1,368 results on '"Third Reich"'
Search Results
252. Roland Freisler (1893-1945): An Intellectual Biography
- Author
-
Clausen, Thomas
- Subjects
Weimar Republic ,History ,Third Reich ,Jena ,Hans Frank ,National Socialism ,FOS: Law ,Kassel ,Law ,Justus Wilhelm Hedemann ,Roland Freisler ,Intellectual History - Abstract
Roland Freisler was a leading Nazi lawyer, civil servant, and judge. The main focus of the thesis is on Freisler���s hitherto neglected experiences during the Weimar Republic and his role in facilitating the transition of the German legal system from the democratic Rechtsstaat to the Nazi dictatorship. The first chapter (1893-1920) examines Freisler���s experiences during the First World War and its revolutionary aftermath and sheds doubt on the much-repeated claim that he had ���converted��� to Bolshevism. The second chapter (1920-1922) provides a close reading of his doctoral dissertation and early academic work. The close collaboration with his supervisor, Justus Wilhelm Hedemann, as well as stellar grades paved the ground for a stellar legal career. As the third chapter (1924-1930) shows, these ambitions were squashed and Freisler began to pursue an alternative career as a leading Nazi lawyer, who broke down the boundaries between street, courtroom, and city parliament in order to undermine the Novembersystem. The fourth chapter (1930-1932) looks at Freisler���s breakthrough during the early 1930s when he became a leading local politician as well as an indispensable legal advisor. The fifth chapter (1933) provides a close reading of Freisler���s role in the Nazi seizure of power, which shows that the especially violent period of transition is instrumental for understanding the nature of legal politics in the ���Third Reich���. The penultimate chapter (1933-1942) traces the residues of these Weimar experiences through a selection of case studies from Freisler���s time as Staatssekret��r in the Prussian and Reich Ministry of Justice. The final chapter (1942-1945) does the same for his stint as President of the Volksgerichtshof. Having fallen from grace as a senior civil servant, the Volksgerichtshof signified a chance for redemption and, in some sense, a return to the performative struggles of the Weimar period., Gates Cambridge Max Planck Institute for Legal History and Legal Theory Trinity College, Cambridge
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
253. « Je vous suis inaccessible » : lettres et romans policiers sous le Troisième Reich (1933-1945)
- Author
-
Vincent Platini
- Subjects
crime novel ,Third Reich ,letter ,ideology ,subversion ,gender ,Language and Literature - Abstract
This article analyses the ideological meanings of letters in several crime novels published under the Third Reich. These texts impose standards of Nazi thought but also appear as effective means of political subversion. They undermine the terms of the Nazis discourse and provide their authors with a literary camouflage in order to escape dictatorial repression. The article distinguishes four kinds of letters (exile letters, populist letters, confessions letters and anonymous letters) which are linked beyond their political oppositions.
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
254. Carin Fock-Göring’s Gravestone: Tracing the Legacy of the Swedish First Lady of the Third Reich
- Author
-
Wen, Patrick, author
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
255. Bonhoeffer and Political Life
- Author
-
Plant, Stephen J., Ziegler, Philip G., book editor, and Mawson, Michael, book editor
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
256. Trophies of War: Red Army Soldiers Confront an Alien World of Goods
- Author
-
Schechter, Brandon M., author
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
257. Bits of Conversation
- Author
-
Kluge, Alexander, author and Langston, Richard, editor
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
258. La imagen de Cristóbal Colón y el Descubrimiento de América en la ópera alemana durante el Tercer Reich.
- Author
-
GUTIÉRREZ MEZA, JOSÉ ELÍAS
- Subjects
- *
OPERA , *BLACK Legend (Spanish history) - Abstract
On July 13, 1933, Bavarian Radio broadcast the opera Columbus of the German composer Werner Egk. This opera was the first of three approaches to the Hispanic world of this composer, whose rise in the musical world of his country coincided with the establishment of Nazi Germany. In Columbus, Egk represented the history of Christopher Columbus from his interviews with the Catholic Monarchs until his death in misery, after his deposition of the government of the Spanish colonies in America. The libretto, written by the composer, used the negative stereotypes about Spain that existed in the German imaginary to criticize the colonialism of the time. Ironically, the opera would end up joining the musical culture of Nazi Germany. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
259. The German Courts-martial and their Cooperation with the Police Organizations during the World War II.
- Author
-
Kalmbach, Peter Lutz
- Subjects
- *
COURTS-martial & courts of inquiry , *WORLD War II , *MILITARY personnel , *CIVILIANS in World War II , *JUSTICE administration - Abstract
The article focuses on the military justice of the Wehrmacht and their investigation organizations. The armed forces of the Third Reich had command over hundreds of court-martials. These military courts supervise the discipline inside the army. Moreover, they were part of the occupation force of the occupied European territories. Besides the authority over the German soldiers the military judges could also decide on German and foreign civilians. Various police organizations lead investigations for the court-martials of the Wehrmacht: especially the Field-Gendarmerie, which was created in 1939 to work for the military justice just as the Geheime Feldpolizei (Secret Field-Police). The members of these formations had a bad reputation, because their methods of work were brutal and ruthless. On demand the German court-martials cooperated also with the German Ordnungspolizei (Civil Order Police), the Geheime Staatspolizei (Secret State Police) and with police organizations of the occupied European nations. During the war the military tribunals operated more radical and they always declared more death sentences. In the end of 1943 a new type of military police arose: the Feldjäger-Kommandos (Field Hunter Commands). They consisted of disguised sergeants and officers of the Wehrmacht and the SS. Part of the Field Hunters were special military courts. But in this case the police had the commanding power over the judges - not vice versa. Towards the end of the war continuously more and more special police and SS units were created, which supervised the area behind the front. Instead of regular military tribunals these units worked together with flying drumhead trials, which let people be executed in the public. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
260. LOS INTENTOS DE EXTERMINIO NAZI DE LOS HOMOSEXUALES EN LA LITERATURA.
- Author
-
HOLGADO SÁEZ, CHRISTINA
- Abstract
Copyright of Estudios Humanisticos. Filologia is the property of Universidad de Leon, Area de Publicaciones and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
261. EVENIMENT ACADEMIC SAU INTERES POLITIC? PARTICIPAREA GERMANĂ LA LUCRĂRILE CONGRESULUI INTERNAŢIONAL DE SOCIOLOGIE DE LA BUCUREŞTI DIN 1939.
