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Aims: Although it is commonly recognized that ethanol suppresses gluconeogenesis, the influence of alcohol intake on blood glucose levels remains controversial. Ethanol may act on both glucose production and glucose consumption in the liver. Thus, we studied each effect of ethanol on glucose oxidation, gluconeogenesis, glycogenesis and glycogenolysis in the liver. Methods: The rat liver was isolated and cyclically perfused with a medium containing 50 mmol/l ethanol. Results: Ethanol enhanced 14C-glucose oxidation in the liver from 1.09 ± 0.11 to 1.41 ± 0.14 µmol for 20 min (p < 0.05). Gluconeogenesis from 14C-lactate was markedly reduced by ethanol from 8.0 ± 1.3 to 1.5 ± 0.6 µmol for 12 min (p < 0.01). Ethanol increased glycogenolysis (net hepatic glucose output, 0.47 ± 0.10 vs. 0.22 ± 0.04 mmol/30 min, p < 0.01), and then decreased hepatic glycogen content (179 ± 38 vs. 273 ± 39 mg in the presence of 1 mU/ml insulin after 30 min of perfusion, p < 0.05). Ethanol decreased the direct glycogenesis from 14C-glucose from 0.55 ± 0.08 to 0.33 ± 0.05 µmol per 100 mg glycogen for 30 min (p < 0.01). Ethanol inhibited the indirect glycogenesis from 14C-lactate from 0.21 ± 0.04 to 0.09 ± 0.01 µmol per 100 mg glycogen for 30 min (p < 0.01). Discussion: The influence of ethanol on the blood glucose regulation by the liver seems to be different between fasted and fed states. Namely, ethanol has both the hypoglycemic effects through decreased gluconeogenesis and increased glucose oxidation and the hyperglycemic effects through decreased glycogenesis and increased glycogenolysis.

4055 Background: Previous studies comparing survival between gastric cancer (GC) patients (pts) from the East and the West either used calibrated survival based on a Western nomogram, only consider...

28 Background: Harvesting lymph node (LN) after gastrectomy is essential for accurate staging. Conventional method (CONV) to retrieve LN immediately after surgery is accepted in Japan but its efficacy and quality highly depends on the case and examiners. Another method is to retrieve LN stained by methylene blue dye (MBD), by which the physicians may easily pick up blue LN. This trial evaluated the efficiency and quality of both methods in randomized fashion. Methods: Key eligible criteria are as follows. (i) Histologically proven adenocarcinoma of the stomach, (ii) Clinical stage I-III, (iii) R0 resection is planned by gastrectomy with D1+ or D2 lymphadenectomy. Examiners for harvesting LN are qualified based on the experience. After curative surgery, LNs are harvested from the specimen immediately after surgery in the CONV group and from the specimens who had been fixed with 10% buffered formalin with methylene blue for 48 hours in the MBD group. The primary endpoint is the ratio of the pathological number of the harvested LNs per time (minutes) as an efficacy measure. The secondary endpoint is the pathological number of harvested LNs as a quality measure. The sample size was determined to be 60 considering the primary measurement as 40 LNs / 30 minutes in CONV and 40 LNs / 22.5 minutes in MBD with two-sided alpha error of 5% and statistical power of 80%. Results: Between August 2012 and December 2012, 60 patients were assigned to CONV (n=29) and MBD (n=31). Total/subtotal gastrectomy was 12/17 in CONV and 12/19 in MBD, respectively. D1+/D2 was 17/12 in CONV and 15/16 in MBD, respectively. Baseline demographics were well balanced between the both. The number of pathological harvesting LNs (median, range) was 32 (11-57) in CONV and 41 (17-79) in MBD (P=0.005). The time per case for harvesting LN (median, range) was 33 (15-58) minutes in CONV and 25 (13-102) minutes in MBD (p=0.743). The ratio of the number of the harvested LNs per time (median, range) was 1.12 (0.42-2.07) in CONV and 1.42 (0.50-3.07) in MBD (p=0.01). Conclusions: When harvesting LN in gastric cancer surgery, methylene blue dye-assisted technique is superior in the efficacy and quality as compared with conventional method. Clinical trial information: UMIN000008624.

