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Sistem pemerintahan di Indonesia pada saat ini masih berbasis kerja manual. Mekanisme ini mengakibatkan pembangunan di beberapa wilayah terabaikan. Selain itu, metode ini sering tidak didukung dengan standar pengerjaan yang jelas. Salah satu efek yang dirasakan adalah kurang terpenuhinya kebutuhan masyarakat. Permasalahan yang berbeda muncul di wilayah yang sudah dibangun dengan pesat. Pada daerah ini pengawasan dan peremajaan fasilitas yang sudah dibangun jarang sekali dilakukan. Hal ini memperpendek umur fasilitas tersebut. Hal-hal tersebut disebabkan karena perencanaan yang kurang matang dan tidak adaptif terhadap waktu. Penelitian ini mengusulkan sebuah sistem yang bernama Sistem BALITAROT (Perbaikan Lingkungan dan Tata Ruang Kota). Sistem ini dapat membantu pemerintah dan instansi terkait dalam menentukan kebijakan mengenai perbaikan lingkungan dan tata ruang kota. Government system in Indonesia is still based on manual work. These mechanisms lead to the development in some neglected areas. In addition, this method is often not supported by clear standards of work man ship. One effect that is felt is failed to fulfill community needs. Different problems arise in areas that have been built at a rapid pace. In this area, supervision and rejuvenation of facilities that already built is rarely done. It is shortening the life span of the facility. Those things are caused by unfinished planning and not adaptive to time. This study proposes a system called System BALITAROT (Restoration of Environment and City Layout). This system can help governments and relevant agencies in determining policy on environmental improvement and city layout.

The Barcelona superblock is an urban neighbourhood transformation strategy, with which car-based traffic is redirected away from streets that are inside a 3 × 3 urban block configuration. This urban design concept promises opportunities for alternative street use such as the transformation of street space into urban green space. The potential to foster urban green space due to superblock design is however unclear, particularly outside of the original Barcelonan context. Concerning urban densification, fostering urban green space is particularly relevant to achieving dense and green cities. In this study, potential superblocks are identified in all major Swiss cities and the current urban green space is quantified. This analysis reveals distinct differences of superblock opportunities and urban green space between different cities and allows pinpointing opportunities for expanding urban green space. Considering the nine largest Swiss cities, between 3% and 18% of the current street network was simulated to be potentially suitable for superblock implementation to transform the streetscape and increase urban green space. The variation of current urban green space coverage across all potential individual superblock sites that have high urban density ranges considerably from a few percentages to above 30%. The presented results allow the exploration of urban green space opportunities at street and block-level arising from superblocks in Switzerland. For example, when considering a citywide superblock implementation scenario, the potential street area is relatively high for Basel whilst at the same time showing relatively low current availability of urban green space. For creating detailed design or transformation strategies based on the explored superblock sites, more integrated analysis to evaluate potential benefits as well as disservices of such urban transformation is required. • The potential of the Barcelona superblock is explored for Swiss cities. • 3–18% of the street network is simulated as potentially suitable for superblocks. • Opportunities to foster urban green space at street and block level is pinpointed. • Considerable variation in urban green space is found in high-density urban areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A number of studies explore the urban structure of the city of Tehran; however, little has been done in regard to its interconnectivity with the surrounding settlements and current challenges at the regional scale. This article investigates the making and current unsustainable condition of the Tehran-Karaj Urban Region arguing that it took shape passively in the absence of any structural framework. To tackle these problems, it is essential to formulate a regional sustainable comprehensive plan, one in which the interrelatedness across the entire region is observed, and which takes appropriate account of current international understandings regarding sustainable urban development. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Abstract: Urban metabolism components define the energy and material exchanges within a city and, therefore, can provide valuable information on the environmental quality of urban areas. Assessing the potential impact of urban planning alternatives on urban metabolism components (such as energy, water, carbon and pollutants fluxes) can provide a quantitative estimation of their sustainability performance. Urban metabolism impact assessment can, therefore, contribute to the identification of sustainable urban structures with regards, for example, to building types, materials and layout, as well as to location and capacity of transportation and infrastructural developments. In this way, it enables the formulation of planning and policy recommendations to promote efficient use of resources and enhance environmental quality in urban areas. The European FP7 project BRIDGE (sustainaBle uRban plannIng Decision support accountinG for urban mEtabolism) has developed a decision-support system (DSS) that systematically integrates urban metabolism components into impact assessment processes with the aim of accurately quantifying the potential effects of proposed planning interventions. The DSS enables integration of multiple spatial and non-spatial datasets (e.g. physical flows of energy and material with variables of social and economic change) in a systematic manner to obtain spatially defined assessment results and to thus inform planners and decision-makers. This multi-criteria approach also enables incorporation of stakeholders'' perceptions in order to prioritise decisive assessment criteria. This paper describes the methodological framework used to develop the DSS and critically examines the results of its practical application in five European cities. