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The article was published with incorrect scale bars in Figure 2. This correction stands to correct the scale bars for Fig. 2 as follows: a–d, g, j—10 mm; e, f, i—1 mm; h—5 mm; k—3 mm as provided here. The original article has been corrected.

The last solar cycle has presented a peculiarly long quiet phase with consequent minimum modulation conditions for cosmic rays. The proton and electron spectra were measured from July 2006 to December 2009 by PAMELA experiment, providing fundamental information about the transport and modulation of cosmic rays inside the heliosphere. These studies allow to obtain a more complete description of the cosmic radiation. In this picture the time dependence of the helium spectrum become very important to constrain parameters of the actual solar modulation model. The crucial point for this analysis is the selection of a dataset of helium events which ensure high statistics with a very low contamination. In this paper the definition of the selection criteria for helium events with data taken from July 2006 to June 2014 by PAMELA experiment is reported.

Results of application of a stoichiographic method of differentiating dissolution (DD) to the determination of the phase composition of precursors of catalysts of CO conversion are reported. The studied samples, copper ferrite–chromites Cu(FexCr1–x)2O4 were prepared by coprecipitation, dried and calcined at different temperatures. The conditions of detection, identification, and quantitative determination of different phases in the composition of amorphous and crystalline samples of the spinel structure are presented. The results of DD and X-ray diffraction study are compared.

This paper describes the reaction of a gyrotron oscillator when a very small fraction of its radiation, extracted from the main beam, is phase-modulated in a controlled way and is finally redirected back to the gyrotron. The gyrotron may exhibit a 10 % modulation of its total power even if the reflected power is lower than 1 %. Moreover, radial probing of the beam power distribution shows that the amplitude of the power modulation differs at different radial positions across the beam.

The PAMELA experiment has been collecting data since 2006; its results indicate a rise in the positron fraction with respect to the sum of electrons and positrons in the cosmic-ray (CR) spectrum above 10 GeV. This excess can be due to additional sources, as SNRs or pulsars, which can lead to an anisotropy in the local CR positron, detectable from current experiments. We report on the analysis on spatial distributions of positron events collected by PAMELA, taking into account also the geomagnetic field effects. No significant deviation from the isotropy has been observed.

Scanning electron microscopy was used to investigate the fine morphology of the frontal filaments (FFs) in nauplial stages of the barnacles Verruca stroemia (Muller, 1776) and Hesperibalanus hesperius (Pilsbry, 1916). Changes in the FF structure in the course of development were examined. The FFs that were revealed in nauplial stage II were retained at all the subsequent nauplial stages. Small openings, which were located either apically or subapically, were found at the top of each FF in both species. In addition, the surface of an FF bears longitudinal grooves. The FFs are not separated from the body; however, each of them has a constriction at the base. In the nauplii of both species, the FFs have a wide proximal and a thin distal part. The area between the proximal and distal parts in V. stroemia has the form of a single crease; in H. hesperius, it resembles an accordion-shaped series of creases. The length ratio of the proximal/distal parts remains constant during all nauplial stages, but it varies between species. The proximal part constitutes 20–25% of the FF length in V. stroemia, while in H. hesperius the proximal and distal parts are approximately equal. The frontal filament length increases proportionally to the length of the larval body in the course of development. The possible functions of FFs as sense organs, their occurrence among the crustaceans, and possible homology with the preantennal limbs are discussed.

Despite being interrelated through the Gibbs–Duhem equation, concentration dependencies of components' chemical potentials and activities may demonstrate individuality, which is neither apparent nor intuitively anticipated. In particular, nothing is thermodynamically wrong with the activity of a component demonstrating numerous positive and negative deviations from ideality while the deviation for another component remains unisigned. Also, it is thermodynamically feasible that a plot of the chemical potential of a component vs. the mole fraction has multiple inflection points while such a plot for other component is free of undulations. Interestingly, if inflection points on these two functions exist, their abscissas do not coincide unless the second and third partial derivatives of the Gibbs energy are both equal to zero.