- Author
-
NASTASĂ-MATEI, IRINA
- Abstract
Between August 29 and September 2, 1939 the XIV
th International Congress of Sociology, organized by Dimitrie Gusti, should have taken place in Bucharest. However, because of the international context - the outbreak of World War II -, the conference never took place, its proceedings were published. Our study aims to contribute to a better understanding of Nazi Germany's sociology and its relationship with the Romanian sociological milieu by researching the profiles of the Third Reich's academics and their contributions to this congress. On one hand, we focuse on the work and careers of the German sociologists who were invited and accepted (or were allowed) to participate to the congress, on their position within the German sociology, but also within the Nazi institutional system. On the other hand, we do a content analysis of the articles sent to Bucharest by these German sociologists. Thus, we try to establish the extent to which their articles contain academic information and considerations, results of solid research, or they rather tend to address more political or ideological subjects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2016
262. PRZEDSTAWIENIE MISTYCZNYCH ŹRÓDEŁ NAZIZMU W POLSKIEJ LITERATURZE HISTORYCZNO-FILOZOFICZNEJ.
- Author
-
Szuppe, Paweł
- Abstract
This article presents the mystical roots of Nazism in the Polish scholarly literature on the subject. The philosophical-religious movement, known as volkism, is presented as core of the article along with the intellectual origins of the Third Reich. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
263. Misinterpreted Documents and Ignored Physical Facts: The History of 'Hitler's Atomic Bomb' needs to be corrected.
- Author
-
Popp, Prof. Dr. Manfred
- Subjects
NUCLEAR weapons research ,WORLD War II ,MILITARY research ,PHYSICISTS ,NUCLEAR reactors ,HISTORY of nuclear physics ,SCIENCE ,TWENTIETH century ,HISTORY - Abstract
Copyright of Berichte zur Wissenschafts-Geschichte is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
264. ¿Fue moderno el Holocausto?
- Author
-
Hayes, Peter
- Abstract
Copyright of Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Politicas y Sociales is the property of Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Politicas y Sociales and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
265. The Spanish support for the Third Reich in the Second World War: New considerations about the Etappenorganisation.
- Author
-
Díaz Benítez, Juan J.
- Abstract
The goal of this article is to study the great Spain–Portugal supply area as part of the international deployment of the Etappenorganisation before and during the Second World War. To accomplish this objective, the records of the German Naval War Command are analysed to demonstrate three hypotheses: Spain was part of the Etappenorganisation long before the beginning of the war; she played an important role in the preparation of supply vessels and blockade runners, supported by Spanish non-belligerence; the dismantling of the Etappenorganisation in Spain provisionally began in 1942 and continued in the following years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
266. Spanish-German Military Collaboration during the Spanish Non-Belligerency: German Advice for the Defence of the Canary Islands in November 1942.
- Author
-
Díaz Benítez, Juan José
- Subjects
- *
WORLD War II , *COAST defenses , *TWENTIETH century , *HISTORY ,20TH century German military history ,SPANISH foreign relations ,SPANISH history, 1939-1975 - Abstract
The goal of this article is to study one of the lesser known questions of the Spanish approach to the Axis during the Second World War: German assistance in the defence of the Canary Islands against an Allied attack. To accomplish this objective, a German officer’s visit to these islands to improve their defence after the Anglo-Canadian landing at Dieppe is analysed. The visit proves the maintenance of Spanish-German collaboration at the end of 1942. The report submitted by the officer influenced the reorganization of the defence of the islands in 1943. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
267. FOREIGN TRADE RELATIONS OF THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC (1939 - 1945) WITH THE COUNTRIES OF SOUTH-EASTERN EUROPE.
- Author
-
MIČKO, Peter
- Subjects
INTERNATIONAL economic relations ,INTERNATIONAL relations - Abstract
Copyright of Codrul Cosminului is the property of Codrul Cosminului and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2016
268. CONTEXTS OF COLONIALISM.
- Author
-
Smith, Woodruff D.
- Subjects
- *
IMPERIALISM , *GLOBALIZATION , *CULTURE , *NAZI Germany, 1933-1945 ,GERMAN colonies - Abstract
ABSTRACT The contributions to the collection under review offer a wide range of treatments of ways in which German colonialism intersected with aspects of domestic German culture and politics, with particular attention to the larger global setting in which the German colonial empire existed between 1884 and 1918-or was remembered up to 1945. The review situates and critiques the contributions in interpretive contexts based on general suggestions by one of the editors, Geoff Eley. These include a context in which 'colonialism' and 'imperialism' are recognized as specific discursive constructions of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, another in which the causal focus in interpreting colonial phenomena is placed on exchanges that constituted an accelerating globality with which available conceptual modes (including colonialism and imperialism) could not keep pace, a third that complicates the categorical distinctions usually made between types of imperial program, and a fourth that aims at replicating on a much broader and more flexible basis something like the concept of 'social imperialism' that forty years ago dominated interpretations of German imperialism. The essay ends with a view of how such an interpretive framework might be constructed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
269. Pregled enot in ustanov Waffen-SS na Slovenskem med drugo svetovno vojno.
- Author
-
Kocjančič, Klemen
- Abstract
Copyright of Contributions to Contemporary History / Prispevki za Novejšo Zgodovino is the property of Prispevki za Novejso Zgodovino and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
270. Hey, Google, is it what the Holocaust looked like?
- Author
-
Roberto Ulloa, Aleksandra Urman, and Mykola Makhortykh
- Subjects
History ,bias ,representation ,Representation (arts) ,Variation (game tree) ,search engine ,ddc:070 ,Antisemitismus ,antisemitism ,Geschichte ,visual representation ,Bild ,persecution of Jews ,Information Science ,media_common ,General History ,Visibility (geometry) ,Judenverfolgung ,Drittes Reich ,malperformance ,history ,Holocaust denial ,ddc:900 ,allgemeine Geschichte ,Computer Networks and Communications ,media_common.quotation_subject ,revisionism ,Ranking (information retrieval) ,genocide ,World Wide Web ,Interactive, electronic Media ,image search ,algorithmic curation ,Holocaust ,mass atrocities ,trivialization ,The Holocaust ,Perception ,interaktive, elektronische Medien ,Völkermord ,News media, journalism, publishing ,Repräsentation ,algorithm ,Revisionismus ,Antisemitism ,Suchmaschine ,Human-Computer Interaction ,Algorithmus ,Third Reich ,picture ,Publizistische Medien, Journalismus,Verlagswesen ,Informationswissenschaft - Abstract
By filtering and ranking information, search engines shape how individuals perceive both the present and past events. However, these information curation mechanisms are prone to malperformance that can misinform their users. In this article, we examine how search malperformance can influence representation of traumatic past by investigating image search outputs of six search engines in relation to the Holocaust in English and Russian. Our findings indicate that besides two common themes - commemoration and liberation of camps - there is substantial variation in visual representation of the Holocaust between search engines and languages. We also observe several instances of search malperformance, including content propagating antisemitism and Holocaust denial, misattributed images, and disproportionate visibility of specific Holocaust aspects that might result in its distorted perception by the public.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
271. Competition as war: towards a socio-analysis of war in and among corporations
- Author
-
Sievers, Burkard
- Published
- 2000
272. Exclusive Border Crossing
- Author
-
Dirk Schuster
- Subjects
Institut für Jüdische Studien und Religionswissenschaft ,Sociology of religion ,Religious studies ,space ,social imaginaries ,Third Reich ,Protestantism ,ddc:20 ,border ,Sociology ,race ,Social Sciences (miscellaneous) ,Border crossing ,Philosophy of religion - Abstract
From 1933, the inner Protestant ‘German Christians Church Movement’ from Thuringia took control over some Protestant regional churches in Germany. For the German Christians the main motives of their agitation were the creation of a ‘volkisch’ belief system based on race, Christianity and ‘dejudaization’ (of Christianity). Based on the theoretical considerations of spaces, boundaries and exclusion, the article uses the example of the German Christians to show under which conditions individuals are denied entry into an imaginary religious space. ‘Exclusivist border crossings,’ as this phenomena is named here on the theoretical perspective, can explain how religious arguments exclude people from entering a religious space such as salvation when the access criteria are linked to birth-related conditions.
