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In this study, it was analyzed if there is a long term relationship among the nominal exchange rate and monetary fundamentals within the periods of 1998:1-2011:2 in Turkey. This relationship has been analysed by using structural VAR (SVAR) model. Besides, Granger causality test and Dolado-Lütkepohl Granger causality test were used to determine if there were a causality relationship among the nominal exchange rate and monetary fundamentals. As a result of the SVAR model, the relationship among the series related to nominal exchange rate and money supply, GDP, interest rate in Turkey in long term were not determined and at the end of causality tests, causality relationship among the nominal exchange rate and monetary fundamentals were not determined.

Due to the high spatial heterogeneity and temporal variability, wetlands are one of the most difficult ecosystems to observe using remote sensing data. With the additional Sentinel-2 vegetation red-edge bands, an improvement of the vegetated classes classification is expected. In order to investigate the influence of the Sentinel-2 red-edge bands, in this paper we evaluate two classification scenarios over wetland classes. The first scenario excludes the red-edge bands, while in the second scenario all red-edge bands are included in the classification dataset where two different wetland classes—intensive vegetated wetland classes such as swamps and partially decayed vegetated wetland areas such as bogs—are classified using a support vector machine (SVM) learning classifier. The classes are defined using high-resolution images from an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) obtained on the same date with the passing of the Sentinel-2 satellite over the study area. As expected, the results show a significant improvement of the intensive vegetated wetlands, with more than 30% in both user and producer accuracy, while no significant changes are noted in the partially decayed vegetated wetlands. For future studies, we recommend evaluating the influence of the Sentinel radar data over wetland areas.

Background and objectives: Ischemia−reperfusion (IR) caused by infrarenal abdominal aorta cross-clamping is an important factor in the development of ischemia−reperfusion injury in various distant organs. Materials and Methods: We investigated potential antioxidant/anti-inflammatory effects of thymosin beta 4 (Tβ4) in a rat model of abdominal aortic surgery-induced IR. Tβ4 (10 mg/kg, intravenous (i.v.)) was administered to rats with IR (90-min ischemia, 180-min reperfusion) at two different periods. One group received Tβ4 1 h before ischemia, and the other received 15 min before the reperfusion period. Results: Results were compared to control and non-Tβ4-treated rats with IR. Serum, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and lung tissue levels of oxidant parameters were higher, while antioxidant levels were lower in the IR group compared to control. IR also increased inflammatory cytokine levels. Tβ4 reverted these parameters in both Tβ4-treated groups compared to the untreated IR group. Conclusions: Since there is no statistical difference between the prescribed results of both Tβ4-treated groups, our study demonstrates that Tβ4 reduced lung oxidative stress and inflammation following IR and prevented lung tissue injury regardless of timing of administration.

Uncontrolled and continuous urbanization is an important problem in the metropolitan cities of developing countries. Urbanization progress that occurs due to population expansion and migration results in important changes in the land cover characteristics of a city. These changes mostly affect natural habitats and the ecosystem in a negative manner. Hence, urbanization-related changes should be monitored regularly, and land cover maps should be updated to reflect the current situation. This research presents a comparative evaluation of two classification algorithms, pixel-based support vector machine (SVM) classification and decision-tree-oriented geographic object-based image analysis (GEOBIA) classification, in producing a dynamic land cover map of the Istanbul metropolitan city in Turkey between 2013 and 2017 using Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) multi-temporal satellite images. Additionally, the efficiencies of the two data dimension reduction methods are evaluated as part of this research. For dimension reduction, built-up index (BUI) and principal component analysis (PCA) data were calculated for five images during the mentioned period, and the classification algorithms were applied on data stacks for each dimension reduction method. The classification results indicate that the GEOBIA classification of the BUI data set provided the highest accuracy, with a 91.60% overall accuracy and 0.91 kappa value. This combination was followed by the GEOBIA classification of the PCA data set, which highlights the overall efficiency of the GEOBIA over the SVM method. On the other hand, the BUI data set provided more reliable and consistent results for urban expansion classes due to representing physical responses of the surface when compared to the data set of the PCA, which is a spectral transformation method.