Low-frequency modulation of the gyrotron power at the L-2M stellarator was studied at different modes of plasma confinement. The plasma was heated at the second harmonic of the electron gyrofrequency. The effect of reflection of gyrotron radiation from the region of electron-cyclotron resonance plasma heating, as well as of backscattering of gyrotron radiation from fluctuations of the plasma density, on the modulation of the gyrotron power was investigated.

Fluctuations of the density in a transient process at electron-cyclotron heating have been measured by the methods of backscattering and small-angle scattering of gyrotron radiation by fluctuations of the plasma density. Estimates have indicated the increase and decrease in the turbulent heat fluxes at the switch-on and switch-off of additional electron-cyclotron heating, respectively. The possibility of excitation of vortices of drift waves and their relation with fast anomalous heat transport at electron-cyclotron heating has been discussed.

Metameric gill slits are mysterious structures, unique for Chordata and Hemichordata, and also, perhaps, for the extinct Cambrian Calcichordata. There is a discussed hypothesis of the gill slits origin from the metameric nephridia. According to the hypothesis, the hypothetical metameric deuterostome ancestor had in each segment a pair of coelomoducts and a pair of intestinal pockets. In the anterior segments, the coelomoducts have fused with the intestinal pockets. As a result, each nephridium opened both into the gut and into the environment. Then the dissepiments and funnels reduced in all segments except the collar one. Thus, in recent enteropneusts, only the first pair of gill slits keeps the ancestral arrangement communicating at the same time with the gut, with the environment, and with the coelom of the preceding (collar) segment. In the anterior part of the branchio-genital trunk region of enteropneusts, the metameric intestinal pockets remained, as well as the metameric coelomoducts functioning as the ducts of the metameric gonads, i.e., as the gonoducts. The consequence of the hypothesis is that the metameric gill pores originate from the metameric excreting pores, and the metameric branchial sacs originate from the metameric endodermal pockets of the gut fused with the coelomoducts. The metameric gill slits by themselves correspond with metameric openings connecting the gut with metameric intestinal pockets. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 324B: 647-652, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

The results of the application of stoichiographic method of differential dissolution (DD) to analyze mixed oxides with the perovskite-like structure are presented. The samples of Sr1Ti0.9Mg0.1O3 with the ABO3 stoichiometry of perovskite and samples of Sr2Ti0.9Mg0.1O4 with the A2BO4 stoichiometry of layered perovskite (where A = Sr2+; B = Ti4+, Mg2+) are prepared by a mechanochemical method and analyzed before and after catalytic tests. Conditions of the detection, identification, and quantitative determination of different phases in the compositions of the samples are described. The surface comppositions of the initial samples are determined by the DD method, and changes observed after the catalytic tests are noted. The DD results are compared with the powder XRD results.

The Lunar Exploration Neutron Detector (LEND) onboard the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) detects a widespread suppression of the epithermal neutron leakage flux that is coincident with the pole-facing slopes (PFS) of the Moon’s southern hemisphere. Suppression of the epithermal neutron flux is consistent with an interpretation of enhanced concentrations of hydrogen-bearing volatiles within the upper meter of the regolith. Localized flux suppression in PFS suggests that the reduced solar irradiation and lowered temperature on PFS constrains volatility to a greater extent than in surrounding regions. Epithermal neutron flux mapped with LEND’s Collimated Sensor for Epithermal Neutrons (CSETN) was analyzed as a function of slope geomorphology derived from the Lunar Orbiting Laser Altimeter (LOLA) and the results compared to co-registered maps of diurnally averaged temperature from the Diviner Lunar Radiometer Experiment and an averaged illumination map derived from LOLA. The suppression in the average south polar epithermal neutron flux on equator-facing slopes (EFS) and PFS (85–90°S) is 3.3 ± 0.04% and 4.3 ± 0.05% respectively (one-sigma-uncertainties), relative to the average count-rate in the latitude band 45–90°S. The discrepancy of 1.0 ± 0.06% between EFS and PFS neutron flux corresponds to an average of ∼23 parts-per-million-by-weight (ppmw) more hydrogen on PFS than on EFS. Results show that the detection of hydrogen concentrations on PFS is dependent on their spatial scale. Epithermal flux suppression on large scale PFS was found to be enhanced to 5.2 ± 0.13%, a discrepancy of ∼45 ppmw hydrogen relative to equivalent EFS. Enhanced poleward hydration of PFS begins between 50°S and 60°S latitude. Polar regolith temperature contrasts do not explain the suppression of epithermal neutrons on pole-facing slopes. The Supplemental on-line materials include supporting results derived from the uncollimated Lunar Prospector Neutron Spectrometer and the LEND Sensor for Epithermal Neutrons.