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
273. Dutch Repatriation from the Former Third Reich and the Soviet Union
- Subjects
Dutch Red Cross ,Post-war period ,Third Reich ,expellee ,displaced persons ,refugee ,resettlement ,Red Cross ,USSR - Abstract
The repatriation of approximately 300,000 displaced Dutch persons from across Europe might seem rather straightforward compared to the problems regarding the mass displacement of millions of Europeans as a result of the Second World War. However, poor planning due to controversies in the Dutch government in exile caused “structural errors” in the repatriation scheme itself. In addition, in the Netherlands, liberation and repatriation coincided while the population in the western part of the country needed immediate relief. Due to these circumstances, the repatriation of Dutch nationals was chaotic. The result was that the reputation of the Dutch government and the Netherlands Red Cross (NRC) was questioned by those repatriated and their communities. Nevertheless, the majority of the Dutch displaced persons (DPs) were brought home by the end of September 1945, while an estimated 6,000 Dutch nationals were still in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union. The repatriation of Dutch nationals held in the Soviet Union was particularly problematic as a result of the absence of a repatriation agreement with the Soviet Union and poor diplomatic relations, intensified by the advance of the Cold War. Eventually, by the mid-1950s, repatriation was considered complete.
- Published
- 2020
274. Les dentistes allemands sous le troisième Reich
- Author
-
Xavier Riaud and Xavier Riaud
- Subjects
- German Dentistry, 2nd World War, Third Reich, Nazism, Dentists--History--20th century.--Germany, Dentistry--History--20th century.--Germany, National socialism
- Abstract
A travers une documentation de première main issue des plus grands centres d'archives incluant des photos d'époque et des extraits de procès de criminels de guerre, l'auteur nous invite à découvrir comment les chirurgiens-dentistes ont réagi face au courant idéologique nazi. L'auteur produit aussi une galerie de portraits où il décrit les exactions et les abus commis par certains d'entre eux. Ce travail analyse des faits qui permettent au lecteur de mieux comprendre les enjeux de l'éthique médicale sous un régime totalitaire.
- Published
- 2005
275. Nazi functionary or oppositionist in disguise? The complex life of the anatomist Enno Freerksen (1910-2001).
- Author
-
Duckwitz, Theresa Marie and Groß, Dominik
- Subjects
ANATOMISTS ,NAZI Germany, 1933-1945 ,POLITICAL participation ,NAZIS ,NATIONAL socialism - Abstract
Enno Freerksen (1910-2001) is one of the most prominent German anatomists of his time, as evidenced by numerous international awards. His political role in the Third Reich, however, remains controversial. While some authors describe him an avowed National Socialist, Karl-Werner Ratschko recently speculated about a late turn of Freerksen towards political resistance. The present work takes these contradictions as an occasion for a comprehensive source-based analysis of Freerksen's activities in the Third Reich. For the first time, a synoptic evaluation of primary sources from eight different archives is undertaken. The study is supplemented by a systematic re-analysis of all available research contributions on Freerksen. The study demonstrates that Freerksen not only joined numerous Nazi organizations – partly even before Hitler came to power –, but also took on several important functions in the Nazi apparatus and worked on National Socialist research topics (e.g. racial hygiene). It can also be shown that his steep scientific career was closely linked to his political activities. The thesis that Freerksen opposed Nazi ideology towards the end of the war, on the other hand, must be clearly rejected. On the contrary: The sources show Freerksen as a National Socialist polyfunctionary, who did not self-critically reflect on his role in the Third Reich even after 1945. • Enno Freerksen was an anatomist of great national and international reputation. • His career began during the Third Reich, he had joined several Nazi organizations. • Freerksen must be classified as a paradigmatic profiteer of the Nazi regime. • Despite his past, Freerksen was denazified as "exonerated" in 1947. • Freerksen's research regarding infectious diseases achieved great success after 1945. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
276. Српска државна стража: 1942-1944.
- Author
-
Dimić, Ljubodrag, Radojević, Mira, Ristović, Milan, Dimitrijević, Bojan B., Životić, Aleksandar, Stambolija, Nebojša, Dimić, Ljubodrag, Radojević, Mira, Ristović, Milan, Dimitrijević, Bojan B., Životić, Aleksandar, and Stambolija, Nebojša
- Abstract
Предмет овог истраживања је Српска државна стража – формација створена почетком марта 1942. године. Настала је из потребе окупатора и колаборациониста за једном јачом и организованијом јединицом која би се успешније супротставила устаничким снагама на територији Србије. Примарни циљ нашег истраживања био је реконструкција структуре, организације, начина деловања, оружаних активности и поменуте формације у окупираној Србији. Настала на бази предратне жандармерије, у специфичним условима ратног хаоса на простору Србије, она је задржала свој првенствени полицијски карактер, иако је по потреби стварала веће и покретније војне формације. Реорганизација система немачке окупационе власти праћена је и променама у ингеренцији и реорганизацијама и у овој колаборационистичкој формацији. Један од циљева је био и установљавање степена самосталности, односно подређености Српске државне страже од окупатора. Циљ нам је био и да дефинишемо где је све у животу окупиране Србије Српска државна стража присутна, какав је њен однос са осталим колаборационистичким формацијама и који су њени задаци. Нестална и хаотична ситуација грађанског рата на простору Србије и заједнички антикомунистички карактер наметала је Српској државној стражи могућност сарадње и савезништва са ројалистичким покретом отпора па смо покушали и да објаснимо тај сложени однос. Напослетку, представљена је и судбина ове формације након њеног укључења у редове Југословенске војске у отаџбини и одласка у емиграцију. Првенствено је коришћена грађа похрањена у Војном архиву у Београду, пре свега фонд „Недићева архива“. Такође нам је користила и грађа похрањена у Архиву Југославије, Историјском архиву Београда, Архиву Србије, Дипломатском архиву Министарства спољних послова Републике Србије, као и из локалних историјских архива у Нишу и Крушевцу. Поред необјављене, коришћена је и објављена грађа, као и неколико стотина књига, чланака, расправа и мемоарских записа., The subject of this research is the Serbian State Guard - a formation created in early March 1942. It arose out of the need of the occupiers and collaborators for a stronger and more organized unit that would more successfully confront the rebel forces in the territory of Serbia. The primary objective of our research was the reconstruction of the structure, organization, mode of operation, armed activities, and formation in occupied Serbia. Created on the basis of the pre-war gendarmerie, in the specific conditions of war chaos in Serbia, it retained its primary police character, although it created larger and more mobile military formations when needed. The reorganization of the German occupying power system was also accompanied by changes in the powers and reorganizations in this collaborationist formation. One of the goals was to establish the degree of independence, that is, the subordination of the Serbian State Guard from the occupiers. Our goal was also to define where Serbian State Guard was present in the occupied Serbia, what its relationship with other collaborationist formations was, and what its tasks were. The unstable and chaotic situation of the civil war in Serbia and the common anti-communist character imposed on the Serbian State Guard the possibility of cooperation and alliance with the royalist resistance movement, so we tried to explain this complex relationship. Finally, the fate of this formation after its inclusion in the ranks of the Yugoslav Army in the homeland and its departure for emigration was presented. The material used was primarily stored in the Military Archive in Belgrade, primarily the Nedić Archive. We have also used material stored in the Archives of Yugoslavia, the Belgrade Historical Archives, the Archives of Serbia, the Diplomatic Archives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Serbia, as well as from the local historical archives in Niš and Kruševac. In addition to unpublished material, published material w
