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Matrix-type certified reference materials (CRMs) prepared from real environmental samples are used to ensure the reliability of environmental analyses and the comparability of results from different laboratories. Internationally, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in the USA, the Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements (IRMM) of the Joint Research Centre (JRC) in the European Union, and the UK Laboratory of the Government Chemist (LGC) have developed sediment CRMs for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs). Although some matrix-type CRMs are available for the quantification of PAHs in sediment and soils, their PAH contamination is mostly at the mg/kg level. Thus, they are not suitable for the QA of analyses of PAHs at the μg/kg level. In China, by restricting preparative techniques and value-assignment techniques of natural matrix CRMs, no CRMs of PAHs in sediment have been developed. Therefore, based on the foreign research experience, CRMs of PAHs in river sediment have been developed for Chinese environmental monitoring and scientific research. A method for developing CRMs of PAHs in sediment is described in this paper. Sediment sample was collected from Songhua River, and air-dried, ground, homogenized and sterilized. A good homogeneity was obtained by the testing for 16 kinds of PAHs from 15 units selected by a random stratified scheme covering the whole batch, and 3 sub-samples were analyzed in each unit. At 30℃ without direct sunlight, the concentrations of 16 PAHs were not changed during monitoring period of 16 months. Based on the results from difference analytical techniques including Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry and Reversed-phase Liquid Chromatography by 11 collaborating laboratories, reference values for 14 PAHs are given, and reference values for 2 PAHs are in the range of 6.9-158 μg/kg. Expanded uncertainty of each PAH is 1.5-25 μg/kg. Since the values of PAHs in the CRM are much lower than those in other CRMs and are comparable to the actual PAHs content in sediment or soil, the CRMs are suitable for PAH monitoring in sediment and soil samples and method validation.

Toxicological studies have shown that available heavy metals is critical for risk assessment purpose since their transformations and potential toxicity depends, not only on total content, but also on the special chemical forms of the heavy metals. It is very difficult to measure heavy metals in soil by direct instrumental analysis due to the low contents of avalaible metals in soil samples and interference components. In the present paper, a novel procedure was proposed for the determination of available cobalt in soils by flame atomic absorption spectrometry with Cloud Point Extraction (CPE). In the proposed approach, 0.1 mol/L hydrochloric acid (HCl) was used as the extraction agent and methyl red as a chelating agent, with Triton X-114 being selected as the surfactant. The method improved the selectivity and sensitivity of determination. Under optimized conditions, the linear range is from 0.10 to 2.00 μg/mL, the detection limit is 0.03 μg/mL, the recoveries of the procedure ranged from 94.0% to 104.0%, and the relative standard deviation is 3.3% (ρ=0.5 μg/mL,n=9). It was found that the proportion of available cobalt is very different in soils from different areas. The contents of available heavy metals better reflected the information concerning the migration ability of heavy metals in soil, occurrence status and risk assessment.