166 Background: Since obesity is a risk factor during surgery, the effects of a preoperative exercise program to reduce the incidence of peri- and postoperative complications in patients with a high BMI (> 25) and metabolic syndrome were investigated. An assessment of the effects of prospectively planned preoperative exercise was performed in a prospective matching study comparing an exercise testing group and a usual preoperative preparation group who underwent gastrectomy for gastric cancer in Japan. Methods: Stage I gastric cancer patients with metabolic syndrome diagnosed according to the criteria of the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare were enrolled in a surgery after preoperative exercise group. The control group was selected from a database using an individual matching approach for surgery, sex, weight, BMI, volume of visceral fat and institution. The primary end point was the frequency of postoperative complications (cardiovascular events, pneumonia, surgery-related abdominal complications, etc.). Results: A total of 72 patients (54 in the surgery alone group, 18 in the preoperative exercise group) were analyzed. The median operative time and amount of bleeding were 208 min and 130 ml in the surgery alone group and 248 min and 105 ml in the exercise group, respectively. Postoperative complications occurred in one case (5.5%) in the exercise group and 22 (40.7%) cases in the surgery alone group. Conclusions: Preoperative exercise is safe, and its benefits in reducing postoperative complications are promising and therefore warrant further investigation.

118 Background: Emerging evidence suggests that sarcopenia might have an adverse impact on the survival of patients with cancer. We herein investigated the impact of sarcopenia on the long-term outcome of patients with esophageal cancer after curative surgery by analyzing the muscle cross-sectional area using computed tomography (CT). Methods: Sarcopenia was assessed in 204 patients undergoing a macroscopic curative esophagectomy for the resection of esophageal cancer between January 2005, and December 2008 at Tokai University Hospital by measuring the cross-sectional area of the psoas muscle at the level of the third lumbar vertebra on CT images obtained before surgery. The measured total psoas area (TPA) was normalized according to the patient’s height. Sarcopenia was defined as a TPA of ≤525 mm/m2 for men, and ≤375 mm/m2 for women. The impact of sarcopenia was assessed after controlling for clinical factors using multivariate modeling. Results: The median follow-up period was 60 months. The median patient age was 64 years; 184 (90%) patients were male and 20 (10%) were female. The median TPA was 580 mm/m2 for the men and 386 mm/m2 for the women. Sixty-nine (34%) patients had sarcopenia (TPA ≤525 mm/m2 for men, 375 mm/m2 for women ). The overall five-year survival rates were 33% for the patients with sarcopenia, and 66% for those without sarcopenia. In a multivariate analysis, a low body mass index (BMI ≤ 18.5 kg/m2; hazard ratio [HR], 1.87 [P = 0.028]), pathological stage of disease (HR for stage I, 1.587 in stage II [P = 0.219], 4.146 in stage III [P < 0.001], and 6.712 in stage IV [P < 0.001]), tumor location (HR of upper thoracic for middle and lower thoracic, 2.350 [P = 0.002]), and sarcopenia (HR, 1.858 [P= 0.006]) were independently associated with the overall mortality. Conclusions: Sarcopenia is associated with an increased risk of overall mortality in esophageal cancer after curative surgery independent of tumor-specific factors and the BMI. The development of effective interventions for sarcopenia warrants further study to improve the prognosis of patients with esophageal cancer.

40 Background: Skeletal muscle depletion, known as sarcopenia, is characterized by decrease in muscle mass and function. Recent reports demonstrated that sarcopenia was a significant risk factor for complications in colorectal cancer surgery. This study aimed to evaluate impact of preoperative sarcopenia on morbidity in gastric cancer surgery. Methods: Between May 2011 and June 2013, 293 consecutive primary gastric cancer patients who underwent curative surgery were retrospectively examined. All patients received the same perioperative care of enhanced recovery after surgery program. Preoperative skeletal muscle mass was evaluated by bioelectrical impedance analysis and was expressed as skeletal muscle index or SMI (muscle mass/height2) by adjusting absolute muscle mass with height. Preoperative muscle function was measured by hand grip strength (HGS). Each cutoff value was determined as the gender-specific lowest 20% of the distribution of each measurement. Grade 2 or higher morbidity, evaluated by Clavien-Dindo classification, was picked-up from the patient record. Risk factor for morbidity was examined by uni- and multi-variate analyses. Results: Median age (range) was 68 years (37-85 years). Male to female ratio was 192:101. Operative procedure was 122 total, 169 distal, and 2 proximal gastrectomy. Lymphadenectomy was 162 D1+ and 131 D2 including 53 splenectomy. Pathological stage was I in 149, II in 39, III in 91, and IV in 14 patients. Morbidity included 7 pancreatic leakage, 12 anastomotic leakage, 4 intra-abdominal abscess, and others. In total, morbidity was observed in 39 patients (13.3%); 21 in grade 2, 16 in grade 3a, 1 in grade 3b, and 1 in grade 4. No mortality was observed. Univariate analysis showed that male, total gastrectomy, splenectomy, and low HGS were significant risk factor for morbidity. Low SMI was not a risk factor. By multi-variate analysis, low HGS(HR 2.457, p=0.029), male(HR 2.610, p=0.038)and total gastrectomy(HR 2.747, p=0.027)remained significant. Conclusions: Low hand grip strength was one of significant risk factor for morbidity in gastric cancer surgery. Hand grip strength as a surgical risk has a value to be examined in the future prospective studies.