- Published
- 2021
277. Criminal liability for judicial crimes of prosecutors in the Third Reich in West and East Germany
- Author
-
Kulesza, Witold and Kulesza, Witold
- Abstract
Prosecutors of German special courts (Sondregerichte) in occupied Poland during World War II participated in committing crimes against humanity by demanding the death penalty for all people who “exhibited anti-German attitudes”. The formal basis for the death sentences in particular was the regulation concerning criminal proceedings against Poles and Jews of the 4th of December 1941. The general wording of this regulation was referred to in the justifications of the sentences condemning Poles to death for the “illegal” slaughter of pigs, any and all attempts by farmers to resist being displaced from their own farms, meat trade, clothing trade, providing aid to English and Russian prisoners of war who escaped from German captivity as well as for uttering the following words: “Germany will lose the war”. In the Federal Republic, Nazi prosecutors and judges continued their careers in the judiciary because it was deemed that when they had earlier served the Third Reich they had applied the law in force and had had no intention of committing lawless acts. The rules adopted by the U.S. Military Tribunal in the Third Nuremberg Trial (of lawyers, “The Justice Case” – 1947) were ignored. In communist East Germany, two prosecutors were sentenced for giving aid in the killings committed by the special occupying courts in Poland and for taking part in crimes against humanity. These rulings deserve legal respect., Prokuratorzy niemieckich sądów specjalnych (Sondergerichte) w okupowanej w czasie II wojny światowej Polsce uczestniczyli w dokonywaniu zbrodni przeciwko ludzkości, domagając się karania śmiercią wszystkich, którzy „wykazywali antyniemieckie nastawienie”. Formalną podstawę wyroków śmierci stanowiło zwłaszcza rozporządzenie o postępowaniu karnym przeciwko Polakom i Żydom z 4 grudnia 1941 r. Ogólnikowe sformułowania tego rozporządzenia powoływano w uzasadnieniach wyroków skazujących na karę śmierci Polaków za „nielegalny” ubój świń, wszelkie próby oporu rolników przy wysiedlaniu ich z własnych gospodarstw, handel mięsem, odzieżą, a także pomoc udzielaną zbiegłym z niemieckiej niewoli jeńcom wojennym, angielskim i rosyjskim, jak również słowa, że „Niemcy przegrają wojnę”. W Republice Federalnej nazistowscy prokuratorzy i sędziowie kontynuowali kariery w wymiarze sprawiedliwości, ponieważ uznano, że służąc wcześniej w III Rzeszy, stosowali obowiązujące wówczas prawo i nie mieli zamiaru czynienia bezprawia. Zignorowane zostały zasady przyjęte przez amerykański Trybunał Wojskowy w III procesie norymberskim – prawników („The Justice Case” – 1947). W komunistycznych Niemczech Wschodnich skazano dwóch prokuratorów, za pomocnictwo do zabójstw dokonywanych przez okupacyjne sądy specjalne w Polsce i branie udziału w zbrodniach przeciwko ludzkości. Wyroki te zasługują na prawniczy respekt.
- Published
- 2021
278. Influenza Vaccination and Vaccine Policies in Germany, ca. 1930-1960
- Author
-
Witte, Wilfried and Witte, Wilfried
- Abstract
The paper deals with the history of virological influenza vaccination before, during, and after the Third Reich. German microbiology got left behind in the 1930s because of its adherence to a bacteriological concept of influenza. It was not the London discovery of the influenza virus in 1933 that fundamentally changed this, but the fear of a new disastrous influenza pandemic that might develop in the context of World War II. Large-scale field trials beginning in 1942 in the United States prompted those in power in Germany to seek their own virological influenza vaccine. The plan was to vaccinate only groups of people important to the war effort. However, no influenza vaccination campaign took place during the Nazi era. This was not implemented until 1946/47 by the Allies, in Berlin. The West German public remained skeptical about influenza vaccination until the late 1950s. In East Germany, vaccination was seen as part of a socially hygienic health policy. The processes, theoretical backgrounds and personnel as well as institutional continuities are shown in the paper.
- Published
- 2021
279. Die Kriegsforschungsprogramme der RAG: Eine Analyse anhand der Projekte des Instituts für Weltwirtschaft (IfW) von 1939 bis 1944
- Author
-
Baumgart, Sabine, ARL - Akademie für Raumentwicklung in der Leibniz-Gemeinschaft, Take, Gunnar, Baumgart, Sabine, ARL - Akademie für Raumentwicklung in der Leibniz-Gemeinschaft, and Take, Gunnar
- Abstract
Das Institut für Weltwirtschaft (IfW) gehörte zu den leistungsfähigsten Zentren der Wirtschaftsforschung in Deutschland. Ab Mitte der 1930er-Jahre reagierte das IfW bereitwillig auf die zivilen Anreize und dann ab 1939 auf die Kriegsforschungsprogramme der Reichsarbeitsgemeinschaft für Raumforschung (RAG), um die staatliche Nachfrage nach Raumforschung zu befriedigen. Die Ökonomen waren gut über Kontexte und Verwendungszwecke informiert und akzeptierten die nationalsozialistischen Prämissen. Das IfW fungierte weder als Vordenker der NS-Politik noch empfahl es besonders radikale Maßnahmen. Es verstand sich als Dienstleister, welcher nicht mit spezialisierten Forschungsinstituten oder raumplanerischen Instanzen konkurrieren wollte. Es bot Beratungsleistungen an, die institutsseitig als unpolitisch betrachtet wurden. Im Rahmen der RAG zu forschen, wurde vom IfW als willkommene Möglichkeit zum Erhalt des wissenschaftlichen Know-hows gesehen. Dies war eine willkommene Ergänzung zum Kerngeschäft im Krieg, das aus dem stupiden Zusammentragen und Aufbereiten von Informationen bestand. Die Raumforschung des IfW war zur praktischen Verwendung intendiert und auch geeignet. Ob diese in der kurzen Zeit bis Kriegsende erfolgte, ist allerdings nicht nachweisbar., The Institute for the World Economy (IfW) was among the most capable centres for economic research in Germany. From the mid-1930s it responded willingly to the insentives and from 1939 to the war research programmes of the Reich Association for Spatial Research (Reichsarbeitsgemeinschaft für Raumforschung - RAG), satisfying government demand for spatial research. The economists were well-informed about contexts and intended uses and accepted the National Socialist premises. The IfW neither acted as a mastermind of National Socialist policies nor did it recommend particularly radical measures. It functioned as a service provider that did not want to compete with specialised research institutes or spatial planning instances. The advice offered was regarded as being non-political. Conducting research within the framework of the RAG was seen by the IfW as an opportunity to preserve scientific knowhow. This was a welcome addition to the core business of the institute during the war, which consisted of the inane collection and preparation of information. The spatial research of the IfW was intended for practical use and was suitable for such. Whether this actually occurred in the short period before the end of the war cannot be determined.