Searching for water in the soil of Gale Crater is one of the primary tasks for the NASA Mars Science Laboratory rover named Curiosity. The primary task of the Dynamic Albedo of Neutrons (DAN) experiment on board the rover is to investigate and qualitatively characterize the presence of water along the rover’s traverse across Gale Crater. The water depth distribution may be found from measurements of neutrons generated by the Pulsing Neutron Generator (PNG) included in the DAN instrument, scattered by the regolith and returned back to the detectors. This paper provides a description of the data processing of such measurements and data products of DAN investigation.

Contemporary concepts on a possible mechanism of erythrocyte hemolysis induced by photooxidized psoralen - the medicinal photosensitizing furocoumarin - are reviewed. The hypothesis on the mechanochemical mechanism of hemolysis is considered in view of recent data on photoinduced aggregation in photooxidized psoralen solutions. Appropriate chemical structures of photoproduct hemolysins and aggregating photoproducts are discussed.

The origin of the Bilateria and reconstruction of the last common bilaterian ancestor (LCA) are fundamental problems in zoology, including the question whether the LCA was a coelomic creature or not? Insight into the nature of the LCA might be obtained by investigating the coelomic system of poorly studied bilaterians. The Brachiopoda is a relict group of marine invertebrates whose anatomy has been seldom studied with modern methods. For most brachiopods, the coelomic system has been described as bipartite, i.e., as consisting of two parts: the lophophore coelom and trunk coelom. In the present report, a tripartite coelomic system is described for the first time in adult brachiopods, the linguliform Lingula anatina . In addition to a lophophoral and trunk coelom, L. anatina has a preoral coelom. The protocoel is located at the base of the epistome and has its own lining, which consists of non-muscular monociliated epithelial cells connected by desmosomes and tight junctions. Among brachiopods there are two types of the coelom: bipartite and tripartite. The same is known in phoronids and bryozoans (=ectoprocts). These three phyla – brachiopoda, phoronida, and bryozoa – are traditionally united into clade called lophophorata. An analysis of coelomic system organization revealed that the trimeric coelom is plesiomorphic for the lophophorates. The trimeric coelom is typical for the most of deuterostomes. The presence of the trimeric coelom in two main lineages of the bilateria allows to suggest that the LCA may have had a tripartite coelom and strongly specialized two the most anterior parts of the body – the prosome and the mesosome. This suggestion is consistent with published gene expression studies, in which Hox genes are never expressed in the two first segments of the body, whereas Otx genes are expressed in the most anterior segments of some bilaterians.

We present a precise measurement of downward going albedo proton fluxes for kinetic energy above similar to 70 MeV performed by the Payload for Antimatter Matter Exploration and Light-nuclei Astrop ...

A previous thermodynamic model of the Ag–Mg system built by Lim et al. (1997) was refined by taking into account available literature data on equilibrium states of this system at various temperatures and compositions. The optimization of this system was based exclusively on critically analyzed actual experimental observations retrieved from original publications including recent data on the activity of Mg in the liquid phase at high temperatures.

