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The mid-Holocene (MH; 6 ka) is one of the benchmark periods for the Paleoclimate Modeling Intercomparison Project (PMIP) and provides a unique opportunity to study monsoon dynamics and orbital forcing (i.e., mostly precession) that differ significantly from the present day. We conducted a data–model comparison along with a dynamic analysis to investigate monsoonal (i.e., East Asian summer monsoon; EASM) precipitation changes over East Asia during the MH. We used the three phases of the PMIP simulations for the MH, and quantitatively compared the model results with pollen-based climate records. The data–model comparison shows an overall increase in precipitation, except for a local decrease in EASM precipitation during the MH. Decomposition of the moisture budget into thermodynamic, dynamic components and co-variations in both allowed us to assess the relative role of thermodynamic and dynamic components in controlling EASM precipitation during the MH, and to investigate the precipitation changes obtained from pollen records in terms of physical processes. We show that the dynamic effect, rather than the thermodynamic effect, is the dominant control in increased EASM precipitation during the MH in both the proxy records and models. The dynamic increase in precipitation results mainly from the enhancement of horizontal monsoonal moisture transport that is caused by intensified stationary eddy horizontal circulation over East Asia. In addition, a cloud cooling effect reduced the thermodynamic contribution to the increase in EASM precipitation during the MH.

The contribution of early human activity to the increase in atmospheric CH4 content during the middle to late-Holocene is still debated. The quantitative reconstruction of past changes in land use by early rice agriculture is a key to resolving the issue, because large uncertainties still exist in current prehistoric land use estimates, owing to a lack of direct records. In this study, we used the combination of archaeological data (the area and distribution of archaeological sites) and an improved prehistoric land use model (PLUM) to determine the spatiotemporal changes in land use by rice agriculture throughout the Yangtze River Valley, China, which was the origin and centre of the development of rice cultivation. The results indicate that the area devoted to rice agriculture increased during 10–2 ka BP, and that a significant increase occurred at ~5 ka BP accompanied by a spatial expansion from the northern part of the valley to the entire valley. However, the rice land use area decreased slightly during 4–3 ka BP but then increased after 3 ka BP. We estimate that the CH4 emissions from the rice cultivated area in the Yangtze River Valley increased from ~0.001 (±0.001) to ~1.3 (±0.6) Tg/year during 10–2 ka BP, and the resulting atmospheric CH4 concentrations increased from ~0.004 (±0.002) to ~4.1 (±2.0) ppb, which accounted for 3 (±2)–9 (±5) % of the ‘anomalous atmospheric CH4 increase’ during 5–2 ka BP.

Magnesium-air battery has been considered promising for electrochemical energy storage or as a conversion device due to its high theoretical energy density and low cost. However, the experimental energy density is far lower than the theoretical value due to the intense hydrogen evolution of the Mg anode upon discharging. Herein, we have successfully developed a novel Mg64Zn36 (at. %) alloy via single-phase design. The as-prepared Mg64Zn36 anode possesses a high discharge specific capacity of 1302 ± 70 mAh g-1 and extraordinarily high efficiency of 94.8 ± 4.9%, which breaks the records of efficiency among all of the reported Mg anodes. The superior high efficiency is attributed to the anodic hydrogen evolution being inhibited by Zn alloying, which passivates the Mg matrix. The intermediate ion Mg+ produced during discharging is dramatically limited by the integrated passive film and is totally converted into Mg2+ electrochemically through the film. Meanwhile, the uniform discharging products due to the homogeneous microstructure of Mg64Zn36 co-contribute to the high efficiency. The design of the Mg-Zn alloy may open a new avenue for the development of Mg-air batteries.