- Published
- 2021
280. Die Forschungsprogramme der Reichsarbeitsgemeinschaft für Raumforschung (RAG ) von 1936 bis 1939
- Author
-
Baumgart, Sabine, ARL - Akademie für Raumentwicklung in der Leibniz-Gemeinschaft, Gutberger, Hansjörg, Baumgart, Sabine, ARL - Akademie für Raumentwicklung in der Leibniz-Gemeinschaft, and Gutberger, Hansjörg
- Abstract
Der Bedeutung des Göttinger Umfeldes bei der Entstehung der nationalsozialistischen Raumforschung intensiver nachzugehen, wird in diesem Beitrag zunächst angeregt und begründet. Denn dieses südniedersächsische Umfeld hatte auch Bedeutung für die Vorgeschichte der Akademie für Raumforschung und Landesplanung (ARL). Zahlreiche zentrale Akteure von RfR/RAG, aber auch Akteure aus dem erweiterten ideologischen Umfeld wirkten in Südniedersachsen: Konrad Meyer, Hermann Muhs, Herbert Morgen, Gottfried Müller, Kurt Brüning, Paul Hesse, Heinrich Sohnrey, Hans Grimm und andere. Anschließend wird auf das Wechselverhältnis zwischen der Reichsstelle für Raumordnung (RfR), den Hochschularbeitsgemeinschaften für Raumforschung (HAG) und der Reichsarbeitsgemeinschaft für Raumforschung (RAG) bei der Entwicklung der Forschungsprogramme bis 1939 eingegangen. Gerade in dieser Vorkriegsphase war noch ein gesellschaftspolitischer Anspruch der Raumforscher erkennbar, freilich meist im Sinne der gesellschaftssanitären Ziele des noch jungen NS-Staates. Im Artikel wird auf Aspekte der Forschungsförderung und auf inhaltliche Schwerpunktsetzungen des Programms eingegangen. Der Verfasser verweist auf die vergleichsweise große Bedeutung agrarpolitischer Themen und ihre methodische Bewältigung., To highlight the importance of the role of the Göttingen region in the emergence of National Socialist spatial research more intensively is first suggested and justified in this article. This area in southern Lower Saxony is also of significance for the prehistory of the Academy for Spatial Research and Planning (ARL). Numerous central actors from the RfR/RAG, but also actors from an extended ideological sphere were active in southern Lower Saxony: Konrad Meyer, Hermann Muhs, Herbert Morgen, Gottfried Müller, Kurt Brüning, Paul Hesse, Heinrich Sohnrey, Hans Grimm and others. Attention then turns to the interactive relationship between the Reich Agency for Spatial Planning (Reichsstelle für Raumordnung - RfR), the University Association for Spatial Research (Hochschularbeitsgemeinschaften für Raumforschung - HAG) and the Reich Association for Spatial Research (Reichsarbeitsgemeinschaft für Raumforschung - RAG) in the development of the research programmes until 1939. Particularly in this pre-war phase, the socio-political aspirations of the spatial science researchers can still be recognised, most of which were aligned with the social cleansing objectives of the young National Socialist state. The article considers aspects of research funding and the research focuses of the programme. The author indicates the comparatively major role played by topics of agricultural policy and related methodological approaches.
- Published
- 2021
281. Die Prägungen der Akademie für Raumforschung und Landesplanung (ARL) zwischen 1935 und 1953
- Author
-
Baumgart, Sabine, ARL - Akademie für Raumentwicklung in der Leibniz-Gemeinschaft, Werner, Oliver, Baumgart, Sabine, ARL - Akademie für Raumentwicklung in der Leibniz-Gemeinschaft, and Werner, Oliver
- Abstract
Aufbau, Entwicklung und Arbeitsweise der nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg etablierten Akademie für Raumforschung und Landesplanung (ARL) wurden nicht nur in den Jahren bis zur Konsolidierung der Forschungseinrichtung 1955 geprägt, sondern auch durch die Entwicklung ihrer Vorgängerin, der 1935 gebildeten Reichsarbeitsgemeinschaft für Raumforschung (RAG). Die Reichsarbeitsgemeinschaft war als politisch steuerbarer, hierarchischer Forschungsverbund eine effektive Mobilisierungsinstitution für die nationalsozialistische Aufrüstungs- und Expansionspolitik und prägte Arbeitsweise und Verständnis einer ganzen Generation von Raumwissenschaftlern. Zwischen 1945 und 1955 transformierten Kurt Brüning und ein Stab von Mitarbeitern die Reichsarbeitsgemeinschaft in eine anpassungs- und ausbaufähige Akademie, in die Wissenschaftserfahrungen aus dem "Dritten Reich" ebenso einflossen wie Konflikterfahrungen der unmittelbaren Nachkriegszeit und des Föderalismus der frühen Bundesrepublik. Der Aufbau der Akademie wäre allerdings ohne die in den 1930er- und frühen 1940er-Jahren etablierten raumwissenschaftlichen Netzwerke nicht möglich gewesen. Der vorliegende Aufsatz erfasst an vier wichtigen Zeiteinschnitten - 1935, 1944, 1946 und 1953 - die Entwicklung der Forschungseinrichtung von der Reichsarbeitsgemeinschaft zur Akademie und skizziert personelle und inhaltliche Kontinuitäten und Neuansätze., The structure, development and procedures of the Academy for Spatial Research and Planning (ARL), which was established after the Second World War, were not only influenced by the years leading up to the consolidation of the research institute in 1955 but also by the development of its predecessor, the Reich Association for Spatial Research (Reichsarbeitsgemeinschaft für Raumforschung - RAG), formed in 1935. The Reich Association was a politically controllable, hierarchical research association and an effective institute of mobilisation for National Socialist armament and expansion policies. It influenced the methodology and understandings of a whole generation of spatial scientists. Between 1945 and 1955 Kurt Brüning and his staff transformed the Reich Association into an adaptable and extendable academy, which incorporated the scientific experiences from the 'Third Reich', the conflictual experiences of the immediate post-war period and the federalism of the early Federal Republic of Germany. The development of the Academy would not have been possible without the spatial science networks established in the 1930s and early 1940s. This paper uses four important points in time - 1935, 1944, 1946 and 1953 - to trace the development of the research institute from the Reich Association to the Academy and outlines continuities and new approaches in terms of both personnel and substantive focuses.