The PAMELA and the ARINA experiments are carried out aboard satellite RESURS-DK1 since 2006 up to now. Both these instruments have possibility to measure charged particles in the inner radiation belt. Combination of these two devices covers proton energy range from 30 MeV up to trapping limit (E ∽2GeV). Continuous measurements with PAMELA and ARINA include minimum between 23rd and 24th solar cycles falling and rising phases of 23/24 solar cycles and maximum of 24th one. It is important because existing empirical radiation belt models does not intend to calculate fluxes taking into account solar activity varying, e.g. widely used AP-8 model allows to evaluate proton fluxes just in two cases: for minimum or maximum of a solar activity. In this report we present temporal profiles of proton flux in the lower edge of the inner proton radiation belt (1.12 < L < 1.20, 0.18 < B < 0.22 G) and ratio between solar minimum and maximum fluxes. Dependence of proton fluxes on degree of solar activity were studied for various phases of 23/24 solar cycle. At that it was shown that proton fluxes of energy >80MeV at the solar minimum several times greater than at the solar maximum. Maximum difference is seen on the L-shell 1.15.

The stabilization of cobalt cations in zirconium–silica fiberglass materials was studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, ultraviolet visible diffusion reflectance spectroscopy, and a differential dissolution phase analysis. It was found that the commercial Zr–Si fiberglass material contained a layer of hydrated silicon (the depth of 6 nm) on the surface of the glass fibers. Modification of the fiberglass material with cobalt led to its distribution in the fibers mainly in the Co2+ state. It was shown that 90% of cobalt was stabilized on the surface and in the hydrated silicon layer as Co2+ cations in tetrahedral oxygen coordination, while the remaining 10% was distributed non-uniformly in the bulk of the fibers as Co2+ cations in octahedral oxygen coordination.

This work devoted to the description of the method for splash albedo protons identification in the satellite-born experiment PAMELA. In contrast to the reentrant albedo particles, which enter into the main aperture of the instrument, the direct albedo particles enter from the opposite direction, so they pass a few detectors, including calorimeter, before being register by the magnetic spectrometer. The developed method take into account the influence of these detectors on the selection of events and measurements of their characteristics. To test this method the energy spectrum of reentrant albedo protons in various regions of the near-Earth space reconstructed; it is in a good agreement with the classical measurements in the main aperture. Therefore, this method can be useful to obtain a new physical data about fluxes of splash albedo protons in the PAMELA experiment, which, unlike the reentrant albedo, can be study even at high geomagnetic latitudes.

Several details of the anatomy of the axial complex in brittle stars remain unknown, and there are many mismatching descriptions of its structure in different sources. The comparison of the ophiuroid axial complex with other classes of echinoderms is important for understanding of the phylogenetic relations in Ophiuroidea. We describe the organization of the axial complex of Ophiura robusta, compare it with other Ophiuroidea and analyse how the specific structure of the brittle star axial complex could appear in evolution. The standard technique of dehydration of material in alcohols of increasing concentration was used, followed by embedding material in paraplast and dissection. In the main components, the axial complex of Ophiuroidea fits other Asterozoa. But there are some important differences. The stone canal connects with the ambulacral ring from the outside, not from the inside. The somatocoelomic perihaemal ring is closer to the mouth than the axocoelomic ring. The axial complex lies between the genital coelom and the digestive tract. The gastric haemal ring is located on the outer side of the axial complex. The “pericardial” part of the axial organ is shifted to the oral side, but all its anatomical connections are retained: with the genital haemal ring, with the haemocoel of the body wall, with the gastric haemal ring and the vessels of the axial part of the axial organ. All these features could be explained as a result of shifting of madreporic plate along interradius CD from the aboral side to the oral side.

The distal tip cell (DTC) is a large single cell located at the apex of nematode gonadal arms. It is well investigated in Caenorhabditis elegans Maupas, 1900 and described in many other species of class Chromadorea. It has been obtained convincing evidence that in C. elegans the DTC plays an essential role in the development of the gonads and regulation of gametogenesis. We have studied the fine structure of the distal part of the testis in free living marine nematodes Enoplus. TEM observations revealed the absence of a large specialized DTC at the apex of testes in E. michaelseni (Linstow, 1896) and E. brevis Bastian, 1865. The testis of both species is lined with numerous uniform testis epithelial cells (TEC) forming an uninterrupted epithelium adjacent to the basal lamina. Besides that, TEC form long outgrowths protruding deeply into the testis between spermatogonia. Unlike a single DTC of C. elegans, the multiple TEC in Enoplus spp. show hardly any signs of synthetic activity. They possess neither nucleoli nor a rough endoplasmic reticulum in their cytoplasm, but contain thick bundles of filaments giving no evidence for a glandular or a hormonal function. The multicellular epithelium of the distal part of the testis in Enoplus spp. complements other plesiomorphic characters of enoplid structure and development (e.g. indeterminate early development, absence of cell constancy, regeneration ability, preservation of the nuclear envelope in spermatozoa) and may be considered as additional evidence for the basal position of the order Enoplida within the phylum Nematoda. How to cite this article: Yushin V.V., Afanasiev-Grigoriev A.G., Malakhov V.V. 2014. The male gonad of the marine nematode Enoplus: No single distal tip cell but multiple uniform epithelial cells // Invert. Zool. Vol.11. No.2. P.361-372.