In this research work, a multi-index-based support vector machine (SVM) classification approach has been proposed to determine the complex and morphologically heterogeneous land cover/use (LCU) patterns of cities, with a special focus on separating bare lands and built-up regions, using Istanbul, Turkey as the main study region, and Ankara and Konya (in Turkey) as the independent test regions. The multi-index approach was constructed using three-band combinations of spectral indices, where each index represents one of the three major land cover categories, green areas, water bodies, and built-up regions. Additionally, a shortwave infrared-based index, the Normalized Difference Tillage Index (NDTI), was proposed as an alternative to existing built-up indices. All possible index combinations and the original ten-band Sentinel-2A image were classified with the SVM algorithm, to map seven LCU classes, and an accuracy assessment was performed to determine the multi-index combination that provided the highest performance. The SVM classification results revealed that the multi-index combination of the normalized difference tillage index (NDTI), the red-edge-based normalized vegetation index (NDVIre), and the modified normalized difference water index (MNDWI) improved the mapping accuracy of the heterogeneous urban areas and provided an effective separation of bare land from built-up areas. This combination showed an outstanding overall performance with a 93% accuracy and a 0.91 kappa value for all LCU classes. The results of the test regions provided similar findings and the same index combination clearly outperformed the other approaches, with 92% accuracy and a 0.90 kappa value for Ankara, and an 84% accuracy and a 0.79 kappa value for Konya. The multi-index combination of the normalized difference built-up index (NDBI), the NDVIre, and the MNDWI, ranked second in the assessment, with similar accuracies to that of the ten-band image classification.

Objective:High concentrations of nitric oxide cause a neurotoxic effect on nerve action potentials. Although glucocorticoids can decrease that effect, the degree of mediation is not known. This study determined the effect of dexamethasone on frog sciatic nerve axon fibers subjected to in vitro oxidative stress.Methods:Frog sciatic nerves were isolated into Groups: -Control Group-incubation in Ringer’s solution; SNP Group- incubation in 10-² M sodium nitroprusside solution; SNP+DEX Group-incubation in 10-² M sodium nitroprusside solution followed by incubation in 10-³ M dexamethasone solution; DEX group- incubation in 10-³ M dexamethasone solution.Results:In the SNP group, significant changes were observed in the action potential velocity of propagation (p

Catecholamines play a regulatory role in the cardiovascular system, primarily via β (1-2)-adrenoreceptors (AR). However, in the late 1980s, the cloning of a third β-AR subtype (β3-AR) in the heart has altered the conventional view on the regulation of heart function via the beta-adrenergic receptors. Additionally, in blood vessels, β3-AR was shown to produce relaxation. Currently, the physiological role of β3-AR is not clearly known. Hence, the purpose of this review is to summarize the physiological evidences supporting the functional roles of β3-AR in various tissues, particularly cardiac and vascular. In addition, this review discusses the potential role of β3-AR in obesity and insulin resistance and emphasizes their putative involvement as new therapeutic targets.

It is important to raise enterprising individuals in STEM fields so that countries have individuals, who will play a role in global competition, and this is possible with effective STEM education. This research aims to reveal the impact of STEM activities, which were designed using the 6E learning byDeSIGN™ model, in terms of developing middle school students' entrepreneurial skills, STEM attitude, and career interests. The STEM activities were applied for seven weeks / twenty-eight hours with 50 (26 female, 24 male) students in the research which was carried out by the mixed-method methodology. Before and after the application, the quantitative data collection tools (STEM Attitude Scale, Interest towards STEM Professions Scale, and Entrepreneurship Scale) were applied and statistically analyzed. The qualitative data were collected by semi-structured interviews and evaluated with content analysis at the end of the application to interpret and support the findings obtained from these quantitative data. As a result of the research, it was concluded that the attitude and interests of the students towards STEM increased, their entrepreneurship skills improved and the effect of 6E teaching strategy was great in these positive developments. Student opinions were also got and discussed for supporting these results.

This is a scientific study to analyze the attitudes of the students studying in schools of physical education and sports toward disabled children. In total 202 students (99 women, 103 men) who have attended to faculty of Physical Education and Sports of Gaziantep University participated in the research. Attitude Scale for kids with mental disabilities developed by Süngü was used in order to get the data of the research. Descriptive statistics for analysis of the data, Mann Whitney U test for pair group and Kruskall Wallis analysis for multiple groups were applied. The results of the research have indicated that students in schools of physical education and sports have sympathetic feelings for disabled children and favorable opinions for these kids to attend in icebreaker activities and education programs. No difference between the attitudes of different age, sex or grade groups were observed. It has also showed that the students who had had work experiences with disabled children before had more fear. Besides, it proved that the sport educations with disabled children provide students to have more positive attitudes. It has been concluded that the ones who claimed to be able to work with disabled children had higher marks.

The aim of this research is to examine the individual social responsibility and social entrepreneurship levels of university students in terms of some variables and to examine the effects of individual social responsibility levels on their social entrepreneurship orientations. Relational survey model, one of the quantitative research methods, was used in the research. The study group of the research consists of 200 students who study in sports sciences at universities in Turkey. SPSS statistical program was used in the analysis of the data. First, descriptive statistics were examined, and parametric tests were used for inferential statistics. In addition, Independent Samples t Test, Pearson correlation analysis and simple linear regression analysis were performed. When the research findings are evaluated, the fact that students have been involved in a social project before, except for the sub-dimension of financial return, has social entrepreneurship orientations and individual social responsibility levels. Taking the community service practice course has a positive effect on the development of their individual social responsibility levels and their social vision from the dimension of social entrepreneurship. In addition, it has been revealed that university students' whether they do sports or not has no effect on their individual social responsibility and social entrepreneurship. It has been revealed that as the individual social responsibility levels of recent students increase, their social entrepreneurship orientations also increase, and individual social responsibility has a positive effect on social vision, innovation, sustainability, and social networks in social entrepreneurship sub-dimensions.