- Published
- 2021
282. Digitalized Memories of the Holocaust in Hungary in the Visual History Archive
- Author
-
Braham, Randolph L., Kovács, András, Pető, Andrea, Braham, Randolph L., Kovács, András, and Pető, Andrea
- Published
- 2021
283. How Do We Remember the Armenian Genocide and the Holocaust? A Global View of an Integrated Memory of Perpetrators, Victims and Third-Party Countries
- Author
-
Hessische Stiftung Friedens- und Konfliktforschung, Ben Aharon, Eldad, Hessische Stiftung Friedens- und Konfliktforschung, and Ben Aharon, Eldad
- Abstract
While acknowledgement that the Holocaust took place has become a distinct aspect of Western culture, the genocide against the Armenians is still denied by many states and a culture of memorialisation is missing. What drives these divergent trends in Holocaust and Armenian genocide memory? And why is there such a significant difference in the way in which these two genocides have been represented in the public, political and international arena by the perpetrators, victims and third-party countries? The author presents answers and causes and concludes with recommendations for current domestic and foreign policy.
- Published
- 2021
284. Fraenkels 'Doppelstaat' als Rechtsgeschichte: Arbeitsrecht und Politik während der NS-Diktatur
- Author
-
Eden, Sören and Eden, Sören
- Abstract
Ernst Fraenkels Buch "Der Doppelstaat", 1941 in den USA erschienen und erst 1974 auf Deutsch publiziert, weist trotz seiner zentralen Stellung in der Forschung zur NS-Herrschaft eine lückenhafte Rezeptionsgeschichte auf. Der Aufsatz plädiert dafür, das Werk als Rechtsgeschichte zu verstehen. Am Beispiel des Arbeitsrechts wird aus einer praxeologischen, Fraenkel folgenden Perspektive deutlich gemacht, wie und warum sich die Grenzen zwischen Normen- und Maßnahmenstaat verschoben. Diese Kategorien bezeichnen nicht etwa den Gegensatz zwischen Staat und Partei; vielmehr ist genauer nach dynamischen Grenzüberschreitungen und Rechtsaneignungen zu fragen. Dargelegt wird, wie das privatrechtliche Gepräge des Arbeitsrechts staatlich durchdrungen wurde, sodass sich Arbeitgeber und Arbeitnehmer von Subjekten zu Objekten des Rechts der Arbeit wandelten. Möglich wurde dies nur durch das maßnahmenstaatliche Handeln sämtlicher Instanzen aus Verwaltung, Justiz und Polizei. "Treuhänder der Arbeit" und Gestapo dehnten das System der "Arbeitserziehungslager" immer weiter aus. Das Recht verlor sukzessive seine herrschaftsbeschränkende Funktion und geriet zu einem Herrschaftsmittel. Nicht mehr die Gerichte kontrollierten die Verwaltung, sondern die Behörden lenkten die Gerichts- und Rechtspraktiken., Despite its central relevance for our understanding of the Nazi regime, Ernst Fraenkel's book The Dual State, first published in the United States in 1941 and (re)translated into German in 1974, has received unequal attention from various historical angles. The article argues that Fraenkel's work should be understood as a history of law. With a focus on labour law and using a praxeological approach that follows Fraenkel's perspective, it illustrates how and why the boundaries between the normative state and the prerogative state shifted. However, we should not regard Fraenkel’s categories as describing a strict opposition between state and party; rather, we must investigate more thoroughly the dynamics and appropriations beyond these boundaries. The article shows how the state penetrated the private realm of labour law, thereby transforming employers and employees from subjects to objects of labour law. This was only possible because all entities - including administrative, judicial and police authorities - acted together. 'Trustees of Labour' and the Gestapo continued to expand the system of 'corrective labour camps'. As a consequence, the law gradually ceased to limit those in power and became instead an instrument of domination. In the end, the courts no longer controlled the administration; it was now the authorities that controlled the judicial and legal practices.
- Published
- 2021
285. Die Selbstermächtigung des Rechts: Breslau 1933 - Zum 'Stillstand der Rechtspflege' in der Juristischen Zeitgeschichte
- Author
-
Lahusen, Benjamin and Lahusen, Benjamin
- Abstract
Im März 1933 überfiel die SA das Amts- und Landgericht in Breslau. Jüdische Richter und Anwälte wurden, zum Teil unter schweren Misshandlungen, aus dem Gebäude getrieben und in den nächsten Tagen an der Ausübung ihrer Berufe gehindert. Die Justiz reagierte, indem sie ein sogenanntes Justitium verhängte: Für die Dauer von fünf Tagen wurden alle Termine abgesagt und alle Verfahren ausgesetzt. Im Rückblick stilisierten Zeitzeugen dieses Ereignis zum Streik. Der Beitrag skizziert zunächst die jahrhundertelange Rechtsgeschichte des Justitiums, das sich noch heute in der Zivilprozessordnung findet. Untersucht werden dann die näheren Umstände und Folgen der Breslauer Vorgänge von 1933. Dabei zeigt sich, dass der "Stillstand der Rechtspflege" tatsächlich kein Akt des Widerstandes gegen äußere Repression ist, sondern vielmehr ein juristischer Selbstbetrug: Auf die Gefahr von Rechtlosigkeit antwortet das Recht einfach mit dem Rekurs auf vorhandenes juristisches Vokabular, um eigene Handlungsfähigkeit zu suggerieren und selbst rohe Gewalt als Rechtszustand zu definieren., In March 1933 the SA raided the Local Court and the District Court in Breslau. Jewish judges and lawyers were driven out of the building, some of them brutally mistreated, and prevented from exercising their professions over the next few days. The judiciary responded by imposing a 'Justitium': all appointments were cancelled for a period of five days and all proceedings were suspended. In retrospect, contemporary witnesses portrayed this event as a strike. The article begins by outlining the centuries-old legal history of the Justitium, which can still be found today in the Code of Civil Procedure. The specific circumstances and consequences of the events in Breslau in 1933 will then be examined. It becomes apparent that the ›standstill in the administration of justice‹ is in fact not an act of resistance against external repression, but rather a form of legal self-delusion: At the risk of lawlessness, the law simply responds with recourse to existing legal vocabulary in order to give the impression of its own capacity to act and to define even brute force as a state of law.
- Published
- 2021
286. The “Lutheran Style”: Aesthetics, Theology and Politics in Oskar Söhngen’s Writings
- Author
-
Lundblad, Jonas and Lundblad, Jonas
- Abstract
The twentieth-century reception of Luther’s life, work and thought was thoroughly shaped by the German Luther renaissance, a movement that itself grappled with the legacy of the “long” liberal nineteenth century. The findings of both Luther studies and musicological investigations shaped the mind-set of Oskar Söhngen, arguably the most strident champion and influential systematic thinker behind the reinvigorated Lutheran musical culture of the century. While his writings suggest a shift from the authority of theological tenets to culture, German scholarship has paid increasing attention to contextual aspects of his thought and promotion of new music. Jonas Lundblad provides the first English-language investigation of the conflation of Lutheran aesthetics and strands of National Socialist thought in Söhngen’s oeuvre. A method of radical contextuality reveals how the furthering of a closely demarcated “Lutheran style” in music both responds to and reacts against aesthetico-political rhetoric in Germany of the 1930s. Recent criticism has suggested that Söhngen was overly influenced by too narrow a theological ideal of “vocality” in music. In contrast to the kerygmatic level of their surface, Lundblad finds Söhngen’s writings infelicitously caught within the cultural orbits of a politically charged phenomenology of aesthetic subjectivity.