Previous studies have mainly focused on changes in soil physical and chemical properties to evaluate the reclamation of sodic soils using flue gas desulfurization (FGD) gypsum. However, information on the effects of this reclamation method on microbial-based indicators of soil quality is limited, particularly after many years of FGD gypsum application. This study aimed to investigate the long-term effects of FGD gypsum on soil organic carbon (SOC), nutrients, microbial biomass and enzyme activity. Data were collected from soils of three exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) classes (i.e., low-, middle- and high-ESP classes of 6.1–20, 20–30 and 30–78.4%, respectively) 17 years after FGD gypsum treatment in Inner Mongolia, China. Averaged across the three ESP classes, FGD gypsum application increased the SOC contents at the 0–20 and 20–40-cm soil depths by 18 and 35%, respectively, and increased available potassium at the 0–20-cm soil depth by 51% compared with the no-gypsum controls. The microbial biomass carbon and microbial biomass nitrogen contents at the 20–40-cm soil depth increased by 69 and 194%, respectively, under FGD gypsum. Except in the high-ESP class, urease activities in the 0–40 cm soil profile were significantly higher in the FGD gypsum treatments than in the controls. A significant increase in alkaline phosphatase activity was concentrated in the 20–40 cm soil layer; few classes showed significant increases in catalase and invertase activities in the 0–20 cm soil layer. Pearson correlation analysis showed that increases in soil fertility and biological activity could be attributed to reductions in electrical conductivity, pH and ESP caused by FGD gypsum application. These results confirm that FGD gypsum application is a viable strategy for reclaiming sodic soils due to its positive effects on soil fertility and biochemistry and that it may contribute to soil ecosystem sustainability.

Patients nowadays seek medical reduction of the upper trapezius muscle to achieve aesthetic pleasing necklines. Botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A), a neurotoxin that reduces the force of muscle contraction, is widely used for shoulder contouring. However, detailed metrical data are lacking to guide clinical injection.Forty healthy young women were enrolled. All subjects were seated for point marking and measuring of trapezius muscle (TM) anatomical data. At marked locations, the thickness of the subcutaneous tissue, the thickness of the TM, the TM's anterior border, and the depth from the skin surface to the middle of TM were measured using a real-time ultrasound scanner. In addition, photos were taken to assess the shoulder area proportion and shoulder angle.The shoulder area size among participants was 90 ± 15.2 cmIn this study, ultrasonography and photos were applied to assess the TM's anatomical features. Trapezius hypertrophy was described on a scale from 0 to 2 based on the shoulder angle. The findings of the present study provide a practical clinical guidance for precise and efficient BoNT-A administration.This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Background:Sarcopenia is a geriatric syndrome with progressive loss of skeletal muscle mass and function and has a negative impact on clinical outcomes associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Recently, the sarcopenia index (SI) was developed as a surrogate marker of sarcopenia based upon the serum creatinine to cystatin C ratio. We aimed to assess the value of SI for predicting clinically important outcomes among elderly patients with acute exacerbation of COPD (AECOPD). Methods: This cross-sectional study included elderly patients with AECOPD in China from 2017 to 2021. Clinical data were collected from medical records, and serum creatinine and cystatin C were measured. Outcomes included respiratory failure, heart failure, severe pneumonia, invasive mechanical ventilation, and mortality. Binary logistic regression was used to analyze the association between SI and clinical outcomes. Results: A total of 306 patients (260 men, 46 women, age range 60–88 years) were enrolled in this study. Among the total patients, the incidence of respiratory failure and severe pneumonia was negatively associated with SI values. After adjusting for potential confounding factors, binary logistic regression analyses showed that a higher SI was still independently associated with a lower risk of respiratory failure (odds ratio [OR]: 0.27, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.13–0.56, P < 0.05). In subgroup analysis, the incidence of respiratory failure was negatively associated with SI values in groups with both frequent exacerbation and non-frequent exacerbation. After adjustment for potential confounders, binary logistic regression analyses showed that a higher SI was also independently associated with a lower risk of respiratory failure in both groups (OR: 0.19, 95% CI: 0.06–0.64 and OR: 0.31, 95% CI: 0.11–0.85). However, there were no significant differences in the correlations between SI and the risk of heart failure, invasive mechanical ventilation, and mortality in all groups. Conclusion: The SI based on serum creatinine and cystatin C can predict respiratory failure in patients with AECOPD and either frequent or infrequent exacerbations. This indicator provides a convenient tool for clinicians when managing patients with AECOPD in daily clinical practice.

