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Anaerobic digestion (AD) of organic waste from agriculture and others sectors is a widely used technology which shows increasing implementation due to its capacity to produce renewable energy and also to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from waste management. The development of AD is also an opportunity to improve nutrient recycling from organic waste through the development of an eco-effi cient post-treatment system. In this context,LCA was applied to evaluate the sustainability of diff erent raw digestate post-treatment technologies regarding recycling of nutrients from agricultural and organic waste to agricultural soils for decreased resource depletion and climate mitigation. Substitution of the use of N and P mineral fertilizers with recycled soil health improver or organic fertilizers products as function of fi ve diff erent post-treatment technologies and raw digestate characteristics was evaluated.A particular attention was carried to (1) the gaseous emissions (NH3 and N2O) from process (post-treatment) but also after land spreading and (2) the carbon cycle considering the CO2 carbon costs of fertiliser production and the soil carbon sequestration benefit.

Since early 20th century, phthalates have been widely used as plasticizers. Due to the potential for adverse health effects - particularly reproductive effects - for vulnerable population such as children, phthalates like Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), Di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) and Benzyl-butyl phthalate (BBP) have been gradually under regulations. Despite the similar adverse health effects, no harmonized regulations exist for these substances. Varying regulations are focused on single/multiple substances in separate product categories, e.g. toys, childcare articles, cosmetics and food packaging materials. Cumulative risks of DEHP, DBP and BBP to children in Korea and Denmark were estimated based on exposure via the environment and food. While the estimated risk was higher in Korea with a median RCR of 0.32 (KR) vs. 0.16 (DK), the back calculated risk from urinary metabolites was higher in Denmark with a median RCR of 0.91 (DK) vs. 0.62 (KR) (unpublished results). The present study aims to assess the aggregated exposure from consumer products assuming that every single product’s regulatory standard is respected. Total exposure to the three phthalates will be estimated taking into account different consumption patterns and life styles of children in Denmark and Korea. The estimated exposure from products will be added to the exposure via the environment and foods and total exposure will be compared to biomonitoring data. The result will verify the appropriateness of current product regulations for DEHP, DBP and BBP such as REACH and directives on cosmetics, building materials, toys and childcare articles. Furthermore, the need for a system approach (Lee et al., 2013) which links existing chemical regulations with environmental management tools such as waste management systems and environmental impact assessment will be discussed in the context of obtaining a better and equal protection of the environment and human health at a territorial level.

This report contains a description of models, background data and projections of CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 for Denmark. The emissions are projected to 2035 using a scenario combined with the expected results of a few individual policy measures. Official Danish forecasts of activity rates are used in the models for those sectors for which forecasts are available, i.e. the latest official forecast from the Danish Energy Agency. The emission factors refer to international guidelines and some are country-specific and refer to Danish legislation, Danish research reports or calculations based on emission data from a considerable number of industrial plants. The projection models are based on the same structure and method as the Danish emission inventories in order to ensure consistency.

The report outlines the quality work undertaken by the emission inventory group at the Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University in connection with the preparation and reporting of the Danish greenhouse gas inventory. The report updates and expands on the first version of the quality manual published in 2005. The report fulfils the mandatory requirements for a quality assurance/quality control (QA/QC) plan as lined out in the UNFCCC reporting guidelines and the specifications related to reporting under the Kyoto Protocol. The report describes all elements of the internal QC procedures as well as the QA and verification activities carried out in connection with the Danish greenhouse gas inventory.

This report is Denmark’s National Inventory Report 2013. The report contains information on Denmark’s emission inventories for all years’ from 1990 to 2011 for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6, NOx, CO, NMVOC, SO2.

Based on a literature review with focus on hazardous substances in waste electric and electronicequipment (WEEE) and numbers from a Danish treatment facility a flow analysis for specific substances has been conducted. Further, the accessible knowledge on human and environmental effects due to possible emissions from the WEEE treatment is described together with the economic driving forces and barriers for the recycling and use of WEEE for e.g. energy production.

This report is Denmark’s National Inventory Report 2012. The report contains information on Denmark’s emission inventories for all years’ from 1990 to 2010 for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6, NOx, CO, NMVOC, SO2