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Historic settlements are a type of architecture adapted to local climate and geographical environment. For hundreds of years, people have been living in them. Rich and precious scientific design concepts of these organic settlements, including the site selection, the layout, and the building materials, should be investigated extensively. To explore these concepts, different historic settlements will be presented and discussed, in terms of different design elements and urban planning forms, and through the use of computational fluid dynamics (CFD). This paper presents the strategic ideas and methodology of the study. As an illustrative case study, the ambient wind environment within the Shang-gan-tang village in China has been investigated quantitatively adopting CFD (computational fluid dynamics) techniques. The interactions between settlement selection, layout, landscape and ambient environment were evaluated. The sustainable urban planning experiences were then summarized for guiding the creation of sustainable modern human settlement suitable for people living for hundreds of years. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In Dutch motorway planning we can observe a gradual transformation from traditional line-oriented planning towards what are known as area-oriented approaches. Area-oriented planning – apparent in various gradations from landscaping, context-sensitive design, area-oriented approaches to integrated area-development – is expected to better incorporate the complex array of needs, demands and opportunities of the area surrounding newly planned road infrastructure. The integration of infrastructure and other spatial policy sectors such as housing, business, water, nature and recreation is expected to lead to better, more sustainable road infrastructure development. This paper explores the shift from line-oriented planning towards area-oriented planning. We conducted a historical analysis of policy developments in Dutch road infrastructure planning and have conceptualized area-oriented approaches in road infrastructure planning. Furthermore, the developments observed in the Netherlands are placed in an international perspective, through an overview of developments and practices in several Western countries. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

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Abstract: Accessibility is an indicator that involves two components: the place - with its morphological and morphometric features -, and man - who wants to reach that place. The relief accessibility map is a useful tool both for tourists and national park managers. Sustainable management in a park and planning involves the opening of new hiking trails which must take into account the relief accessibility, internal zoning, land use and the presence of tourist interest objectives. In this study we produced a map of relief accessibility for Ceahlău National Park (CNP) in Romania using two indicators: the slope and the land use. The model integrates both primary data and secondary data resulted from the reclassification operations. From the intersection of these secondary data in a transition matrix we have established five types of accessibility levels that are represented for the entire park and trails in the CNP. Of the total area of the park - which is located in Romania''s eastern Carpathians, within a mountain unit with less than 1900 m altitude -, over 90% encompasses high and medium accessibility levels (types 2 and 3) which shows a high potential for planning. Data resulted from this model can be used for an efficient management of trails in a national park and their evaluation according to the degree of accessibility. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Given the spatial dimension of land, a working spatial data infrastructure (SDI) can enhance land management substantially by providing very valuable spatial information. In Europe, SDI implementation currently takes place at different levels of public administration. Due to an enormous amount of heterogeneous widespread spatial information distributed among many involved parties, local SDIs face a number of specific challenges. In this article a case study from Germany is presented to illustrate the various tasks of local SDI implementation for the purpose of sustainable land management. Four key factors are identified to define a feasible basis for the assessment of an SDI within the federal administrative system of Germany: organizational, legal, functional and technical aspects. Two federal states, Rheinland-Pfalz and Schleswig-Holstein, are selected for the case study to describe the present status of local SDI implementation in Germany. The results of the evaluation are used to identify significant weaknesses and develop recommendations on how to overcome the identified weaknesses. Implementing the recommendations will help to substantially improve the benefit of a working local SDI for the purposes of sustainable land management. In addition, the spatial SDI database which is one of the core parts of an SDI will be improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The comprehensive knowledge of karst surface, caves, waters and biodiversity were examined with special emphasis on planning for environmental management and land use in karst regions using examples of projects performed by the staff from the Karst Research Institute ZRC SAZU. Based on the knowledge of karst, karst phenomena, karst waters and karst biodiversity, karstological monitoring was developed throughout the construction of expressways and planning for railways on karst terrain. Newly revealed karst phenomena were properly preserved. Regular climatic and biological monitoring were developed and implemented, as well as karstology consultation with an emphasis on the impact of the use of caves as natural assets. To understand karst, its evolution dynamics and processes, models were developed with which the study of the risk posed by dam site construction in karst areas was possible. Karst aquifers and their protection were studied using tracer tests and different methods of the transfer of contaminants through the vadose zone and underground flow connections. In assessing the vulnerability and contamination risk of groundwater, a comprehensive method was elaborated. Microorganisms and fauna of dripping water in caves were used as monitors of cave ecosystem health. By applying high-quality karstological research results from individual spheres of karstology and interdisciplinary studies, a foundation for sustainable planning of life in karst regions that will consider the natural and cultural characteristics and vulnerability of karst landscapes has been established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on the existence of improper solid waste disposal sites in settlements, and difficulties in assigning functions to these under-utilized areas. By considering this basic problem, a two phased evaluation process is developed which concerns the phases of "physical suitability" and "planning suitability". In this evaluation process, physical suitability criterion takes the first phase and declares land use types compatible with the restrictive factors of solid waste disposal sites and also critically important principles of hard and soft landscape design. There are four main restrictive factors on redevelopment of solid waste disposal sites and three of these four factors decrease