Background: This paper attempts to compare the effect of a co-management care model with a traditional orthopedic model on perioperative neurocognitive disorders complications in elderly hip fracture patients. Methods: In this study, elderly hip fracture patients attending six hospitals in Beijing from November 31, 2018 to November 31, 2020 were divided into co-management care model and traditional orthopedic model according to the intention-to-treat principle. Beijing Jishuitan Hospital implemented a rapid co-management care model (OGC group), and five Beijing hospitals, including Beijing Anzhen Hospital, implemented a traditional orthopedic model (TOC group). The study used the Confusion Assessment Method (CAM) and a modified telephone interview method targeting patients' cognitive status to assess the incidence of delirium in elderly patients. Results: A total of 2071 elderly hip surgery patients were included in the study, excluding 128 patients who received conservative treatment and 119 patients who were withdrawn from follow-up. Ultimately, 995 patients in the OGC group and 829 patients in the TOC group were included in the follow-up analysis. The incidence of perioperative neurocognitive disorders was significantly lower in the OGC group than in the TOC group (20.5% vs 69.5%, OR 0.59, 95% CI:0.53~0.65, P=0.000); the incidence of preoperative delirium was significantly lower in the OGC group than in the TOC group (10.5% vs 16.9%, OR 0.64, 95% CI:0.47-0.70, P=0.000); the incidence of postoperative delirium was also lower in the OGC group than in the TOC group (19.1% vs. 22.6%, OR 0.67, 95% CI:0.58 ~ 0.77, =0.001). Our logistic multivariate analysis also showed that the rapid fast-track co-management care model may be a protective factor against the development of neurocognitive impairment in patients in the perioperative period. Conclusion: The fast-track co-management care model can reduce the occurrence of perioperative neurocognitive disorders in elderly patients, which is worth being promoted in clinical treatment. Key words: hip fracture, fast track, co-management care model, delirium, perioperative neurocognitive disorders.

The energy crisis and environmental pollution require the advancement of large-scale energy storage techniques. Among the various commercialized technologies, batteries have attracted enormous attention due to their relatively high energy density and long cycle life. Nevertheless, the limited supply and uneven distribution of lithium minerals, as well as their high cost, has greatly hindered the application of lithium-ion batteries in large-scale energy storage. Therefore, building next-generation alternative rechargeable batteries that feature low cost, long service life, and high safety is of the utmost importance. Over the past several years, we have witnessed many successful research outcomes for sodium and potassium ion batteries (SIBs and PIBs) in regard to electrode and electrolyte materials. In this Perspective, we summarize the current developments on SIBs/PIBs and their challenges when facing practical applications, including their cost, energy density, ion diffusivity in solids/electrolytes/interphases, cycle life, and safety concerns. Furthermore, we provide an overview of strategies to overcome the remaining challenges for achieving better electrochemical performance. Finally, we outline several possible directions for the future development of these two battery chemistries, with the hope of aiding the transition from the laboratory to next-generation practical applications for SIBs/PIBs batteries in grid-scale energy storage.

Natural hydrogen (H2 ) has gained considerable attentions as a renewable energy resource to mitigate the globally increasing environmental concerns. Low-temperature serpentinization (

As recently created inorganic nanosheet materials, more and more light has been shed on MXenes, which have emerged as a hotspot of intensive investigations. The simple exfoliation method for MXenes attracts numerous studies to pay efforts on. Compared with the extensive research about ultrasonication and mechanical milling, gas-assisted exfoliation has never been carried out for MXenes. Meanwhile, MXene-based nanocomposites are always prepared after exfoliation step by step. In this work, a facile way to fabricate a few-layered Ti3C2 MXene delaminated using phosphorous vapor evolved from commercial red phosphorous (RP) is put forward. The vapor deposits on the surface of Ti3C2 and also partially intercalates into the interlayers to obtain a novel two-dimensional RP/Ti3C2 nanocomposite directly. The P element strongly connects with the substrate by a covalent bond that improves the safety problems for RP during storage and usage. Due to the versatile feature of MXenes, the nanocomposite has the potential to be applied in a variety of fields. Herein, it is employed as a flame retardant for epoxide resin and effectively reduces fire disaster. The one-step exfoliation plus nanocomposite fabrication provides a more feasible way for the practical application of MXenes.

Porcine astrovirus (PAstV) is prevalent in pigs worldwide and could cause clinical symptoms such as diarrhea and encephalitis. The capsid protein (Cap) of PAstV plays a determinant role for virus immunological characteristics. In this study, the major antigenic regions of PAstV1 Cap were expressed through prokaryotic expression systems and immunized to BALB/c mice. Finally, two anti-Cap monoclonal antibodies (named mAb F4-4 and D3F10) were screened by indirect immune-fluorescence assay (IFA). A series of truncated GST-fused or artificially synthesized peptides were used to detect their reactivity with the mAbs and PAstV positive serum. Two novel B cell epitopes (120-GNNTFG-125, 485-RISDPTWFSA-494) were identified by using these two mAbs. Moreover, sequence alignment result showed that epitope 120-GNNTFG-125 was highly conserved in type 1 PAstV capsid protein. Cross-reactivity analysis further confirmed the genotype-specificity of mAb F4-4. The results of this study demonstrated to be the first description of monoclonal antibody preparation and B-cell epitope mapping on PAstV capsid protein, which may provide new information on the biological significance of PAstV capsid protein and lay a foundation for the development of PAstV immunological tests and genotype diagnostic methods.