Scientists have long known that the articulate brachiopods have accessory hearts in addition to the main heart. However, the critical factors that determine the location of the accessory hearts and their fine structure remained unclear. We studied the location and fine structure of the accessory hearts in the articulate brachiopod Hemithyris psittacea that is necessary for a better understanding of their function. We observed regular arrangement of the accessory hearts behind the nephridial funnels, close to the gonad vessels, but each examined specimen showed an individual pattern of the accessory heart location. The accessory heart wall is composed of outer coelomic epithelium, extracellular matrix, and inner amoebocytes. The coelomic epithelium consists of epithelio-muscle cells with the basal muscle processes, which give rise to the secondary thin non-muscular processes, interdigitating with each other and forming irregular ultrafiltration slits. The inner amoebocytes do not form a continuous layer and lack desmosomes; thus, they cannot be considered as a true epithelium. Brachiopod accessory hearts apparently fulfill two functions. The well-developed muscular net in the accessory heart wall performs the propulsion of blood to branched gonad vessels. The epithelio-muscle cells in the accessory heart wall are the podocyte-like cells; therefore, the accessory heart wall can be interpreted as the ultrafiltration site. The association of accessory hearts with nephridia suggests their involvement in excretion.

A review is made of the physicochemical factors causing the variability of the properties of inorganic solid phases having the same stoichiometry of the elemental composition, but different actual structures. These factors lead to spatial inhomogeneity in the composition and structure of the solid phases and determine the time profile of the stoichiograms and kinetic dependences for the dissolution of these substances in the dynamic differential dissolution (DD) mode. A discussion is given of the results obtained by mathematical simulation of dynamic dissolution of solid phase mixtures, which show how the selectivity and efficiency of the separation of the phase mixtures depends on their dispersion ability. Various aspects are considered of the use of the DD method for detecting spatial inhomogeneity manifestations in the composition and structure of solids and materials.

The standardless stoichiographic differential dissolution (DD) method is used for phase analysis of superfine multicomponent oxide precursors of Fe-Co MWCNT synthesis catalysts obtained by the Pechini method. The analysis identifies the individual phases in the studied samples of Fe2Co/Al2O3, Fe2Co/MgO, and Fe2Co/CaCO3 and determines their stoichiometric composition and quantitative content. It is found that the samples are a complex mixture of superfine oxide phases the composition of which corresponds to a spinel structure and may simultaneously include both active (Fe and Co) and carrier elements (Al and Mg) to form solid solutions. It is only the Fe2Co/CaCO3 samples that contain a carrier-free phase the composition of which corresponds to a spinel structure.

Reflection of the heating extraordinary microwave incident obliquely onto the surface of the electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) at the second harmonic of the electron gyrofrequency in the 3D magnetic configuration of the L-2M stellarator was studied experimentally. The plasma was heated using two gyrotrons with a total power of 600–700 kW, the specific heating power being 2.4–2.8 MW/m3. The displacement of the ECR region in the course of heating was monitored by measuring the phase of the reflected extraordinary wave. It is found that the growth of the plasma density is accompanied by the displacement of the ECR heating region from the center of the plasma column toward its periphery. The coefficient of reflection of the heating microwave beam from the ECR region was measured. The spectra of short-wavelength (k s ≈ 30 cm−1) plasma density fluctuations were explored by analyzing backscattered microwave radiation. A tenfold increase in the energy of short-wavelength density fluctuations and the growth of the spectral density of fluctuations in the frequency range of 0.3–1.5 MHz were observed.

