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Refraction is a procedure of major importance in the practice of ophthalmology. The majority of all patients who consult the ophthalmologist do so because of refractive errors the proper correction of which relieves them of symptoms of ocular distress. It is well known, too, that refractive errors may be etiologically important when symptoms seem to indicate extraocular or intraocular disease. Thus in numerous instances symptoms of apparent muscle imbalance, psychogenic disorder or involvement of the central nervous system can be correctly evaluated only after existing refractive conditions have been thoroughly considered.The numerous and diverse methods used for refraction may be divided into two general groups: the subjective and the objective. The first involves the use of visual acuity charts, trial lenses etc., and depends on the patient's judgment of his visual capacity with different lens combinations. Objective methods of refraction employ such instruments as the retinoscope and the ophthalmometer

CONGENITAL arteriovenous aneurysm of the retina is a developmental anomaly of rare occurrence. The complexity of the retinal changes varies greatly, as does the symptomatology. The essential feature of the ophthalmoscopic picture is a communication between an artery and a vein. This may be duplicated a number of times, with pronounced dilatation of the intervening capillary system. A great increase in the size, shape, number, and tortuosity of the retinal blood vessels may also be encountered. It is impossible in many cases to decide where the dividing line between vein and artery should be drawn. Frequently it is difficult to ascertain whether a vessel is an artery or a vein. The visual acuity is often severely reduced but may be normal. In general there is no progression of the anomaly.Involvement of the retinal vessels alone, without vascular malformation elsewhere, may occur. The possibility of coexistent arteriovenous aneurysm or vascular

The article focuses on the book "Inside Russia Today," by John Gunther. Gunther has some useful things to say about war and peace and coexistence, and he makes some important points in his discussion of the attitudes of some Asian and Middle Eastern countries towards the Soviet Union. Gunther's book is incomparably better than the average travelogue and popular political survey of 1938 or 1948. But it is more ambitious too; it sets out not merely to describe what the author saw or heard but to explore the new Russia with all its contradictions and fascinating complexities and to provide answers to many questions arising of the recent history of the Soviet Union.

The article focuses on several issues related to international relations. What one have lately observed in the Middle East, from the proclamation of the Eisenhower doctrine to the internal struggle in Jordan, have had vivid repercussions in the Soviet Union. In the beginning at least, the Eisenhower doctrine was taken extremely seriously. International Life, the Soviet periodical devoted to the study of foreign affairs, dealt with this topic in countless articles, leaving the general impression that the Soviet Union faced a very clever and highly dangerous attempt by American imperialism to establish its political hegemony over the Middle East. Only an agreement between West and East could now allay Middle Eastern tensions and remove the danger of a new war. But from the Soviet point of view, the Middle East is the area where such agreement is least desirable. The Soviets may compromise in Europe and elsewhere. But in the Middle East, it is different. There, they feel certain, time works for them.

The article discusses the political situation in Egypt. There are indications that the U.S., like Great Britain, has become sufficiently disturbed by recent actions of Colonel Gamal Abdel Nasser to think twice before investing too much confidence in Egypt as an ally. During the last 12 or 18 months Nasser and his colleagues have had several important successes. Egypt at the present stage of its development is "unappeasable"--to use a harsh word. Western collaboration with countries like India, Burma or Ceylon is possible and indeed highly desirable.

Focuses on the presence of Germanophobia, or the fear of Germans, in Polish thought. Protests caused by the paper shortage among the intelligentsia, prompted by the alleged use of the shortage by the authorities as a pretext for tightening up literary censorship; Lack of freedom from the Germans felt by the Poles; Attitude shown by the Poles during the celebrations held to mark the 20th anniversary of the uprising in the Warsaw ghetto.

Offers a look at the status of government and politics in Poland as of June 29, 1963. Description of the capital city of Warsaw; Political factions within the country's ruling Communist Party; Speculation on which faction is sided with party leader Wladislaw Gomulka; Status of the country's relations with the Soviet Union; Influence of the Catholic Church in Poland.

Presents updates on politics in West Africa as of January 19, 1963. Censorship of foreign correspondents in West Africa; Political rivalry between the North and South Nigerian population; Claim that the main problem facing the government will be the unemployed school dropouts from the villages; Views that Ghana's intelligentsia's discontent is expressed in radical pan-Africanism; Overview of contradictory topics reported by the press in Ghana.

Offers an insight into the life of people in Moscow, Soviet Union. Impact of Moscow taxi drivers on the formation of public opinion in the West; Establishment of institution of family; Developments in the social and economic field in Moscow; Changes in dresses and accessories of men and women; Influence of foreign visitors on natives; Situation of customer service in the country.

Focuses on the foreign relationship between the Soviet Union and China. Role of Russian Premier Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev in the Sino-Indian dispute; Policy of Chinese magazines toward Khrushchev; Overview of the growing dissension between two countries.

Presents letters to the editor referencing articles and topics discussed in previous issues. Suggestion that a neutral Great Britain could draw up a comprehensive draft treaty between the Soviet Union and the U.S., which should aim at giving no net advantage to either side; Feedback of a reader on the article "Soviet American Relations," by Walter Z. Laqueur that was published in February 27; Response of readers on comments made by writer James Gatsby on their article "Soviet American Relations"; Comment of a reader on an article by Leo Hertzel related denunciations of educationdom.