This study presents the development of a mathematical creativity test and exploration of its psychometric properties. The study was conducted in six public schools and a high ability center between 2015 and 2018. The sample of the study included 1129 middle school students. The Mathematical Creativity Test (MCT) consists of problem posing, making conjecture, and proof subtests. Each test has two items. The scores of the MCT are composed of fluency, flexibility, and creativity quotient. For construct validity, EFA yielded a 3-factor solution, namely, problem posing, making conjecture, and proof subtests. CFA confirmed the 3-factor solution, and all fit indices were found to be good. For criterion validity, one-way ANOVA for independent samples was conducted in different classes, and it showed that there was a significant difference, and Pearson's correlation coefficient was investigated between MCT scores and the report card grades of the mathematics lesson. There was a strong and positive correlation between the two variables. The internal consistency and the interrater reliability of the test scores were high.

In this research, Purpose is to eliminate primary school student's delusions about concept of greenhouse effect and to study its effect on student's attitudes towards science. In the research, quasi-experimental study with prepost control group has been used. The research was performed with 34 primary school students in the state located in southwest part of Turkey. The experimental group consists of 18 students and the control group consists of 16 students. While POE method supported with PhET simulations is used in the experimental group, traditional teaching method is implemented in control group. In the research, greenhouse gas concept and science attitude scale as data collection tool have been used. Data obtained from the research has been analyzed with SPSS program. According to the findings from the research, Students have had much more information about greenhouse gas thanks to POE method supported by PhET. Moreover, POE method supported by PhET has positive effect on students' attitudes towards science.

The aim of this research is to examine the philanthropy tendencies of university students in terms of whether they have received sports education or not and some variables. Survey model, one of the quantitative research methods, was used in the research. SPSS 26 statistical program was used for the analysis of the data. Descriptive statistics of the obtained data were made, and z-test was applied to measure whether the data showed normal distribution. Independent samples T test from paired comparison tests, One Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) test from multiple comparison tests, Post Hoc (Tukey) test to determine from which group the results arise in case of difference between groups were applied to the groups that were found to have normal distribution. When the research findings are evaluated, according to the age of the university students, whether they have received sports education or not, success grade, class level, income level, membership in student societies, non-governmental organizations, taking part in social projects, taking community service practices, doing licensed sports, doing regular sports. It was seen that there was no significant difference in philanthropy tendencies in terms of the number of sports and sports days. On the other hand, it was determined that there was a significant difference in the variables of gender and father's education level. In this respect, it can be said that female university students have higher philanthropy tendencies than males, and university students with low father education level have higher philanthropy tendencies.

The present study is aimed to investigate the effect of empathy, conscience, self-control, kindness and self-efficacy on sportsmanship behaviors, since there is no study that investigated the effects of self-efficacy and moral intelligence on sportsmanship behaviors. For this purpose, the study was carried out according to the relational screening design, which is one of the quantitative research designs. 397 students studying at the faculty of sports sciences participated in the research. "Yakut-Moral Intelligence Scale", "Athlete Self Efficacy Scale" and "Investigation of Sportsmanship Behaviors Scale" were used to carry out the study. Statistical analyzes were made in SPSS 25 program and Pearson correlation and multiple linear regression analysis were used. As a result of the analysis, sportsmanship has been determined that it has a significant relationship with empathy, conscience, self-control, kindness and self-efficacy. As another result of the study, while self-efficacy alone explains 13.4% of sportsmanship, self-efficacy, empathy, self-control and kindness together explain 48% of sportsmanship. It was determined that the sub-dimension of conscience did not have a significant effect on sportsmanship. According to these results, in displaying sportsmanship behaviors; Having a high level of self-efficacy, ability to empathize, power to control behaviors and kindness have an important and powerful effect.

COVID-19 affected higher educational institutions around the world. This study focused on academics' perceptions and practices of online education based on their academic discipline and previous online education experience. The survey research design used and an e-survey was conducted in May 2020, during which the lockdown restrictions were rather tight in Turkey. The analyzes were carried out on the responses of 8,242 academics' using the omnibus chi-square test and t-tests. The results point out that academics' time allocation to preparation for courses, student counselling, and lectures are varying due to their academic disciplines. Generally, academics have a negative perception of online education though there is a difference between the experienced ones and others. In particular, academics with online education experience exhibited lower negative perceptions of online education than those lacking such experience. Maybe one of the most problematic parts of this transition process for academics is how to ensure the reliability of exams. Our results showed that even the academics with online education experience have a higher level of distrust towards educational measurement and evaluation methods.