Silt has the characteristics of capillary pore development and strong water sensitivity. The rise of capillary water in silt may cause the strength of the roadbed to decrease or instability. It is vital to identify the mechanical and engineering properties of silt roadbed under capillary water. In this paper, a typical silt in Nantong of Jiangsu Province was selected to investigate the variation rules of the cohesion c, the internal friction angle φ, and the compression modulus Es under different water content by quick direct shear test and compression test. Furthermore, based on the test results, the engineering characteristics of low embankment under capillary water were studied by numerical simulation. The results show that the saturation Sr had little effect on the φ but had an obvious effect on the c. The c of silt decreased with the increase of the Sr. With the increase of water content w, the Es of silt showed a strong nonlinearity. When the void ratio e was larger, the w was the main factor affecting Es. However, the experimental results have a certain applicability, that is, the form of water and gas in the silt was in the stage of “internal connectivity of gas phase.” In the case of the same groundwater level, when the filling was low, the deformation of the subgrade was obviously affected by capillary water. According to the simulation results, it is preliminarily determined that the reasonable filling height of silt low embankment was between 1.2 and 1.5 m.

Conversion/alloying anode materials exhibiting high K storage capacities suffer from large volume variations and unstable electrode/electrolyte interfaces upon cycling. Herein, taking SnS/reduced graphene oxide (SnS/rGO) anodes as an example, the electrochemical performance of SnS/rGO could significantly be improved via employing potassium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (KFSI) salt in electrolytes and ultrathin TiO2 coating. KF-rich inorganic layer was demonstrated to help form robust SEI layer, which could suppress the side reactions to increase the Coulombic efficiency. The formed potassiated KxTiO2 coating layer was constructed to boost charge transfer capability and K-ion diffusion kinetics. The as-prepared SnS/rGO@TiO2-20 electrode in KFSI electrolyte delivers the high CE of 99.1% and 424 mAh·g−1 after 200 cycles with an ultrahigh capacity retention of 98.5%.

锂金属电池被认为是目前替代锂离子电池最有前途的技术, 可以满足下一代高能量和高功率二次电池技术的需求。然而, 诸如电解液电化学稳定性差、枝晶的生长、正极电极材料结构随着电化学循环的破坏以及由此导致的库仑效率低和循环寿命短等挑战, 一直困扰着锂金属电池的商业化推广。有鉴于此, 马建民和他的同事们设计了一种高氟含量和高偶极矩分子的双氟乙酰胺, 作为锂金属电池的电解液添加剂。该分子可以改变锂离子的溶剂化结构, 调控锂离子的吸附与扩散, 并在其他碳酸盐溶剂分解前, 于负极上形成梯度的固液电解质膜。该方法可实现锂金属负极在电化学循环过程中无枝晶产生, 且电池具有长的循环寿命和优异的倍率性能。这项工作探索了一种新的多功能电解质添加剂, 同时该添加剂也可以适用于其他金属电池化学。

Lithium-rich oxides have been considered as one of the most promising cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries due to the competitively high specific capacity contributed by both anionic and cationic redox reactions. Recent years have witnessed the successful achievements of lithium-rich oxides with layered structure due to their high capacity. More recently, another new class of lithium-rich oxides with disordered-rocksalt structure has been demonstrated to possess high capacity and high energy density with moderate structural changes during cycling. A comprehensive comparison and greater fundamental understanding of these two classes of lithium-rich oxides have not been achieved, however, which has greatly hindered the further application of these lithium-rich materials. Herein, an overview of the lithium-rich oxide cathode materials, including the conventional layered and the emerging disordered structure, is provided. Their structural characteristics, mechanisms of anionic redox reactions, and lithium diffusion pathways are systematically summarized. The key challenges to practical application and related strategies to enhance the electrochemical performance of the lithium-rich oxide cathodes are also discussed. At the end, the possible directions for the future development of the lithium-rich oxide cathodes are outlined.