21 Background: Clinical T1 gastric cancer sometimes metastasizes to regional lymph nodes. Standard surgery is D2 gastrectomy for clinical T1N+ gastric cancer patients, however, clinical detection of nodal metastasis by Computed Tomography is unreliable, with only 4% sensitivity in our previous study. The present study aimed to predict pathological nodal metastases in clinical T1 gastric cancer. Methods: Patients were selected from the prospective database of Kanagawa Cancer Center between Oct 2000 and Oct 2007 based on the following criteria; (1) histologically proven adenocarcinoma of the stomach, (2) patients were diagnosed with clinical T1 by gastrointestinal endoscopy, (3) patients received radical surgery with D1 or more lymphadenectomy as a primary treatment. First, univariate logistic-regression model was used to select risk factors for prediction of pathological nodal metastasis by analyzing clinical factors of tumor location, clinical depth (cT1a or cT1b), macroscopic type, maximal tumor diameter, and pathological type. Then, the optimal cut-off value and predictive accuracy was determined by ROC curve using significant factors selected in logistic regression. Results: A total of 511 patients were entered into this study. Among these, pathological N+ was observed in 46 patients (9.0%). Clinical depth (p=0.002), tumor diameter (p

164 Background: The feasibility and safety of D2 surgery following neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) has not yet been fully evaluated in patients with gastric cancer. Moreover, the risk factors for surgical complications after D2 gastrectomy following NAC are also unknown. The aim of the present study was to identify risk factors for postoperative complications after D2 surgery following NAC. Methods: This study was conducted as an exploratory analysis of a prospective randomized phase II trial of NAC. This randomized phase II trial compared two and four courses of neoadjuvant S-1/cisplatin (SC) and paclitaxel/cisplatin (PC) using a two-by-two factorial design for locally advanced gastric cancer. Sample size was set at 60 to 80 to achieve 10% improvement of 3-year OS by four courses or by PC with approximately 80% probability of the correct selection. The surgical complications were assessed and classified according to the Clavien-Dindo classification. The uni- and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to identify risk factors for morbidities. Results: Among the 83 patients who were registered in the phase II trial, 69 patients received NAC and D2 gastrectomy. Postoperative complications were identified in 18 patients, and the overall morbidity rate was 26.1%. The results of the univariate and multivariate analyses of various factors potentially affecting the overall surgical morbidity identified a creatinine clearance (CCr) < 60ml/min (P = 0.016) as the sole significant independent risk factor for overall morbidity. The incidence of pancreatic fistula was significantly higher in the patients with a low CCr than in those with a high CCr. Conclusions: A low CCr was found to be a significant risk factor for surgical complications associated with D2 gastrectomy after NAC. Careful attention is therefore required for these patients. Clinical trial information: UMIN000002595.

AIM: To identify the subset of patients with stage IB gastric cancer with an unfavorable prognosis. METHODS: Overall survival (OS) rates were examined in 103 patients with stage IB (T1N1M0 and T2N0M0) gastric cancer between January 2000 and December 2011. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify risk factors using a Cox proportional hazards model. RESULTS: The OS rates of patients with T1N1 and T2N0 cancer were 89.2% and 94.1% at 5-years, respectively. Both univariate and multivariate analyses demonstrated that tumor location was the only significant prognostic factor. The OS rate was 81.8% at 5-years when the tumor was located in the upper third of the stomach and was 95.5% at 5-years when the tumor was located in the middle or lower third of the stomach (P = 0.0093). CONCLUSION: These data may suggest that tumor location is associated with survival in patients with stage IB gastric cancer.