Fine morphology of the frontal filaments (FFs) at all nauplius stages of two barnacle species (Verruca stroemia and Hesperibalanus hesperius) has been investigated by scanning electron microscopy. FFs have been detected at the second nauplius stage and persist during all stages. FFs contain a wide proximal and a fine distal parts, but they are not actually separated as segments of the limbs, and the area between them looks like a single cuticular crease. Apical and subapical pores have been found at the top of each FF in the larvae of both species, which may indicate the chemoreceptor function of these organs.

In this work the results of data analysis of the deuteron albedo radiation obtained in the PAMELA experiment are presented. PAMELA is an international space experiment carried out on board of the satellite Resurs DK-1. The high precision detectors allow to register and identify cosmic ray particles in a wide energy range. The albedo deuteron spectrum in the energy range 70 - 600 MeV/nucleon has been measured. © 2015 Elsevier B.V..

A new type of phoronid development, viviparity of larvae, has been discovered in a new phoronid species that lives as a commensal of digging sand shrimps in Vostok Bay, the Sea of Japan. The embryos develop in the mother's trunk coelom up to the young larva stage. During development, embryos increase in size twice and probably obtain nutriment from the mother's coelomic fluid. Spawning occurs by young larvae, which are released through nephridiopores. The new type of development is described in a phoronid that has a small body size but a high fertility, producing large amounts of extremely small eggs. The combination of viviparity and large number of eggs increases the number of competent larvae that can undergo metamorphosis in the burrows of shrimps.

The morphology and postlarval ontogenesis of the radula in 11 species of the genus Dendronotus Alder et Hancock, 1845, has been studied. Four types of radula are recognized in adult mollusks. Proposed evidence suggests that small species of Dendronotus have evolved by progenesis.

The large-scale anisotropy (or the so-called star-diurnal wave) has been studied using the calorimeter of the space-born experiment PAMELA. The cosmic ray anisotropy has been obtained for the Southern and Northern hemispheres simultaneously in the equatorial coordinate system for the time period 2006–2014. The dipole amplitude and phase have been measured for energies 1–20 TeV n-1.

We present a measurements of electron and positron fluxes below the geomagnetic cutoff rigidity in wide energy range from ~50 MeV to several GeVs by the PAMELA magnetic spectrometer. The instrument was launched on June 15th 2006 on-board the Resurs-DK satellite on low orbit with 70 degrees inclination and altitude between 350 and 600 km. Features of spatial distributions of secondary electrons and positrons in the near Earth space, including the South Atlantic Anomaly, were investigated in terms of lifetime and geographical origin. The separation in stably trapped , long lifetime quasi-trapped, and short lifetime albedo components was performed on base of back tracing procedure in geomagnetic field. A significant difference in relative abundance of positrons with respect to electrons is seen for the stable trapped and the quasi-trapped populations what pointing out on different trapping mechanism of those populations.

The satellite-borne PAMELA experiment was launched on the 15th June 2006 from the Baikonur cosmodrome. Till January 2016 PAMELA has detected the charged component of cosmic-rays (CRs) over a wide e ...

New results on the galactic cosmic ray (GCR) short-term intensity variation associated with Forbush decrease and co-rotating interaction regions (CIRs) measured by the PAMELA instrument between November 2006 and March 2007 are presented. Most of the past measurements on Forbush decrease events were carried out with neutron monitor detector. This tecnique allows only indirect detection of the overall GCR intensity over an integrated energy range. For the first time, thanks to the unique features of the PAMELA magnetic spectrometer, the Forbush decrease associated with the December 13th coronal mass ejection (CME) was studied in a wide rigidity range (0.4-20 GV) and for different species of GCRs detected directly in space. Using GCR protons, the amplitude and the recovery time of the Forbush decrease were studied for ten rigidity interval with a temporal resolution of one day. For comparison the helium and the electron intensity over time were also studied. The temporal evolution of the helium and proton intensity was found in good agreement while the electrons show, on average, a faster recovery time. This was interpreted as a charge-sign dependence introduced by drift motion experienced by the low rigidity (