The toxicity of heavy-metal Pb and instability of lead-based halide perovskite nanomaterials are main factors to impede their practical applications in the fields of solar cells, LEDs and scintillators. In this paper, all inorganic lead-free cesium manganese halide nanocrystals are synthesized in glass for the first time. Red photoluminescence with broad PL band, negligible self-absorption and a high photoluminescence quantum yield of 41.8% is obtained. In addition, modulating halide component can change the Mn

Our previous study discovers that Jun N-terminal kinase pathway-associated phosphatase (JKAP) is dysregulated and negatively links with the disease severity in acute ischemic stroke (AIS) patients. This study intended to further evaluate the linkage of JKAP and interleukin (IL)-17A with anxiety, depression, and cognitive impairment in AIS patients.Serum JKAP and IL-17A levels in 120 AIS patients at admission, 1st (D1), 3rd (D3), 7th (D7) day after admission, and from 20 controls, were detected by ELISA. Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) were assessed in AIS patients at discharge.JKAP (p 0.001) was reduced, but IL-17A (p 0.001) was increased in AIS patients versus controls, and negatively correlated with each other in AIS patients (p = 0.014). In AIS patients, JKAP was reduced from baseline to D1 and then increased to D7 (p 0.001), while IL-17A exhibited an opposite trend (p 0.001). Notably, JKAP at D3 was negatively linked with HADS-anxiety score (p = 0.044), then decreased JKAP at D3 (p = 0.017) and D7 (p = 0.037) related to increased anxiety occurrence. However, JKAP was not linked to HADS-depression score or depression occurrence. Besides, JKAP at multiple time points were positively associated with MMSE score (all p 0.05); decreased JKAP at D3 (p = 0.017) and D7 (p = 0.026) related to raised cognitive impairment occurrence.JKAP initially decreases then shows an increasing trend after disease onset, and its decrement relates to elevated IL-17A, anxiety and cognitive impairment in AIS patients.

Clomiphene, trimetazidine, and meldonium are three common clinical drugs, and long-term consumption will cause damage to human health. Currently, animal-derived food contamination is a major concern, and these compounds have a high probability of entering the human body and remaining there for a long time. In this study, a liquid chromatography-tandem triple quadrupole mass spectrometry method was developed to determine the residues of three metabolic regulators in food. With 0.1% formic acid water-acetonitrile solution (25:75, V/V), samples were extracted ultrasonically. After MCX SPE Column Cleanup, the Shiseido PC HILIC column was used for separation, with positive ion multiple reaction monitoring mode monitoring and isotope internal standard method used for quantifying. In this optimized condition, both clomiphene and trimetazidine had detection limits of 0.25 µg/kg and quantification limits of 0.5 µg/kg. Meldonium had a detection limit of 2.5 µg/kg and a quantification limit of 5.0 µg/kg. Recovery rates ranged from 80.1–119.9%, and precision RSD was 1.95–15.4% (n = 6). This method is suitable for detecting food containing clomiphene, trimetazidine, and mildronium.

The direct coordination between polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) and Co forms an assembly of nanoparticles with low specific surface area and leads to a poor dispersion state in the epoxy resin matrix, resulting in unsatisfactory flame-retardant efficiency. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), for instance, ZIF-67, provide not only the cobalt element but also the porous framework that endows the nanocomposite of MOFs and POSS with high specific surface area and abundant Co sites in the silica skeleton. Herein, ZIF-67 is hybridized with octacarboxyl POSS, resulting in the removal of the alkaline ligand to form novel metal POSS-organic frameworks (MPOFs). The size differences for organic groups and silica nanocages of POSS vs. micropores of ZIF-67 gave rise to a reverse click reaction, reforming octavinyl POSS isolated on the outer surface of the Co complex, which could be further modified by a phosphorous flame retardant using an addition reaction. The obtained MPOFs-P with 2 wt % loading in epoxy resin could improve the limiting oxygen index value of the composites to 27.0% and pass the V-0 rating in the UL-94 test. Meanwhile, the peaks of the heat release rate and especially the total smoke production were reduced by 46.6 and 25.2%, respectively. The robust char layer reduces the emission of toxic gas CO by 39.8%. The above epoxy product with promising flame retardancy also improved mechanical properties, thanks to the filler with a unique nanostructure. The ingenious work offers enlightenment for the hybridization method of MOFs and POSS to fabricate a multielement flame-retardant system for epoxy resin with high efficacy.

