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A single‐column coupled physical and biological model based on the North Pacific Ecosystem Model for Understanding Regional Oceanography (NEMURO) with nitrogen and silicon cycles is adapted for the Bay of Bengal (BoB) environment. The model simulated plankton biomass and nutrients along the track of Bio‐Argos over East and West BoB (from 2016 to 2017) are validated with the observations. The model reasonably simulates the perennial structure of subsurface chlorophyll maximum (SCM). Further, three experiments are carried out to know the limitations in primary and secondary production in terms of nitrogen (NO3 + NH4) and silicate (Si(OH)4) in the open ocean BoB. In a "no‐NO3"experiment, the nitrate limiting term [that is, NO3/(NO3 + KNO3)] is set to zero so that the difference from the control case gives the role of "regenerated production" in the total primary and secondary production. Similarly, a no‐NH4 experiment was conducted to infer the role of "new production." The new (regenerated) production fuels 85 ± 1% (28 ± 6%) of the living biomass in the East part of open ocean BoB (East BoB). The corresponding values for the west part (West BoB) are 86 ± 1% (42 ± 2%). Among the primary producers, the new (regenerated) production contributed 72 ± 1% (24 ± 6%) in the East BoB and 74 ± 1% (37 ± 2%) in the West BoB. The silicate limits the diatom production by 46% ± 22% (45% ± 27%) of the actual amount of diatom in the East BoB (West BoB) diatom. Surface to 60 m depth, we observed severe nitrate limitation over East BoB and equal limitation of nitrate and silicate over West BoB from June to September; the remaining months suffered from moderate nitrate limitation in both regions. This study shows that nitrate appears to be a limiting nutrient compared to silicate at the surface of both East and West BoB. Since silicicline is deeper than nitracline, silicate is the potential limiting nutrient in BoB from 65 to 105 m depth in all seasons. Plain Language Summary: We adopted a medium complex single‐column coupled ecosystem model called NEMURO to the Bay of Bengal (BoB) environment. The model simulated the timely progression of the 13 state variables; these variables represent two functional groups of phytoplankton (such as flagellates and diatoms), three groups of zooplankton (e.g., ciliates, copepods, and euphausiids) and three types of nutrients (such as nitrate, ammonium, and silicate), dissolved and particulate matter. The model simulated primary hydrographic parameters, such as temperature, salinity, and plankton biomass, which were validated using bio‐Argos and ship observations. The model examines the nitrogen and silicate limitation over primary and secondary production. We found that at the surface, nitrate is the potential limiting nutrient with variable intensity for the entire season over East and West BoB; at intermediate levels of 65–105 m, silicate is the limiting nutrient. Further, we also quantified the nitrogen (nitrate and ammonium) and silicate contribution for plankton photosynthesis by conducting a few experiments. Key Points: The new production is responsible for 85 ± 1% (86 ± 1%) of living biomass in the East Bay of Bengal (BoB) (West BoB)The silicate limits the diatom production by 46% ± 22% (45% ± 27%) of the actual amount of diatom in the East BoB (West BoB)From surface to 60 m depth, severe nitrate limitation seen in East BoB, and equal limitation of nitrate and silicate in West BoB from June to September [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hybrid ion capacitors (HICs) have aroused extreme interest due to their combined characteristics of energy and power densities. The performance of HICs lies hidden in the electrode materials used for the construction of battery and supercapacitor components. The hunt is always on to locate the best material in terms of cost‐effectiveness and overall optimized performance characteristics. Functionalized biomass‐derived porous carbons (FBPCs) possess exquisite features including easy synthesis, wide availability, high surface area, large pore volume, tunable pore size, surface functional groups, a wide range of morphologies, and high thermal and chemical stability. FBPCs have found immense use as cathode, anode and dual electrode materials for HICs in the recent literature. The current review is designed around two main concepts which include the synthesis and properties of FBPCs followed by their utilization in various types of HICs. Among monovalent HICs, lithium, sodium, and potassium, are given comprehensive attention, whereas zinc is the only multivalent HIC that is focused upon due to corresponding literature availability. Special attention is also provided to the critical factors that govern the performance of HICs. The review concludes by providing feasible directions