and aromatic compounds included C60 and other fullerenes, among which those with a mass twice that of C60 were most abundant. Furthermore, C60 and C70 could also be aggregated from direct laser vaporization. Based on these experimental results, mechanism for formation of C60 and other fullerenes is suggested.