Space division multiplexing elastic optical network (SDM-EON) enables high-capacity transmission, in which the network nodes should provide high switching flexibility while limiting the complexity and costs of nodes. Architecture on demand (AoD) nodes can meet these requirements but the slow configuration time of optical backplane in AoD nodes makes it difficult to serve latency-sensitive requests. In this paper, we propose a hybrid optical backplane based on micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) and semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) switches to provide fast configuration time for AoD nodes. Moreover, we propose quantitative measures of node switching flexibility in SDM-EONs and of link configuration speed in AoD nodes. Based on the hybrid backplane architecture and the measurement approaches, we propose a flexibility and fragmentation aware routing, spectrum and core allocation algorithm and an AoD synthesis algorithm. Simulation results show that the hybrid AoD nodes with support of spatial lane change can reduce network blocking probability. The AoD based on this hybrid backplane structure can improve the network performance by 32.8% compared to the AoD based on the traditional MEMS. Compared with traditional reconfigurable optical add/drop multiplexers (ROADMs), the hybrid AoD nodes can control the number of wavelength selective switch (WSS) ports.

Soft tissue sarcoma (STS) is one of the rarest but most aggressive cancer. It is important to note that intratumoral hypoxia and tumor microenvironment (TME) infiltration play a significant role in the growth and therapeutic resistance of STS. The goal of this study was therefore to determine whether linking hypoxia-related parameters to TME cells could provide a more accurate prediction of prognosis and therapeutic response. An analysis of 109 hypoxia-related genes and 64 TME cells was conducted in STS. Hypoxia-TME classifier was constructed based on 6 hypoxia prognostic genes and 8 TME cells. As a result, we evaluated the prognosis, tumor, and immune characteristics, as well as the effectiveness of therapies in Hypoxia-TME-defined subgroups. The Lowplus group showed a better prognosis and therapeutic response than any other subgroup. It is possible to unravel these differences based on immune-related molecules and somatic mutations in tumors. Further validation of Hypoxia-TME was done in an additional cohort of 225 STS patients. Additionally, we identified five key genes through differential analysis and RT-qPCR, namely, ACSM5, WNT7B, CA9, MMP13, and RAC3, which could be targeted for therapy. As a whole, the Hypoxia-TME classifier demonstrated a pretreatment predictive value for prognosis and therapeutic outcome, providing new approaches to therapy strategizing for patients.

To investigate the neural mechanisms underlying the association between poorer working memory performance and higher body mass index (BMI) in children. We employed structural-(sMRI) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) with a 2-back working memory task to examine brain abnormalities and their associations with BMI and working memory performance in 232 children with overweight/obesity (OW/OB) and 244 normal weight children (NW) from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development dataset. OW/OB had lower working memory accuracy, which was associated with higher BMI. They showed smaller gray matter (GM) volumes in the left superior frontal gyrus (SFG_L), dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, medial orbital frontal cortex, and medial superior frontal gyrus, which were associated with lower working memory accuracy. During the working memory task, OW/OB relative to NW showed weaker activation in the left superior temporal pole, amygdala, insula, and bilateral caudate. In addition, caudate activation mediated the relationship between higher BMI and lower working memory accuracy. Higher BMI is associated with smaller GM volumes and weaker brain activation in regions involved with working memory. Task-related caudate dysfunction may account for lower working memory accuracy in children with higher BMI.

The inframammary approach is one of the most commonly used incisions in breast augmentation. There are many suture methods for inframammary incisions; however, no one method has proven optimal. We modified the traditional three-layer suture method according to the inframammary fold (IMF) cadaver dissection results. This study aims to investigate whether using a modified suture method can improve postoperative outcomes.Cadaver dissections were performed in order to clarify the anatomy of the IMF. From June 2013 to December 2017, a retrospective study of primary breast augmentation patients subjected to the inframammary approach was conducted. Patients were divided into two cohorts: the traditional suture method and the modified suture method. The patient's demographics, specifics of breast augmentation procedures, complications, and scar assessment were analyzed. Univariate and multivariable analyses were used to determine differences between the two cohorts.One hundred eighty-four patients were included: 75 patients were subjected to the traditional suture method, and 109 patients were subjected to the modified suture method. Wound-related adverse events (p = 0.026) and IMF-indented scarring (p = 0.014) were significantly different between the two groups. Multivariable analysis showed that the suture method was the most influential factor related to IMF-indented scarring (OR = 16.9), followed by BMI (OR = 2.9).We defined a new suture method for the inframammary incision in primary breast augmentation. This modified suture method reduces the occurrence of wound-related adverse events and IMF-indented scarring.

