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Tuszyńska confronts two seemingly distant notions, namely representation as an aesthetic category, and one type of phonography, namely musique concrète and the technology of open-air recording that goes with it. Thus she highlights a question that has been overlooked by theorists of representation as well as by musicologists. By confronting Michał Paweł Markowski's models of representation with Pierre Schaeffer's theory of musique concrète, Tuscyńska points to problems in representation that do not appear when we apply this concept to other artistic forms. This problem provides an impetus to examine musique concrète from a non-musicological perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anyone working with other people in the field of therapy, psychological support or education, must have come across the phenomenon of resistance - paradoxical phenomenon inherently emerging in the course of therapy or many support activities. There are various psychological approaches that define it in slightly different terms, from inner force counteracting client's change (psychoanalysis), integrity mechanisms (gestalt), "defence armour", etc. In order to understand properly the phenomenon of resistance, authors make reviews of the concept of resistance in resources, nature and signs of group resistance views and handling group resistance. The conclusion is that resistance is a complex and multifacted phenomenon. Extensive understanding of this phenomenon is a primary task of any individual willing to professionally deal with establishing supportive relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, Short-Term Dynamic Psychotherapy (STDP) has been one of the most frequently chosen forms of therapy. "Insight", that is becoming aware of secret motives, desires and mechanisms underlying patient's problems, is regarded as the basic therapeutic factor, whereas the objective is accomplishment of deep and permanent changes in the structure of personality. This study is to show its possible uses in treatment of one of an increasingly widespread problems reported by young people, namely the so called loneliness by choice ("singlism") as well as the need to identify indications and contraindications to the application of STDP in working with this age group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Folic acid occurs naturally in the salt form of folic acid - the so-called folate. The human body cannot synthesize it, and therefore it must be supplied from outside. Folic acid is involved in the synthesis and proper functioning of RNA and DNA acids. It is essential for growth and division of all body cells, which is particularly important during active growth or in the fetal and newborn life. In children and adults, folate along with vitamin B12 are involved in the production of red blood cells. Current research indicate on the existence in Poland and in Central and Northern Europe of significant deficiencies of folic acid in the diet. Deficiency of folic acid in our diet is due to the fact that we consume more highly processed food. Stored and heat-treated food loses a large part of folates. The most common pathological processes associated with a deficiency of folic acid in the body are neural tube defects, megaloblastic anaemia, disturbances in the functioning of the nervous and cardiovascular system, as well as the development of certain types of cancer. Effective methods to increase folate intake are still being searched for. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The object of our research were vertical flow constructed wetlands (VFCWs) that are a component of biological treatment of two hybrid hydrophyte systems located in Wieszyno and Wiklino, near Słupsk, Poland. The facilities that are subject to analyses are unified in terms of structure (filtration material, depth of bed and time of operation), but they differ in organic matter load, amounting respectively to: 8.0 gCOD/m2day and 31.0 gCOD/m2day. The intensity of oxygenation of the facilities resulting from diffusive flow of oxygen to the soil was determined based on the measurements of oxygen diffusion coefficient in the soil (Dg). The analysis of the quality of organic matter in wastewater was concentrated on determining concentrations of the following four fractions: in suspended solids and in dissolved phase both decomposable and non-decomposable ones. The investigation proved that the increase in load of organic matter resulted in deterioration of oxygen conditions in the bed, which in turn led to a decrease in efficiency of pollutant removal. Higher load of organic matter in the facility of Wieszyno as compared with Wiklino was the direct cause of VFCW clogging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The operation of three hybrid constructed wetland systems composed with vertical flow (VF-CW) and horizontal flow (HF-CW) constructed wetlands was analysed. The analyses were carried out in two wetlands (CWs) located in northern Poland: in Wiklino and Wieszyno and one in Wiedersberg in Germany. The wetlands were supplied with domestic sewage after mechanical treatment. It was proved that the decomposition rate of organic matter was determined by proportions of organic hardly decomposed (COD-XS) and non-decomposed (COD-XI) suspension. It was proved that increase of organic matter (OM) concentration in filter material of first beds in plants: Wiklino and Wieszyno caused clogging and decreased removal efficiency. In the two-years long study no accumulation of organic matter in the VF-CW in Wiedersberg was observed. Therefore, the aerobic conditions maintained in the bed enabled efficient decomposition of soluble organic easy-to-decompose fraction (COD-SS)and COD-XS and no accumulation of OM was observed. The effectiveness of COD removal in the VF-CW in Wiklino and Wieszyno was lower in comparison to Wiedersberg, which was due to lower biodegradation potential of treated sewage (in Wiklino) and accumulation of OM in the sub-surface bed layer, resulting in pores clogging and reduction of air inflow (in Wieszyno). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Summary: • Organelles of ectomycorrhizal fungi are known to respond to changes in the extracellular environment. The response of vacuoles, mitochondria and microtubules to short‐term nickel (Ni2+) exposure were investigated in hyphal tip cells of a Paxillus involutus from a heavy metal‐rich soil.• Vacuoles, mitochondria and microtubules were labelled with Oregon Green® 488 carboxylic acid diacetate, 3,3′‐dihexyloxacarbocyanine iodide (DiOC6(3)) and anti‐α‐tubulin antibodies, respectively; hyphae were treated with NiSO4 in the range of 0–1 mmol l−1 and examined microscopically.• Untreated hyphal tip cells contained tubular vacuole and mitochondrial networks. Ni2+ caused loss of organelle tubularity and severe microtubule disruption that were exposure‐time and concentration dependent. Fine tubular vacuoles thickened and eventually became spherical in some hyphae, tubular mitochondria fragmented and microtubules shortened and aggregated into patches in most hyphae. Tubular vacuoles reformed on NiSO4 removal and tubular mitochondria in the presence of NiSO4 suggesting cellular detoxification.• These results demonstrate that Ni2+ induces changes in organelle and microtubule morphology. Recovery of tubular organelles to pretreatment morphology after Ni2+ exposure suggests cellular detoxification of the metal ion. New Phytologist (2006) 169 : 819–828 © The Author (2006). Journal compilation © New Phytologist (2006) doi : 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2005.01626.x --> [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sphenoid sinus cyst is due to obstruction of mucinous gland ostium which could enlarge to obstruct the sinus ostium and lead to acute sinusitis or mucocele. Incidence of isolated sphenoid sinus mucocele is about 2% of paranasal sinus mucocele, while precise information on the prevalence of sphenoid sinus cyst is not accessible. We report a case of a developmental sphenoid sinus cyst in a 15 year-old boy, causing severe headache with vision disorders. Due to its rare incidence and variable symptoms, a high index of suspicion is needed for proper diagnosis of that nosological entity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]