In recent years, the paradigm of chemical management system has changed from being toxicity oriented and media based to being risk oriented and receptor based. This trend is evident not only regarding environmental quality standards, but also for industrial chemical regulations. Political instruments to support a precautionary chemicals management system and to protect receptor’s health have also been increasing. Since 2007, the European Union adopted REACH (the Regulation on Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals): REACH makes industry responsible for assessing and managing the risks posed by industrial chemicals and providing appropriate safety information to their users (EC, 2007). However, to ensure a high level of protection of human health and the environment, there is a need to consider ‘aggregate exposure’ including background exposures from environment which varies in different regions. It is also needed to include information about the sustainable level of industrial emissions in REACH reporting system; this is in order to prevent chemicals from accumulating in the environmental media and biota. New approaches and frameworks are therefore needed to accomplish the goals of REACH, these at the same time can decrease historical background exposure for humans and ecosystem. A comparative review about the environmental management system such as quality goals, relevant organizations and environmental monitoring systems of hazardous chemicals in Denmark and Korea will be presented. Furthermore, the actual concentrations of selected substances (metals and POPs) in environmental media will be compared between the two countries with reference to the amount of chemicals emitted to environment by industries as reported in the national PRTR registers. Comparing the different background exposure between two countries allows in fact the definition of a common framework for improving exposure scenarios within REACH system, for monitoring environmental health, and for increasing degree of circularity of resource and substance flows. References 1. European Commission Environment Directorate General, Oct.2007, REACH in brief Keywords REACH, Aggregate exposure, Background exposure, Exposure scenario

The project to improve the Greenlandic greenhouse gas (GHG) inventory was undertaken due to the recommendations made by the UNFCCC review team in connection with the 2008 and 2009 submissions by the Kingdom of Denmark. The improvements made to the Greenlandic GHG emission inventory were substantial. Firstly the full CRF format was implemented significantly increasing the level of detail. For the cross-cutting elements of the reporting a tier 1 uncertainty estimation was made. The uncertainty estimation showed a total uncertainty of the GHG emission of 5.8 %. A tier 1 key category analysis was made resulting in five key categories due to level in 2008 and five further key categories due to the trend. Three categories were key for both level and trend. For the individual source sectors numerous improvements were made. This was both related to the estimation of previously missing sources and to refining the methodologies that had been previously used. The changes made to the Greenlandic GHG inventory as a result of this project resulted in recalculations of the GHG emission of 14.3 Gg of CO2 equivalents in 2007, which roughly corresponds to 2 % of the total GHG emissions

This report contains a description of models, background data and projections of CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 for Denmark. The emissions are projected to 2030 using a scenario combined with the expected results of a few individual policy measures. Official Danish forecasts of activity rates are used in the models for those sectors for which forecasts are available, i.e. the latest official forecast from the Danish Energy Agency. The emission factors refer to international guidelines and some are country-specific and refer to Danish legislation, Danish research reports or calculations based on emission data from a considerable number of industrial plants. The projection models are based on the same structure and method as the Danish emission inventories in order to ensure consistency.

This study looks into the uncertainties in determining the impact of “metals” emissions to human health, in Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA). Metals are diverse substances, with different proprieties and characteristics, considered important in LCIA because of their toxicity to humans or ecosystems. Various methodologies for LCIA are at the present time available, but we believe that big differences exist in the way they address human toxicity of metals. After a research on relevant literature sources, we identified four scientific criteria for the definition of which metals should be considered in an impact assessment focused on human health, and defined a list of 14 metals. We performed a contribution analysis in order to compare methods in relative terms; an approach successfully used in other studies. Various processes have been analyzed with 8 different LCIA methods in order to assess both how much each metal contributes to the total impact on human health, when only metal emissions are present, and how much metals in total contribute when also other toxic substances are included in the inventory of emissions. Differences between the methods are great and due to the uncertainties in the impact assessment process. Uncertainties regard: the number of considered metals, compartments of emissions, and health impacts; the multimedia models and reference substances used. This absence of consistency between methods is a problem in conducting LCIA, because the role of metals can be over- or underestimated. We believe that this study gives a good and simple overview regarding the way different methods address the impact assessment for metals, and that it could help in the interpretation of LCIA results for actual LCA studies where emissions of metals are involved.

This report contains a description of models, background data and projections of CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 for Denmark. The emissions are projected to 2030 using basic scenarios together with the expected results of a few individual policy measures. Official Danish forecasts of activity rates are used in the models for those sectors for which the forecasts are available, i.e. the latest official forecast from the Danish Energy Agency. The emission factors refer to international guidelines and some are country-specific and refer to Danish legislation, Danish research reports or calculations based on emission data from a considerable number of plants. The projection models are based on the same structure and method as the Danish emission inventories in order to ensure consistency.