Background and Objective: Emerging studies on the predictive value of Small Nucleolar RNA Host Gene 7 (SNHG7) in human neoplasms give evidence of the association of SNHG7 with the human tumor. However, whether SNHG7 can be utilized as a biomarker for carcinoma is still unknown. Therefore, this meta-analysis is aimed to assess the possibility of SNHG7 serving as a tumor biomarker. Material and Methods: 11 studies involving 814 cancer patients were retrieved from several databases, including PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, and Web of Science from 1950 to Dec 27, 2019. Data on patient survival and several clinicopathological features were extracted and analyzed. Results: Evident association between SNHG7 expression and poor Overall Survival (OS) was demonstrated (HR=1.84, 95% CI: 1.42-2.37) and high SNHG7 level was markedly correlated with tumor size (OR=2.01, 95% CI: 1.27-3.19), advanced clinical grade (III/IV) (OR=3.90, 95% CI: 2.63-5.80), Lymphatic Metastasis (LM) (OR=4.53, 95% CI: 2.71-7.55), and Distant Metastasis (DM) (OR=3.52, 95% CI: 2.58-4.80), except age and gender. Subgroup analysis showed that the predictive value of SNHG7 was consistent regardless of follow-up months, tumor location and sample size. Additionally, data from the R2 database also confirmed this association (p < 0.05). Publication bias was evaluated using Begg’s and Egger’s test. Conclusion: SNHG7 could serve for a promising biomarker to predict prognosis, progression and metastasis of human solid cancer.

Objective To evaluate the risk of bleeding in elderly patients undergoing early hip fracture surgery with/without clopidogrel administration. Methods This was a retrospective study, and patients over 65 years with fresh hip fracture were enrolled. For the patients taking clopidogrel, early surgical treatment was performed without 5–7 days waiting time. The patients were divided into groups according to their fracture type and the surgical method. Within each fracture/surgery group, the patients were further divided into subgroups according to whether they had clopidogrel administration. The patients' age, gender, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score, hemoglobin level at admission, and the time from admission to surgery were compared in the different groups. The bleeding outcomes, such as intraoperative blood loss and blood transfusion status, as well as secondary outcomes, such as operation duration and length of hospital stay, were also compared in these groups. Results There were no statistically significant differences in patients' baseline characteristics and outcomes, including intraoperative blood loss, blood transfusion rate, operation duration and length of hospital stay, between the clopidogrel‐administrated patients and the control patients. However, the percentage of patients taking general anesthesia was significantly higher in clopidogrel group than that in control group (P = 0.01). Similar intraoperative blood loss was found in the subgroups of hemi‐hip replacement, internal fixation for intertrochanteric fracture of the femur (fracture type A1‐2, short pin), and internal fixation of femoral neck fracture with cannulated nails. For the internal fixation of femoral neck fracture with cannulated nails, the blood loss is significantly less in both subgroups than that with other two surgical methods. Moreover, the total hip arthroplasty, with the highest bleeding risk among all the surgical methods involved, was rarely chosen to treat geriatric hip fracture in this study. Conclusion This study indicated that compared with patients without clopidogrel administration, elderly patients with hip fractures who receive clopidogrel as long‐term anti‐platelet therapy are relatively safe for surgery in less than 5–7 days after discontinuation of clopidogrel., Our study evaluated the risk of bleeding in elderly patients undergoing early hip fracture surgery with/without clopidogrel administration. Compared with patients without clopidogrel administration, elderly patients with hip fractures who receive clopidogrel as long‐term anti‐platelet therapy are relatively safe for surgery in less than 5–7 days after discontinuation of clopidogrel.