influenced by the wind direction and can be expected to have the high efficiency. However, it is pointed out that the control is difficult because the self start is weak and the rotational speed increases rapidly by the velocity change in the natural wind. It is considered that the transition response characteristics of the wind turbine are an important factor when the most suitable control of the turbine is demanded, because these response characteristics to the wind velocity change are affected by the magnitude of the moment of inertia of the rotor. In this study, the moment of inertia dependency on the transient responses of the wind turbines in the abrupt wind speed change is investigated by wind tunnel tests. A device which can change the moment of inertia of the rotor without changing the shape of the rotor is developed. In the experiments, the moment of inertia of the rotor is changed into 0.1 kgm 2 , 0.15 kgm 2 , 0.20 kgm 2 , 0.25 kgm 2 , 0.30 kgm 2 . In order to obtain the time constant, transient response of the rotational speed is compared with a theoretical expression obtained by assuming a first order lag

e15112 Background: Although obesity influences the technical difficulty of surgery, a reasonable marker of abdominal obesity is not confirmed and effective intervention has never been applied to reduce the operative risk in patients with abdominal obesity. Methods: To reduce the surgical difficulty and risk in gastric cancer patients with abdominal obesity, a preoperative exercise protocol was designed for stage I gastric cancer patients who were diagnosed to have metabolic syndrome (MetS). Results: In total, 51 patients (33 who underwent surgery alone, 18 who were treated with preoperative exercise) were registered in this study. Visceral fat areas (VFA) were estimated by CT scan, and they were associated most strongly with waist, followed by HDL cholesterol, and BMI. In the exercise group, all patients completed protocol treatment, without disease progression and > grade2 exercise-associated adverse events. VFA of the exercise group were larger than that of the surgery alone group at registration (221cm2 /180cm2, p=0.028), then reduced after exercise to non-significant level with surgery alone group (201cm2 /180cm2, p=0.264). There were no significant differences of intraoperative blood loss (262mL/201mL: p=0.465) and incidence of perioperative morbidity (27.7%/29%, p=1.000) between exercise and non-exercise groups. Multivariate logistic regression analysis detected intraoperative blood loss (> 380mL) as significant risk factor (p=0.023) for perioperative morbidity. Conclusions: Waist was surrogate marker for VFA in this study, thus can be a candidate of simple indicator of abdominal obesity. Preoperative interventional exercise did not directly reduce operative risk of gastric cancer with MetS; however, it was associated indirectly with risk reduction by improving surgical difficulty.

55 Background: Laparoscopic distal gastrectomy (LA) for gastric cancer may reduce breakdown of the muscle protein due to less surgical stress, compared with open surgery (OP). Methods: This study was performed as an exploratory analysis of a phase III trial comparing OP and LA for stage I gastric cancer in KCCH by limiting the period between May and Dec of 2011. IL-6 was measured before and 12 hours after surgery. Prealbumin and body composition were examined before and 7 days after surgery. %LBM was defined as percentile of LBM at 7 days to LBM before surgery. Values were expressed as median and range. Results: Twenty-seven patients were randomized to OP in 14 and LA in 13. Baseline: Body weight, LBM, prealbumin, and IL-6 were similar between both. Surgery and pathology D1/D1+/D2 lymph node dissections were 0/9/5 in OP and 0/9/4 in LA (p=0.785). Blood loss (g, range) and operation time (minutes, range) were 160 (50-475) and 174.5 (85-276) in OP, respectively, and 40 (5-270) and 267 (168-360) in LA, respectively, which were both significantly different (p=0.009 and 0005, respectively). Pathological T and N were similar between both. Morbidity and mortality: Any complications > grade 2 defined by Clavien-Dindo classification were 2 (14.3%) including grade 3B anastomotic stenosis and 3A pancreatic fistula in OP and 1 (7.7%) grade 2 transient ischemic attack in LA (p=0.586). Measurements: IL-6 (pg/ml, range) after 12 hours was 36.3 (14.4-405.0) in OP and 53.3 (24.1-217.0) in LA (p=1.000). Prealubumin (mg/dl, range) was 17.3 (11.7-23.7) in OP and 17.8 (10.5-28.7) in LA (p=0.680). %LBM (range) was 96.9 (93-101) in OP and 96.5 (93-100) in LA (p=1.000). When excluding the patients who developed morbidity > grade 2, IL-6 (range) was 32.1 (14.4-405.0) in OP and 49.5 (24.1-217.0) in LA (p=0.356). Prealubumin (mg/dl, range) was 17.7 (13.7-23.7) in OP and 17.8 (10.5-28.7) in LA (p=0.729). %LBM (range) was 97.1 (93-101) in OP and 97.2 (94-100) in LA (p=1.000). Conclusions: Laparoscopic approach has no impact on surgical stress and breakdown of the muscle protein after distal gastrectomy.