for future research in various aspects of FBPCs and their utilization in HICs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted the mental and physical well-being of individuals globally, with university students being particularly susceptible to mental health issues. Factors such as the transition to adulthood, economic hardships, and academic responsibilities, compounded by pandemic-related disruptions like lockdowns and remote learning, have elevated stress levels and altered daily routines. The pandemic has given rise to post-traumatic stress symptoms in certain individuals, including university students which may contribute to the emergence of emotional eating or adopting unhealthy eating patterns as a coping mechanism, leading to excessive consumption or unhealthy dietary choices. This review aims to investigate the influence of COVID-19 restrictions on eating disorders among university students and identifying the contributing factors. Out of 59 identified articles, 10 met the inclusion criteria, involving 23,542 participants (70.2 % women, 29.35 % men, 0.42 % gender fluid/undisclosed). The lockdown led to increased prevalence and severity of eating disorders among university students, particularly in women. The review highlights a notable increase in eating disorders among university students during the COVID-19 pandemic. Mental health issues, reduced physical activity, and economic stress were significant contributors to this trend, with women being disproportionately affected. To mitigate the impact of future pandemics or similar disruptions, universities should implement early screening, provide mental health counseling, virtual support groups, nutritional guidance, and opportunities for physical activity. Encouraging students to seek professional help is crucial for managing mental health and eating habits in such scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to study the changes in the Indian Ocean seawater pH in response to the changes in sea‐surface temperature, sea‐surface salinity, dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), and total alkalinity (ALK) over the period 1980–2019 and its driving mechanisms using a high‐resolution regional model outputs. The analysis indicates that the rate of change of declining pH in the Arabian Sea (AS), the Bay of Bengal (BoB), and the Equatorial Indian Ocean (EIO) is −0.014 ± $\pm $ 0.002, −0.014 ± $\pm $ 0.001, and −0.015 ± $\pm $ 0.001 unit dec−1, respectively. Both in AS and BoB (EIO), the highest (lowest) decadal DIC trend is found during 2000–2009. The surface acidification rate has accelerated throughout the IO region during 2010–2019 compared to the previous decades. Further, our analysis indicates that El Ninõ and positive Indian Ocean Dipole events lead to an enhancement of the Indian Ocean acidification. The increasing anthropogenic CO2 uptake by the ocean dominantly controls 80% (94.5% and 85.7%) of the net pH trend (1980–2019) in AS (BoB and EIO), whereas ocean warming controls 14.4% (13.4% and 7.0%) of pH trends in AS (BoB and EIO). The changes in ALK contribute to enhancing the pH trend of AS by 5.0%. ALK dominates after DIC in the EIO and, similar to the AS, contributes to increasing the negative pH trend by 10.7%. In contrast, it has a buffering effect in the BoB, suppressing the pH trend by −5.4%. Plain Language Summary: The oceans play a significant role in regulating the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere. The increasing oceanic uptake of CO2 counterbalances the increase in atmospheric CO2. This uptake has a considerable impact on marine biogeochemistry, leading to pH and alkalinity imbalances in the water column, commonly referred to as ocean acidification. In an acidic ocean, excess CO2 reacts with seawater to form carbonic acid, which is highly unstable and undergoes further reduction by releasing hydrogen ions (H+) and acidifying the seawater (reduces the pH). Several studies have projected a decline of upper ocean pH by 0.3–0.4 by the end of the 21st century, which has the potential to reduce oceanic biological production considerably. The number of available observations to study Indian Ocean acidification is limited. There is a critical need to understand the status of Indian Ocean acidification and identify its key drivers. This article consolidates the current level of understanding about the Indian Ocean acidification based on the available field observations, reconstructed data sets, and model simulations. Key Points: The Indian Ocean pH is decreasing at an average rate of 0.015 dec−1 from 1980 to 2019The trend of dissolved inorganic carbon primarily drives an increasing ocean acidification trend in the Indian OceanEl Ninõ and positive Indian Ocean Dipole events lead to an enhancement of the Indian Ocean acidification [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]