This overview presents the physical principles, design, measurement capabilities, and summary of planned operations of the autonomous detector of radiation of neutrons onboard rover at Mars (ADRON-RM) on the surface of Mars. ADRON-RM is a Russian project selected for the joint European Space Agency-Roscosmos ExoMars 2020 landing mission. A compact passive neutron spectrometer, ADRON-RM, was designed to study the abundance and distribution of water and neutron absorption elements (such as Cl, Fe, and others) in the martian subsurface along the path of the ExoMars rover. Key Words: Mars exploration—Surface—Neutron Spectroscopy—Water. Astrobiology 17, 585–594.

Magnetic spectrometer PAMELA was launched onboard a satellite Resurs-DK1 into low-Earth polar orbit with altitude 350-600 km to study cosmic ray antiparticle fluxes in a wide energy range from ~ 100 MeV to hundreds GeV. This paper presents the results of observations of temporal variations of the positron and electron fluxes in the 2006-2015. The ratio of the positron and electron fluxes below 2 GV shows sharp increasing since 2014 due to changing of the polarity of the solar magnetic field.

The preliminary results from measurements of deuteron fluxes in galactic cosmic rays (GCR) in the vicinity of the Earth in 2006–2009 are presented. The results are obtained by analyzing data from the PAMELA experiment aboard the Resurs DK-1 satellite. High-precision detection instruments provided an opportunity to identify GCR deuterons and measure their spectrum in the energy interval of 90–650MeV/nucleon. Spectra averaged over six-month intervals from the summer of 2006 to the summer of 2009 (the solar activity minimum) are presented. The influence of solar modulation on the observed spectrum is clearly seen in the results.

The article offers a solution to the problem of semantic search in a personal digital LibMeta library. It also describes the L-tag-based semantic search model. The article provides an algorithm to build up a keywords and clusters hierarchy by the means of iterative clustering and keywords extraction. This hierarchy is used to generate abstracts and extract L-tags from texts.

The PAMELA magnetic spectrometer was launched aboard the Resurs DK-1 satellite into a nearpolar circumterrestrial orbit with an altitude of 350–600 km to study fluxes of the particles and antiparticles of cosmic rays in the wide energy range of ~80 MeV to several hundred gigaelectronvolts. The results from observations of temporal variations in electron and positron fluxes in 2006–2015 are presented. The ratio of electron and positron fluxes measured in this time interval reveals a dependence on the rigidity of particles, the solar activity, and the polarity of the solar magnetic field.

Solar modulation of galactic protons with energies from 50 MeV up to dozens of GeV during July '06 - January '16 studied based on a data of the magnetic spectrometer PAMELA and scintillation spectrometer ARINA. This period is interesting because it covers the end of 23rd and current 24th cycles of solar activity, including the abnormally long transient period and change of the polarity of solar magnetic field. © Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd.

The PAMELA detector was launched on June 15 th of 2006 on board the Russian Resurs-DK1 satellite and during ten years of continuous data-taking it has observed very interesting features in cosmic rays, especially in the fluxes of protons, helium and electrons. Moreover, PAMELA measurements of cosmic antiproton and positron fluxes and positron-to-all-electron ratio have set strong constraints to the nature of Dark Matter. Measurements of boron, carbon, lithium and beryllium (together with the isotopic fraction) have also shed new light on the elemental composition of the cosmic radiation. Search for signatures of more exotic processes (such as the ones involving Strange Quark Matter) has also been pursued. Furthermore, over the years the instrument has allowed a constant monitoring of the solar activity and a prolonged study of the solar modulation, improving the comprehension of the heliosphere mechanisms. PAMELA has also measured the radiation environment around the Earth, and detected for the first time the presence of an antiproton radiation belt surrounding our planet. In this highlight paper PAMELA main results will be reviewed.