We recently showed that NOTUM, a liver-secreted Wnt inhibitor, can acutely promote browning of white adipose. We now report studies of chronic overexpression of NOTUM in liver indicating that it protects against diet-induced obesity and improves glucose homeostasis in mice. Adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors were used to overexpress GFP or mouse Notum in the livers of male C57BL/6J mice and the mice were fed an obesifying diet. After 14 weeks of high fat, high sucrose diet feeding, the AAV-Notum mice exhibited decreased obesity and improved glucose tolerance compared to the AAV-GFP mice. Gene expression and immunoblotting analysis of the inguinal fat and brown fat revealed increased expression of beige/brown adipocyte markers in the AAV-Notum group, suggesting enhanced thermogenic capacity by NOTUM. A β3 adrenergic receptor agonist-stimulated lipolysis test suggested increased lipolysis capacity by NOTUM. The levels of collagen and C–C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) in the epididymal white adipose tissue of the AAV-Notum mice were significantly reduced, suggesting decreased fibrosis and inflammation, respectively. RNA sequencing analysis of inguinal white adipose of 4-week chow diet-fed mice revealed a highly significant enrichment of extracellular matrix (ECM) functional cluster among the down-regulated genes in the AAV-Notum group, suggesting a potential mechanism contributing to improved glucose homeostasis. Our in vitro studies demonstrated that recombinant human NOTUM protein blocked the inhibitory effects of WNT3A on brown adipocyte differentiation. Furthermore, NOTUM attenuated WNT3A’s effects on upregulation of TGF-β signaling and its downstream targets. Overall, our data suggest that NOTUM modulates adipose tissue function by promoting thermogenic capacity and inhibiting fibrosis through inhibition of Wnt signaling.

Objective To highlight the characteristics of the most highly cited articles and propose the research interests over the past decades in the field of femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) and labral tear. Methods The ISI Web of Science database (Clarivate Analytics, New York, the United States) was utilized for the identification of articles on 15 December 2020. FAI and labral tear‐related articles (1138 articles) were retrieved, of which the 100 most‐cited articles (top 100) were identified. Subsequent analysis included citation density (citations/article age), authorship, institution, journal, geographic distribution, level of evidence, and theme. Results The number of citations per article ranged from 66 to 1189 with a mean of 163.31. The majority of articles were published in the United States (all articles/top 100 = 655/57) and Switzerland (85/22). University of Bern (n = 10) was the most prolific institution. The journal with the most of articles was Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic and Related Surgery. The most prolific coauthor (all articles) or first authors (top 100) was Domb (n = 109) and Philippon (n = 6), respectively. The evidence with the most articles is level IV (n = 41). The top three most popular topics of research article were outcomes of surgery (n = 23), imaging diagnosis (n = 18), and comparison of surgery (n = 8). The top four most prevalent themes of review were labral tears (n = 3), FAI (n = 3), comparison of surgery imaging diagnosis, and outcomes of surgery (both n = 2). Six keywords with the newest average publication year, including FAI syndrome (average publication year = 2019.50), patient‐reported outcomes (2019.43), femoroplasty (2018.60), clinical outcomes (2018.17), borderline dysplasia (2018.00), and capsule (2018.00). Five keywords with the highest average citations, including outcome (average citations = 88.50), alpha angle (58.00), complications (55.86), revision hip arthroscopy (49.00), and systematic review (46.14). Conclusions Outcomes research is the most popular research interest and patient‐reported outcome instruments might be further and widely used in the emerging articles in the near future. The field of FAI and labral tear has shown an obvious trend of development and is steadily evolving. It could be predicted that there will be an increasing number of publications in the following years, with the United States and Switzerland maintaining leadership in this field., The most popular topic of research article in the 100 most‐cited articles were outcomes of surgery. Patient‐reported outcomes is the keyword of all articles with the newest average publication year rather than femoroacetabular impingement syndrome in the field of FAI and labral tear.

Metal anodizations have attracted much attention, but the formation mechanisms of the porous anodic oxides are still unclear. Compared with the Ti anodization, the anodization of Zr is relatively less studied. In order to compare the anodizing processes of Ti and Zr, a comparative study of Ti and Zr was carried out under the different voltages of anodizing process in the same mixed electrolyte of ammonium fluoride and phosphate acid. It was found that the structure and morphology of their nanotubes were very different. The anodizing curve of Ti showed a state of constant current. However, the anodizing curve of Zr did not show the state of constant current and ZrO2 nanotubes were still formed. This indicates that there is no equilibrium between oxide growth and dissolution in the anodization. TiO2 nanotubes show an orderly array of nanotubes, but ZrO2 nanotubes have three kinds of composite structures: nanoflower, nanotube and dense films. By comparing the great difference of current-time curves between the two anodizing processes, the composite structure of ZrO2 nanotubes are interpreted reasonably by combining electronic current theory and oxygen bubble mold.