51 Background: Peritoneum is still the most frequent site of the recurrence in stage II/III gastric cancer patients although the survival was improved by S-1 adjuvant chemotherapy. The objective of this retrospective study was to clarify the risk factors of peritoneal recurrence in patients who received S-1 adjuvant chemotherapy. Methods: Peritoneal recurrence free survival (P-RFS) was examined in 100 gastric cancer patients who underwent curative D2 surgery, were diagnosed with stage II or III pathologically, and received adjuvant S-1 between June of 2002 and March of 2011. Uni- and multi- variate analyses were performed to identify risk factors by Cox’s proportional hazard analyses. Results: P-RFS was 64.3% at 3 years and 58.8% at 5 years. A total of 18 patients were diagnosed with peritoneal recurrence. Macroscopic tumor diameter, depth of tumor invasion, and lymph node metastasis were the significant factors by univariate analysis, while tumor diameter and lymph node metastasis were the only significant independent risk factors by multivariate analysis. Conclusions: The macroscopic tumor diameter and lymph node metastasis were the most important risk factors for P-RFS. When patients had these risk factors, S-1 was not sufficient to inhibit peritoneal recurrence. When developing a novel adjuvant chemotherapy targeting peritoneal metastasis in the future, clinical trials should be limited to these patients.

19 Background: Peritoneal metastasis (PM) is among the most frequent patterns of recurrence of gastric cancer: however, it cannot be detected by general axial CT or even by PET until it develops to massive ascites or an overt peritoneal mass. CT colonography (CTC) is used to screen for colon cancer, with the advantage that it can provide both colonic and extracolonic information at the same time. Methods: CTC was applied for patients that were suspected to have PM based on their clinical symptoms and general CT findings, without sufficient information to confirm the diagnosis, to detect signs of peritoneal metastasis earlier. PM diagnosis in CTC was defined as the finding of an abnormal deformity of the colonic wall without intraluminal tumor by both the attending doctors and radiologists. Results: Twelve patients suspected of having PM were enrolled in the study. Nine of those patients (75%) were positive for PM by CTC. Abnormal colonic deformities were also identified in other locations other than the lesions detected by general CT in 6 patients. All of the nine patients with positive PM were clinically confirmed to have PM, and had a poorer prognosis (median survival: 252 days). The three patients with negative PM are all alive without recurrence. Conclusions: CTC is thus considered to be a candidate for the early detection of PM. Further study with more patients is therefore warranted.

1 Background: Initial diagnosis of gastric cancer is based on upper gastrointestinal tract endoscopy (GF) and/or upper gastrointestinal series (UGI) which also determines invasion depth of T1 or Non-T1. Subsequently, TNM is evaluated by Multi Detector-row Computed Tomography (MDCT). TNM is indispensable to decide treatment of gastric cancer, however, T1 disease has low metastatic potential and is almost curable only by local treatment. It remained unclear whether MDCT is necessary for clinical T1 (cT1). Methods: Patients were selected from the prospective database of Kanagawa Cancer Center between Oct 2000 and Oct 2007 based on the following criteria; (1) histologically proven adenocarcinoma of the stomach, confirmed by endoscopic biopsy (2) patients were diagnosed with cT1 by GF/UGI, (3) patients received MDCT, (4) patients received no prior treatment before the examination, and (5) patients received endoscopic mucosal dissection (ESD) or radical surgery with D1 or more lymphadenectomy as a primary treatment. Efficacy of MDCT was evaluated by incidence of cM1 in all patients with cT1 disease and by accuracy to diagnose pathological N+ in patients who received surgery. Regional lymph nodes were considered to be involved by metastases if they were larger than 8 mm in the short-axis diameter. Results: A total of 761 patients were entered into this study. Of these, 236 patients received ESD while 525 underwent surgery. No cM1 disease was found in 761 patients. Among 525 patients who underwent surgery, 484 were pathologically diagnosed with T1 (pT1, 92.2%), 31 with pT2 (5.9%), 5 with pT3 (0.9%), and 5 with pT4 (0.9%). Clinical N+ was observed in 8 patients (1.5%), while pathological N+ in 45 (8.6%). The accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value was 90.3%, 4.3%, 98.7%, 25%, and 91.3%, respectively. Conclusions: The present study suggested that MDCT was unnecessary for cT1 gastric cancer because cM1 was extremely rare and diagnosis of N+ was unreliable in cT1 disease.