Updated emission factors for decentralised combined heat and power (CHP) plants with a capacity < 25MWe have been estimated based on project emission measurements as well as emission measurements performed in recent years that were collected. The emission factors valid for 2006/2007 have been estimated for the plant technologies: Municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration plants, plants combusting straw or wood, natural gas fuelled reciprocating engines, biogas fuelled engines, natural gas fuelled gas turbines, gas oil fuelled reciprocating engines, gas oil fuelled gas turbines, steam turbines combusting residual oil and reciprocating engines combusting biomass producer gas based on wood. The emission factors for MSW incineration plants are much lower than the emission factors that were estimated for year 2000. The considerable reduction in the emission factors is a result of lower emission limit values in Danish legislation since 2006 that has lead to installation of new and improved flue gas cleaning systems in most MSW incineration plants. For CHP plants combusting wood or straw no major technical improvements have been implemented. The emission factors for natural gas fuelled reciprocating engines have been reduced since year 2000 as a result of technical improvements that have been carried out due to lower emission limit values in Danish legislation. The NOx emission factor for natural gas fuelled gas turbines has decreased 62 % since year 2000. This is a result of installation of low-NOx burners in almost all gas turbines that has been necessary to meet new emission limits in Danish legislation. The emission measurements programme included screening of the emissions of HCB, PCB, PCDD/-F and PBDD/-F. Compared to the Danish national emission decentralized CHP plants are major emission sources for CH4, NOx, SO2, heavy metals and HCB.

På basis af såvel indsamlede emissionsdata som projektmålinger er der er blevet udarbejdet opdaterede emissionsfaktorer for decentrale kraftvarmeværker < 25 MWe for år 2006/2007. Projektet omfatter følgende typer af decentrale kraftvarmeværker: affaldsforbrændingsanlæg, halmfyrede værker, træfyrede værker, naturgasdrevne motorer, biogasdrevne motorer og naturgasdrevne gasturbiner, gasoliedrevne motorer, gasoliedrevne gasturbiner, fueloliedrevne dampturbiner samt motorer, der anvender forgasningsgas baseret på træ. Generelt er emissionsfaktorerne for affaldsforbrænding væsentligt lavere end de emissionsfaktorer, der tidligere er fastlagt for år 2000. Den store reduktion af emissionerne er et resultat af nye emissionsgrænseværdier i Affaldsbekendtgørelsen, Bekendtgørelse 162, der har medført ombygning af røggasrensningsanlæggene på de fleste affaldsforbrændingsanlæg. For halm- og træfyrede anlæg er der ikke nye emissionsgrænseværdier, og der har ikke været større anlægsændringer siden år 2000. Emissionsfaktorerne for naturgasdrevne motorer er reduceret siden år 2000 som et resultat af de tekniske ændringer af motorerne, som de nye emissionsgrænseværdier i Bekendtgørelse 621 har nødvendiggjort. NOx-emissionsfaktoren for naturgasdrevne turbiner er faldet 62 % siden år 2000. Dette er igen et resultat af Bekendtgørelse 621, der har betydet, at stort set alle gasturbinerne er blevet forsynet med low-NOx-brændere. Måleprogrammet omfattede screening for en række emissionskomponenter: HCB, PCB, PCDD/-F og PBDD/-F. Decentrale kraftvarmeværker er en væsentlig kilde til de danske emissioner af CH4, NOx, SO2, tungmetaller og HCB.

This report is Denmark's National Inventory Report 2010. The report contains information on Denmark's emission inventories for all years' from 1990 to 2008 for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6, NOx, CO, NMVOC, SO2.

This report describes and documents data origin and aggregation for the derivation of indicators according to EU Monitoring Mechanism decisions, which oblige EU member states to report indicators to the EU Commission. The decision was put in force February 11, 2004 and member states are to report these specified indicators yearly to EU. Though the first year to report according to the decision was 2004 this report involves data 1990-2007. Analyses of the indicators and their trends 1990-2007 and the reasons for the trends are included in the report.

This report contains a description of models and background data for projection of CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 for Denmark. The emissions are projected to 2025 using basic scenarios together with the expected results of a few individual policy measures. Official Danish forecasts of activity rates are used in the models for those sectors for which the forecasts are available, i.e. the latest official forecast from the Danish Energy Agency. The emission factors refer to international guidelines and some are country-specific and refer to Danish legislation, Danish research reports or calculations based on emission data from a considerable number of plants. The projection models are based on the same structure and method as the Danish emission inventories in order to ensure consistency.

Denne rapport beskriver med udgangspunkt i sektorniveau, svarende til de danske nationale drivhusgasopgørelser, beregningsmetoder for opgørelser af drivhusgasser på kommuneniveau. Sektorerne i rapporten er kollektiv el- og varmeforsyning, individuel opvarmning, mobile kilder og transport og maskiner, industrielle processer, opløsningsmidler, landbrug, arealanvendelse samt affaldsdeponi og spildevand. Metoderne omfatter beregninger af de drivhusgasser der er mest vigtige for den pågældende sektor. Samlet set er omfattet drivhusgasserne CO2, CH4 og N2O. De enkelte metoder er bygget op i flere niveauer (Tiers) med stigende krav til kommunerne vedrørende datagrundlag.