- Published
- 2021
287. Criminal liability for judicial misconduct of judges in the Third Reich in West and East Germany
- Author
-
Kulesza, Witold and Kulesza, Witold
- Abstract
The judges of German special courts committed crimes against humanity when they sentenced Poles to the death penalty in occupied Poland during World War II. For instance, a Pole was sentenced to death due to the fact that he had helped displaced Poles by selling them meat, which they had no right to purchase, in his capacity as a shop assistant. The same punishment was meted out to another Pole who was displaced with his whole family from his own farm for living off illegal trade. A Polish milkman was sentenced to capital punishment for neglecting German cows, which resulted in the cows giving less milk. None of the judges who had handed down such judgments was held accountable in the Federal Republic. In communist East Germany, a judge of the Sondergericht in Poznań who participated in sentencing 71 people accused of minor offences to death was sentenced to 8 years in prison. This verdict deserves respect from a contemporary perspective., Sędziowie niemieckich sądów specjalnych w okupowanej Polsce podczas II Wojny Światowej skazując Polaków na karę śmierci dopuszczali się zbrodni przeciwko ludzkości. Na karę śmierci został skazany Polak, który jako ekspedient w sklepie pomagał wysiedlanym Polakom w ten sposób, że sprzedawał im mięso, do którego kupowania nie mieli oni prawa. Tak samo ukarano Polaka wysiedlonego z całą rodziną własnego gospodarstwa rolnego za to że utrzymywał się z nielegalnego handlu. Skazano na karę śmierci polskiego mleczarza, który zaniedbywał niemieckie krowy, dające przez to mniej mleka. Żaden z sędziów, którzy wydawali takie wyroki nie poniósł odpowiedzialności w Republice Federalnej. W komunistycznych Niemczech wschodnich skazano na karę 8 lat więzienia sędziego sondergerichtu w Poznaniu, który brał udział w karaniu śmiercią 71 osób oskarżonych o drobne wykroczenia. Wyrok ten zasługuje na respekt z perspektywy współczesności.
- Published
- 2021
288. The Ostmarkgesetz of 14 April 1939 – One of the Normative Grounds of the Annexation Of Austria
- Author
-
Nieścior, Bartosz and Nieścior, Bartosz
- Abstract
The article presents the political and legal changes that accompanied the passing and then the introduction of the Ostmarkgesetz in Austria in 1939. It also contains a detailed analysis of the structure and layout of this normative act. The Ostmarkgesetz was extremely important because it thoroughly changed the administrative organization and introduced a new administration of the state in this area. The consequences had a significant impact on the Austrian legal order. This law is considered to be one of the main tools of the direct annexation of Austria by the Third Reich. This was the beginning of the subsequent war conquests of the Nazi state., The article presents the political and legal changes that accompanied the passing and then the introduction of the Ostmarkgesetz in Austria in 1939. It also contains a detailed analysis of the structure and layout of this normative act. The Ostmarkgesetz was extremely important because it thoroughly changed the administrative organization and introduced a new administration of the state in this area. The consequences had a significant impact on the Austrian legal order. This law is considered to be one of the main tools of the direct annexation of Austria by the Third Reich. This was the beginning of the subsequent war conquests of the Nazi state.
- Published
- 2021
289. Editor’s Introduction
- Author
-
Webster, Christopher
- Subjects
physiognomic photography ,ethnographic photography ,Third Reich ,Selbstgleichschaltung ,JH ,National Socialism ,PHO023000 ,photo-historical survey ,photographers ,AF ,photography ,Art ,SOC014000 - Abstract
When photography was born from the union of chemistry and optics (‘officially’ in 1839), it was long anticipated and much desired. From the Renaissance onwards, the urge to provide greater and greater accuracy drove artists to use optical aids when drawing, such as the Camera Obscura. Among the newly wealthy and emergent middle classes of this anthropocentric era, born out of the Enlightenment, there was also a desire for an image-making process that did not rely on the expensive and elitist ...
- Published
- 2021
290. Photo Lessons: Teaching Physiognomy during the Weimar Republic
- Author
-
Stetler, Pepper
- Subjects
physiognomic photography ,ethnographic photography ,Third Reich ,Selbstgleichschaltung ,JH ,National Socialism ,PHO023000 ,photo-historical survey ,photographers ,AF ,photography ,Art ,SOC014000 - Abstract
Photography flourished during the Weimar Republic as a prolific form of visual communication. Artists were remarkably aware of their era as a moment of transition in which an imagined future of a new photographic language was yet to occur. In a photographically illustrated essay published in 1928, the graphic designer Johannes Molzahn envisioned a future in which reading would be an obsolete skill. ‘ “Stop reading! Look!” will be the motto in education, ’ Molzahn wrote, ‘ “Stop Reading! Look!...
- Published
- 2021
291. 2. ‘The Deepest Well of German Life’
- Author
-
Webster, Christopher
- Subjects
physiognomic photography ,ethnographic photography ,Third Reich ,Selbstgleichschaltung ,JH ,National Socialism ,PHO023000 ,photo-historical survey ,photographers ,AF ,photography ,Art ,SOC014000 - Abstract
The Führerprinzip (The Leader Principle) Since the end of the Second World War, historians have variously characterised the leadership of the National Socialist state as ‘a rationally organised and highly perfected system of terrorist rule’; or as necessarily chaotic, with Adolf Hitler ultimately holding the key to power as the ultimate arbiter of a polycratic structure of leadership; or even as an ‘authoritarian anarchy’. Whatever the historical reality — order or chaos, irrationality or wel...
- Published
- 2021
292. 4. Photography, Heimat, Ideology
- Author
-
Hägele, Ulrich
- Subjects
physiognomic photography ,ethnographic photography ,Third Reich ,Selbstgleichschaltung ,JH ,National Socialism ,PHO023000 ,photo-historical survey ,photographers ,AF ,photography ,Art ,SOC014000 - Abstract
Heimat is an idyll, Heimat is the earth, Heimat is tradition — and Heimat is work. But the term is problematic. Heimat is historically a difficult notion to decode as its meaning has shifted significantly over the years. Heimat is a ‘chameleon, ’ according to Hermann Bausinger: the idea of Heimat links to ‘the idea of an emotional relationship that is constant; but this constancy could only ever be a reflection of specific times, because the notion of Heimat itself changed its hue, indeed its...