Problem China continues to face challenges in eliminating mother-to-child transmission of human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV), syphilis and hepatitis B virus (HBV). Approach In 2010, a programme that integrated and standardized prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) efforts for HIV, syphilis and HBV was implemented In 1156 counties. At participating antenatal care clinics, pregnant women were offered all three tests concurrently and free of charge. Further Interventions such as free treatment, prophylaxis and testing for mothers and their children were provided for HIV and syphilis. Local setting China's national PMTCT HIV programme started in 2003, at which time there were no national programmes for perinatal syphilis and HBV. In 2009, the rate of maternal-to-child transmission of HIV was 8.1% (57/702). Reported congenital syphilis was 60.8 per 100000 live births. HBV Infection was 7.2% of the overall population infected. Relevant changes Between 2010 and 2013 the number of pregnant women attending antenatal care clinics with integrated PMTCT services increased from 5.5 million to 13.1 million. In 2013, 12.7 million pregnant women were tested for HIV, .12.6 million for syphilis and 12.7 million for HBV. Mother-to-child transmission of HIV fell to 6.7% In 2013. Data on syphilis transmission are not yet available. Lessons learnt Integrated PMTCT services proved to be feasible and effective, and they are now part of the routine maternal and child health services provided to infected women. The services are provided through a collaboration between maternal and child health clinics, the national and local Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and general hospitals. Probleme La Chine est toujours confrontee a des difficultes dans l'elimination de la transmission mere-enfant du virus de l'immunodeficience humaine (VIH), de la syphilis et du virus de l'hepatite B (VHB). Approche En 2010, un programme qui integrait et harmonisait les efforts de la prevention de la transmission mere-enfant (PTME) pour le VIH, la syphilis et le VHB, a ete mis en oeuvre dans 1156 pays. Au moment de beneficier de soins prenatals, les femmes enceintes se sont vues proposer l'ensemble des trois tests en meme temps et gratuitement. Des interventions supplementaires telles que le traitement gratuit, la prophylaxie et le depistage pour les meres et leurs enfants, ont ete incluses dans le programme. Environnement local Le programme national chinois de PTME pour le VIH a debute en 2003, au moment ou il n'y avait encore aucun programme pour le depistage perinatal de la syphilis et du VHB. En 2009, le taux de transmission mere-enfant pour le VIH etait de 8,1% (57/702). Le nombre de cas de syphilis congenital signales s'elevait a 60,8 pour 100 000 naissances vivantes. Letauxd'infection par le VHB etait de 7,2% de l'ensemble de la population infectee. Changements significatifs Entre 2010 et 2013, le nombre de femmes enceintes beneficiant de soins prenatals avec des services de PTME integres a augmente de 5,5 millions a 13,1 millions. En 2013, 12,7 millions de femmes enceintes ont ete testees pour le VIH, 12,6 millions pour la syphilis et 12,7 millions pour le VHB. La transmission mere-enfant pour le VIH a chute a 6,7% en 2013. Lecons tirees Les services de PTME integree ont montre leur faisabilite et leur efficacite. Ils font maintenant partie des pratiques courantes des services de soins maternels et pediatriques proposees aux femmes infectees. Ces services sont proposes en collaboration avec les cliniques de sante, les centres nationaux et locaux pour le controle et la prevention des maladies et les hopitaux generaux. Situacion China sigue haciendo frente a desafios en la eliminacion de la transmision maternoinfantil del virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH), la sifilis y el virus de la hepatitis B (VHB). Enfoque En 2010 se puso en marcha en 1156 condados un programa que integraba y estandarizaba los esfuerzos de prevencion de la transmision maternoinfantil (PTMI) para el VIH, la sifilis y el VHB. En las clinicas de atencion prenatal que participaron se ofrecieron a las mujeres embarazadas las tres pruebas al mismo tiempo y de forma gratuita. El programa Incluyo otras intervenciones como el tratamiento gratuito, profilaxis y pruebas para las madres y sus hijos. Marco regional El programa nacional de PTMI del VIH en China comenzo en 2003, momento en el que no habia ningun programa nacional para la sifilis y elVHB perinatales. En 2009, la tasa de transmision maternoinfantil del VIH fue del 8,1% (57/702). La sifilis congenita notificada fue de 60,8 por cada 100 000 nacidos vivos, y la Infeccion por el VHB fue del 7,2% de la poblacion general infectada. Cambios importantes Entre 2010 y 2013, el numero de mujeres embarazadas que asistieron a clinicas de atencion prenatal con servicios integrados de PTMI aumento de 5 450 000 a 13 070 000. En 2013, 12 720 000 mujeres embarazadas se sometieron a la prueba del VIH, 12 600 000 a la prueba de la sifilis y 12 730 000 a la del VHB. La transmision maternoinfantil del VIH se redujo al 6,7% en 2013. Lecciones aprendidas La PTMI integrada demostro ser factible y eficaz, y ha pasado a formar parte de los servicios rutinarios de salud maternoinfantil que se proporcionan a las mujeres Infectadas. Se ofrece a traves de una colaboracion entre las clinicas, los Centros para el Control y la Prevencion de Enfermedades locales y nacionales y los hospitales generales., Introduction The World Health Organization (WHO) has called for integrated action to eliminate new paediatric human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and congenital syphilis by 2015. (1,2) However, in 2009, mother-to-child [...]

Interleukin 37 (IL‐37), a member of the IL‐1 family, is considered a suppressor of innate and adaptive immunity and, hence is a regulator of tumor immunity. However, the specific molecular mechanism and role of IL‐37 in skin cancer remain unclear. Here, we report that IL‐37b‐transgenic mice (IL‐37tg) treated with the carcinogenic 7,12‐dimethylbenzoanthracene (DMBA)/12‐o‐tetradecylphorbol‐13‐acetate (TPA) exhibited enhanced skin cancer and increased tumor burden in the skin by inhibiting the function of CD103+ dendritic cells (DCs). Notably, IL‐37 induced rapid phosphorylation of adenosine 5'‐monophosphate (AMP)‐activated protein kinase (AMPK), and via single immunoglobulin IL‐1‐related receptor (SIGIRR), inhibited the long‐term Akt activation. Specifically, by affecting the SIGIRR‐AMPK‐Akt signaling axis, which is related to the regulation of glycolysis in CD103+DCs, IL‐37 inhibited their anti‐tumor function. Our results show that a marked correlation between the CD103+DC signature (IRF8, FMS‐like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand, CLEC9A, CLNK, XCR1, BATF3, and ZBTB46) and chemokines C‐X‐C motif chemokine ligand 9, CXCL10, and CD8A in a mouse model with DMBA/TPA‐induced skin cancer. In a word, our results highlight that IL‐37 as an inhibitor of tumor immune surveillance through modulating CD103+DCs and establishing an important link between metabolism and immunity as a therapeutic target for skin cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

C22H28Mn2N8O6, triclinic, P1̅ (no. 2), a = 7.2827(15) Å, b = 8.6433(17) Å, c = 11.410(2) Å, α = 98.58(3)°, β = 96.15(3)°, γ = 107.67(3)°, V = 667.8(2) Å3, Z = 1, Rgt(F) = 0.0414, wRref(F2) = 0.0972, T = 293(2) K.

Simple geometric attacks could destroy watermark or its position,causing the failure of most watermarking algorithm.A geometrically synchronous watermarking algorithm robust based on the corner feature was proposed.In this paper,the feature point was detected on the normalization of the image to resist geometric attack;the combination of Harris and MIC corner detected algorithm was utilized to extract steady corner based on analyzing the advantages and disadvantages of the two algorithm;the watermarking information was statistic embed in the shape of rings instead of changing the simply one pixel.Sufficient experiments demonstrate the robustness of this approach,especially in resisting geometry attack such as RST（rotation,scaling and translation）.