The PAMELA satellite experiment is providing comprehensive observations of the interplanetary and magnetospheric radiation in the near-Earth environment. Thanks to its identification capabilities and the semi-polar orbit, PAMELA is able to precisely measure the energetic spectra and the angular distributions of the different cosmic-ray populations over a wide latitude region, including geomagnetically trapped and albedo particles. Its observations comprise the solar energetic particle events between solar cycles 23 and 24, and the geomagnetic cutoff variations during magnetospheric storms. PAMELA's measurements are supported by an accurate analysis of particle trajectories in the Earth's magnetosphere based on a realistic geomagnetic field modeling, which allows the classification of particle populations of different origin and the investigation of the asymptotic directions of arrival., Comment: Accepted for publication in Advances in Space Research, 2016. 21 pages, 7 figures

For illustrative and explanatory purposes, liquidus and solidus are frequently drawn as straight lines in textbooks. Thermodynamic consequences of sketching rectilineal phase boundaries are analyzed. It is shown that although thermodynamics does not prohibit such boundaries, they result in peculiar temperature dependencies of components׳ lattice stabilities. An idiosyncrasy of these functions and restrictions imposed by them are worth keeping in mind if it is intended to pencil a T – x section on which all phase boundaries are straight lines.

In this contribution, both computational and experimental evidence is presented regarding the formation of niobium carbides during solidification of ferroalloys. In particular, the microstructures of solidified Fe–Nb–C melts with carbon concentrations varying from 0? 1t o 0?7 wt-% are analysed and their phase portraits are compared with those predicted from the Scheil–Gulliver formalism. This investigation reveals that small changes of carbon concentration may result in a significant microstructural effect. This may have important practical implications for manufacturers of ferroalloys who are typically concerned with the content of major alloying additions, and not with the concentration of such a seemingly insignificant component as carbon.

The representatives of Asterozoa (Asteroidea, Echinoidea, and Ophiuroidea) have a similar struc� tural plan of the axial complex with minor differences within each class; this structural scheme substantially differs from that in Crinozoa and Holothurozoa. The axial complex consists of the coelomic organs and the haemocoel (blood) structures, which are morphologically and functionally integral. The coelomic organs are the stone canal, axial coelom, perihaemal coeloms (axocoel perihaemal ring and somatocoel perihaemal ring), water ring, and pericardial and genital coeloms. These organs are closely associated with the epigastric and hypogastric coeloms and with the perioral coelomic ring. The haemocoel structures of the axial complex include the oral haemal ring, heart, axial organ, genital haemal ring, and gastric haemal ring. The epineural canals of echinoids and ophiuroids are of a noncoelomic nature. They are formed by the invagination of the ectoneural cord and closing of the epidermis above it. The possible functions of the axial complex in Astero� zoa are blood circulation and excretion.

Changes in the energy spectra of short-wavelength (ks ≈ 35 cm−1) plasma density fluctuations in the local region of the plasma column (r/a = 0.5–0.6) of the L-2M stellarator were studied by the method of collective scattering of 150-GHz radiation. The plasma was heated at the second harmonic of the electron gyrofrequency, the microwave heating power being in the range of 90–170 kW. A sector limiter was introduced in the peripheral plasma (r/a ≥ 0.8), and the Shafranov shift of the magnetic axis was varied by varying the vertical magnetic field. The results of measurements were averaged over 9–16 discharges. It is found that an increase in the heating power and/or the introduction of the sector limiter in the plasma lead to an increase in the energy of density fluctuations, which correlates with a decrease in the plasma energy lifetime. In the spectra of fluctuations, a broad spectral band in the range of 3–50 kHz was observed in which the spectral density was one order of magnitude higher than in the rest of the spectrum. Analysis of the Fourier spectra showed that the introduction of the sector limiter in the plasma resulted in an increase in both the spectral density of fluctuations in the range of 3–50 kHz and the fraction of quasi-coherent structures in turbulent density fluctuations.

The article gives quantitative assessments of the macroeconomic consequences when commodities export prices deviate from the level expected by the Ministry of Economic Development of Russia. A dynamic optimization model is given for analyzing the effect of export prices on Russian economic development.