- Published
- 2021
293. Photography in the Third Reich
- Author
-
Hägele, Ulrich, Kurlander, Eric, Mario Zervigón, Andrés, Morris-Reich, Amos, Sachsse, Rolf, Stetler, Pepper, Webster, Christopher, and Webster, Christopher
- Subjects
physiognomic photography ,ethnographic photography ,Third Reich ,Selbstgleichschaltung ,JH ,National Socialism ,PHO023000 ,photo-historical survey ,photographers ,AF ,photography ,Art ,SOC014000 - Abstract
This lucid and comprehensive collection of essays by an international group of scholars constitutes a photo-historical survey of select photographers who embraced National Socialism during the Third Reich. These photographers developed and implemented physiognomic and ethnographic photography, and, through a Selbstgleichschaltung (a self-co-ordination with the regime), continued to practice as photographers throughout the twelve years of the Third Reich. The volume explores, through photographic reproductions and accompanying analysis, diverse aspects of photography during the Third Reich, ranging from the influence of Modernism, the qualitative effect of propaganda photography, and the utilisation of technology such as colour film, to the photograph as ideological metaphor. With an emphasis on the idealised representation of the German body and the role of physiognomy within this representation, the book examines how select photographers created and developed a visual myth of the ’master race’ and its antitheses under the auspices of the Nationalist Socialist state. Photography in the Third Reich approaches its historical source photographs as material culture, examining their production, construction and proliferation. This detailed and informative text will be a valuable resource not only to historians studying the Third Reich, but to scholars and students of film, history of art, politics, media studies, cultural studies and holocaust studies. As with all Open Book publications, this entire book is available to read for free on the publisher’s website. Printed and digital editions, together with supplementary digital material, can also be found at www.openbookpublishers.com
- Published
- 2021
294. Conclusion
- Author
-
Webster, Christopher
- Subjects
physiognomic photography ,ethnographic photography ,Third Reich ,Selbstgleichschaltung ,JH ,National Socialism ,PHO023000 ,photo-historical survey ,photographers ,AF ,photography ,Art ,SOC014000 - Abstract
In a collapsed and burned-out building, two boys sift through a mountain of rubble, charred beams, and twisted metal; their quest is to find whole bricks. Fig 7.1 Hans Saebens, ‘Untitled’, silver gelatin print, 1945. Courtesy of Aberystwyth University’s School of Art Museum and Galleries. The all-pervasive and almost overpowering smell of corruption drifts through the air but the once black skies are now clear of both bombers and smoke. Today, the sun is shining and even here, on the edge of...
- Published
- 2021
295. 5. ‘Transmissions from an Extrasensory World’
- Author
-
Webster, Christopher
- Subjects
physiognomic photography ,ethnographic photography ,Third Reich ,Selbstgleichschaltung ,JH ,National Socialism ,PHO023000 ,photo-historical survey ,photographers ,AF ,photography ,Art ,SOC014000 - Abstract
How far, since then, the ocean streamsHave swept us from that land of dreams,That land of fiction and of truth,The lost Atlantis of our youth! Introduction In contrast to the increasingly lurid scholarly research on the broader subject of the ‘Nazi Occult’ that has appeared since the end of the Second World War, the relationship to mythic occult currents and esoteric themes in the photography of Ethnos in National Socialist Germany has not been examined in any great depth. However, recent sch...
- Published
- 2021
296. 1. Dark Sky, White Costumes
- Author
-
Sachsse, Rolf
- Subjects
physiognomic photography ,ethnographic photography ,Third Reich ,Selbstgleichschaltung ,JH ,National Socialism ,PHO023000 ,photo-historical survey ,photographers ,AF ,photography ,Art ,SOC014000 - Abstract
The sequences are too well known to be displayed here in photographic reproductions: whenever athletes are shown in Leni Riefenstahl’s Olympia film from 1938, their bright costumes shine in the sun against a dark sky, adding to the potency of the scene — a potency already reinforced by the low camera angle and the dynamics of their movements. No type of image better illustrates the Janus-like state of modern photography under the National Socialist regime. The form and composition are utterly...
- Published
- 2021
297. 6. Science and Ideology
- Author
-
Morris-Reich, Amos
- Subjects
physiognomic photography ,ethnographic photography ,Third Reich ,Selbstgleichschaltung ,JH ,National Socialism ,PHO023000 ,photo-historical survey ,photographers ,AF ,photography ,Art ,SOC014000 - Abstract
The main aim of this chapter is to enter into the respective scientific logics of a variety of scientific and/or scholarly fields and to reconstruct, from within this logic, the use of photographic techniques with regards to ‘race’ before and during the so-called Third Reich. The argument in this chapter is twofold. Firstly, within the various branches of biologically oriented science and scholarship in Germany between 1900 and the 1940s, the scientific uses of photographic practices and tech...
- Published
- 2021
298. 3. The Timeless Imprint of Erna Lendvai-Dircksen’s Face of the German Race
- Author
-
Mario Zervigón, Andrés
- Subjects
physiognomic photography ,ethnographic photography ,Third Reich ,Selbstgleichschaltung ,JH ,National Socialism ,PHO023000 ,photo-historical survey ,photographers ,AF ,photography ,Art ,SOC014000 - Abstract
In 1932, the small Kulturelle Verlag-Gesellschaft (Culture Press Society) of Berlin published a book that quickly received wide acclaim, as well as notoriety. Leafing through the pages of Erna Lendvai-Dircksen’s Das deutsche Volksgesicht (The Face of the German Race), one might assume that her volume attracted attention due to its copious and luxuriously printed portraits (see Fig. 3.1). The 140 full-page pictures, produced with the best photogravure reproductive technology available at the t...
- Published
- 2021
299. The Dark Side of Transnationalism Social Engineering and Nazism, 1930s–40s.
- Author
-
Patel, Kiran Klaus and Reichardt, Sven
- Subjects
- *
NAZI Germany, 1933-1945 , *TRANSNATIONALISM , *SOCIAL engineering (Political science) - Abstract
This article introduces the special section on the history of social engineering and Nazism during the 1930s and 1940s. It sketches the object of social engineering, the historiographical debates surrounding it, the place of Nazism in this discussion and the role of transnationality. Moreover, it introduces the contributions and discusses questions for further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
300. The Nazi rag-pickers and their wine: the politics of waste and recycling in Nazi Germany.
- Author
-
Berg, Anne
- Subjects
- *
WASTE recycling , *NAZI Germany, 1933-1945 , *WASTE management , *WORLD War II , *GERMAN propaganda , *NAZI Germany, 1933-1945 -- Politics & government , *GOVERNMENT policy - Abstract
This article offers a first attempt to examine systematically the politics of waste and recycling in the Third Reich, one of the first modern states to articulate ‘zero waste’ as a political goal. It presupposes that waste, both in its material realities and its everyday representations, offers a powerful guide to any society's implicit order. With respect to Nazi Germany, the suggestion that such presumably neutral materials as trash, waste and garbage order social relations has particularly sinister implications. Focusing on scrap collectors and salvaging practices inside Germany and in Nazi-occupied Europe, this article argues that waste management and recycling were integral to the Nazi racial order and crystallized as central strategies to administer the chaos of war. Hundreds of thousands of volunteers in party, industry and society performed their loyalty and re-imposed order by collecting paper, bottles, metal scrap, kitchen garbage, rags and bones with the explicit goal of closing the energy cycle, extending the Reich's resource base and increasing the regime's war-making capabilities. In pursuit of these goals, the Nazi state attempted not only to conquer its many enemies but also to erase the evidence of its own proliferating military setbacks. These efforts notwithstanding, the reclamation of waste did not have the power to reverse the fortunes of war. The Nazi politics of zero waste recycled chaos instead. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
Catalog
Discovery Service for Jio Institute Digital Library
For full access to our library's resources, please sign in.