85 Background: There are many known prognostic indicators following surgery for gastric cancer. However, the impact of infectious complication on prognosis is less clear. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the relationship between infectious complication and relapse-free survival in patients undergoing potentially curative resection of gastric cancer. Methods: A consecutive series of 657 patients who underwent macroscopically curative resection between 2000 and 2005 in Kanagawa Cancer Center were retrospectively studied. Five-year relapse-free survival rates in each stages (TNM7th) were calculated. Infectious complications (≥Grage2 by Clavien-Dindo classification) were classified as pneumonia, anastomotic leakage, intra-abdominal abscess, septicaemia, colitis, pancreatic-fistula, and wound infection. Results: Mean age was 61 years; male-female ration was 4:1; the number of patients in TNM7th stages were I :389, II :93, III :116, and IV :59. Infectious complications occurred in 57 patients (8.7%) including 8.5% in stage I, 3.2% in stage II, 12.1% in stage III, and 11.9% in stage IV, respectively. Five-year relapse-free survival rates in patients without infectious complications and with infectious complications were 93.1% vs 81.6% in stage I, 84.4% and 100% in stage II, 55.8% and 28.6% in stage III, and 9% and 0% in stage IV, respectively. In stage III, patients with infectious complication had significantly poorer outcome in relapse-free survival compared with those without one (p Conclusions: This study indicates a correlation between infectious complications and cancer recurrence in advanced but localized gastric cancer. Immunologic response of the host against postoperative infection could influence the viability of microscopic residual disease. Further clinical and basic study are needed to improve outcome for this category of patients.

56 Background: In patients with stage II/III gastric cancer, tumors often recur even after curative D2 gastrectomy followed by adjuvant S-1 chemotherapy. The objective of this retrospective study was to clarify the prognostic factors in these patients that might be useful for future patients. Methods: Overall survival was examined in 82 gastric cancer patients who underwent curative D2 surgery, were diagnosed with stage IIA, II B, IIIA, IIIB, or IIIC pathologically, and received adjuvant S-1 after surgery between June of 2002 and March of 2010. Results: When overall survival was compared by the log-rank test, a significant difference was observed with regard to macroscopic tumor diameter and the depth of tumor invasion. A macroscopic tumor diameter greater than 70mm was regarded as a critical point of classification considering the survival. Uni- and muliti-variate Cox’s proportional hazard analyses demonstrated that macroscopic tumor diameter was the only significant independent prognosticator. The five-year survival was 64.9% in patients with a macroscopic tumor diameter Conclusions: The macroscopic tumor diameter was the most important prognostic factor for survival in patients with stage II/III gastric cancer who underwent D2 gastrectomy followed by adjuvant S-1 chemotherapy. Prognostic factors can be affected by adjuvant chemotherapy.

Incompressible flows around a yawed circular cylinder at Reynolds number 2000 have been calculated by the finite difference method based on the third-order upwind scheme for approximating the nonlinear terms of Navier-Stokes equations. Flows around a perpendicular cylinder are also calculated for comparison. The calculated pressure distributions around the cylinder are compared with experimental data and the agreement is satisfactory. The results of this computation show the details of the flow especially in the wake region.

An attempt was made to determine clearly the effects of the endplates on the pressure distributions on the surface of the yawed circular cylinder. It can be concluded that the endplates act to decrease the base pressure and operate to enhance the pressure gradient along the cylinder axis with increasing yaw angle. The pressure behind the cylinder decreases greatly towards the upstream endplate of the cylinder, although there is a strong wedge-shaped recovery of pressure in the region near the rear stagnation. The strong secondary flow behind the yawed circular cylinder is responsible for the recovery region.