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This text is based on current research findings and is written for students and general readers who want a deeper understanding of this period in German history. It provides a balanced approach in examining Hitler's role in the history of the Third Reich and includes coverage of the economic, social, and political forces that made the rise and growth of Nazism possible; the institutional, cultural, and social life of the Third Reich; the Second World War; and the Holocaust.

The descriptive study aims to characterize the communication style, and determine the existence of differences by demographic variables, student career of Communication Sciences of the UNCP. A sample of 70 students were administered questionnaire communication style Gudykunst (1996 ) whose data confirmed the empirical validity test item Corrected Pearson r , whose values were 267-563 . In the Alpha reliability of .714 indicates with Cronbach stability scores communication style top-level (X = 27.96 and SD = 4.692) and significant difference at 95% confidence, communication style and dimensions as semester of study. (F = 4.946, 7.044 and 8.007). We conclude that value more talk and direct communication (X = 27.96). In speech assessment indicates that communication is much appreciated (X = 13.59). In direct communication tends to be hierarchical and collectivist moderate distance (X = 14.37) Studies are needed on larger samples and improved through the university communication style classes of students.

In Chap. 1, the terms “latent trait” and “construct” are used to refer to the psycho-social attributes that are of interest to be measured.

Most of us are familiar with measurement in the physical world, whether it is measuring today’s maximum temperature, the height of a child or the dimensions of a house, where numbers are given to represent “quantities” of some kind, on some scales, to convey properties of some attributes that are of interest to us.

Teachers and school leaders use test scores and look beyond these to the students, the curriculum, and other relevant matters.

Background: Many laboratories use 4 delta check methods: delta difference, delta percent change, rate difference, and rate percent change. However, guidelines regarding decision criteria for selecting delta check methods have not yet been provided. We present new decision criteria for selecting delta check methods for each clinical chemistry test item. Methods: We collected 811,920 and 669,750 paired (present and previous) test results for 27 clinical chemistry test items from inpatients and outpatients, respectively. We devised new decision criteria for the selection of delta check methods based on the ratio of the delta difference to the width of the reference range (DD/RR). Delta check methods based on these criteria were compared with those based on the CV% of the absolute delta difference (ADD) as well as those reported in 2 previous studies. Results: The delta check methods suggested by new decision criteria based on the DD/ RR ratio corresponded well with those based on the CV% of the ADD except for only 2 items each in inpatients and outpatients. Delta check methods based on the DD/RR ratio also corresponded with those suggested in the 2 previous studies, except for 1 and 7 items in inpatients and outpatients, respectively. Conclusions: The DD/RR method appears to yield more feasible and intuitive selection criteria and can easily explain changes in the results by refl ecting both the biological variation of the test item and the clinical characteristics of patients in each laboratory. We suggest this as a measure to determine delta check methods.

This article enhances the current literature’s guidance for those interested in developing, assessing, or utilizing items to test competency in nursing. It does so by underlining the purpose of a test item and deriving four item-writing principles from that central purpose. The article then relates these four principles to the task of developing multiple-choice nursing test items. These principles include the strong alignment of a test item with the measurement of the examinee’s grasp of knowledge, the inclusion of important rather than nonessential concepts, the differentiation of competent from incompetent examinees by items of appropriate difficulty, and the creation of a fair examination consisting of appropriate and applicable items. Within the framework provided by these four principles, this article suggests some effective methods for devising nursing test items that remain faithful to the central purpose of assessing proficiency.

Current procedures for estimating compensatory multidimensional item response theory (MIRT) models using Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) techniques are inadequate in that they do not directly model the interrelationship between latent traits. This limits the implementation of the model in various applications and further prevents the development of other types of IRT models that offer advantages not realized in existing models. In view of this, an MCMC algorithm is proposed for MIRT models so that the actual latent structure is directly modeled. It is demonstrated that the algorithm performs well in modeling parameters as well as intertrait correlations and that the MIRT model can be used to explore the relative importance of a latent trait in answering each test item.

Human exposure to chloride ions in swimming pools has been recognized as a potential health concern. Although environmental monitoring is a useful technique to investigate chloride ions concentrations in indoor swimming-pool air, in practice, the interpretations of measured data would inevitably run into difficulties due to the complex interactions among the numerous variables, including environmental conditions and occupant activities. Consequently, the examination of chloride ions within swimming pool becomes an important test item for water quality control procedure. To effectively check the concentration of chloride ions in swimming pool, the evaluation process with an evaluation algorithm, indices of precision degree ( ), accuracy degree ( ) and the objective evaluation method with capability and concept of six sigma, proposed by Sung and Vännman are quoted in this paper to criticize examination tools for water quality in swimming pool. To ensure whether the evaluation method to measure chloride ion concentration in swimming pool holds precision, accuracy degrees and application functionality or not. The analysis results reveal that this method is suitable for examining the evaluation tool of chloride ions within swimming pool.

Recent research has shown that change detection performance is enhanced when, during the retention interval, attention is cued to the location of the upcoming test item. This retro-cue advantage has led some researchers to suggest that visual short-term memory (VSTM) is divided into a durable, limited-capacity storage and a more fragile, high-capacity storage. Consequently, performance is poor on the no-cue trials because fragile VSTM is overwritten by the test display and only durable VSTM is accessible under these conditions. In contrast, performance is improved in the retro-cue condition because attention keeps fragile VSTM accessible. The aim of the present study was to test the assumptions underlying this two-storage account. Participants were asked to encode an array of colors for a change detection task involving no-cue and retro-cue trials. A retro-cue advantage was found even when the cue was presented after a visual (Experiment 1) or a central (Experiment 2) interference. Furthermore, the magnitude of the interference was comparable between the no-cue and retro-cue trials. These data undermine the main empirical support for the two-storage account and suggest that the presence of a retro-cue benefit cannot be used to differentiate between different VSTM storages.

The test item, the vibration isolator with transformation of motion of the inertia elements, is reviewed. The results of the experimental study of the stiffness characteristics of this vibration isolator are represented. Its static and dynamic characteristics are given. The effects of the dynamic behavior of the structure are shown during white noise feed. The engineering solutions of its tuning for the desired frequency are set forth.