with time as organic material in waste decomposes. Hence solid waste disposal sites are going to be in change for approximately 30 years, after the closure. Regarding this natural stabilization process, former solid waste disposal sites should be redeveloped phase by phase in a transition from extensive to intensive land uses. Change estimation is an important technique for detecting land uses compatible with these restrictive factors. However it is problematic to estimate changes for the former disposal sites of Istanbul as they were initially improper disposal sites. Problems regarding to change estimation narrow the range of land uses compatible with restrictive factors. According to physical suitability criterion, land use types compatible with the former solid waste disposal sites of Istanbul are determined as ecological, recreational and commercial land uses. Planning suitability criterion takes the second phase of this evaluation process and declares the new land uses capable of integrating into urban system regarding the case areas of this study. In this phase, an original decision support tool is constituted for making decisions compatible with dynamics of Istanbul. After digitizing the land use data about the interaction regions of solid waste disposal sites in GIS, the data are evaluated inside a decision matrix. Prevalues obtained from decision matrix are analyzed by statistical methods in order to declare suitable new land uses. Undoubtedly, interpretation of statistical results is needed according to landscape planning principles, and they should be suitable to the legal and administrative situations. In the second half of 1990's, owing to the risks posed on environmental health and safety, 5 irregular solid waste disposal sites were reclaimed according to engineering techniques in Istanbul. However, after their reclamations they left nonfunctional, hence selected as the case areas of this study. In this study, ecological, social, economic and total potential values are calculated for each of the solid waste disposal sites by the activation of decision support tool consisting of 21 parameters with their own coefficients. By the evaluation process of physical suitability, new land uses compatible with the internal dynamics of solid waste disposal sites are determined. Provided that critically important design principles are utilized, ecological, recreational and commercial land uses are determined as suitable. Ecological, social and economic potentials calculated by the activation of decision support tool, endorse these assigned land uses. Following the statistical analysis of decision support tool's prevalues through Kruskal Wallis H, Mann Whitney U, and One Way ANOVA tests and further analyses of these statistical results, final results about the potentials of solid waste disposal sites are obtained. According to these results, for new uses, it is necessary to arrange Küçükçekmece, Kemerburgaz and then similar sites of Yakacik and Ümraniye, in the order of importance. Aydinli solid waste disposal site's total potential value is lower than the "limit of acceptability" therefore it is kept separate as a reserve open space. Besides ranking the solid waste disposal sites according to their potentials for opening to new uses, this decision support tool declares about the sustainable use potentials of these sites. Therefore, decisions are made about the transformation of Küçükçekmece disposal site to recreational and commercial multiple use; Kemerburgaz site to ecologically based recreational use; Yakacik site to recreational and commercial multiple use; and Umraniye site to recreational use. This decision support tool is proved to be effective on making decisions about solid waste related problematic sites. Therefore, it is possible to adapt this tool for diverse contaminated sites. By the development of this decision support tool for the entire contaminated sites of Istanbul, it is expected to construct a citywide data base on contaminated sites, hence having positive impact on urban matrix. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. During the last two decades (1989-2009) urban tourism and especially cultural tourism "off the beaten track" become of increasing importance in Warsaw and other major cities in Poland. The main purpose of the work was to increase the knowledge of city tourism in Warsaw in the context of the rapidly changing urban environment. The interest was also focused on better understanding of the contribution of newly created cultural clusters to the social, economic and urban landscape recovery. In addition to this, the study consists of analysis of the available quantitative data on urban tourism in Warsaw and a qualitative survey of urban landscape changes (field studies in the Praga District). Material and methods. The design of the study consisted of three main steps: a) field studies conducted in Warsaw, structured and semi-structured interviews with self-government and cultural institutions representatives; b) analysis of quantitative data from existing sources with regard to urban tourism with cultural motive; c) studying strategies of urban plans with regard to tourism; analysis of qualitative data on urban tourism, focused on possible solutions and on opportunities urban city tourism creates for built environment revitalisation. Results. The cultural clusters in the rapidly growing Praga District, the satisfactory recovery of built environment in decline, are important and difficult challenges for citizens, for urban planners, for public institutions at all levels. This experience also proofs that the role culture tourism can play in the physical, economic, social and symbolic transformation of urban space in decline - may be significant. The urban tourism is not a panacea, but as alternative could be one of the many possibilities to save urban heritage, as its capacity to create new jobs and its dynamic - make this choice very serious. Conclusion. Tourism can yield enormous socio-cultural benefits as providing much-needed funds to help restore industrial sites in decline. Examples of such a good practice can be found in many European countries, also in Poland. However the net effect of further Praga District project development and its foreseen success will depend upon the responsibility exercised by various stakeholders, including the public and private sectors as well as tourists and residents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: For many decades, the concept of sustainability has been highly successful in public policies and even in the business world. 1 [1] See L. R. Brown, Building a Sustainable Society, Norton, New York, (1981) and G. MIinati, M.P. Penna, E. Pessa, A conceptual framework for self-organization and merging processes in social systems, in Systems For Sustainability, Plenum Press, New York, (1997). Nowadays, all initiatives must be sustainable and are primarily assessed on that criterion. However, the efforts made to construct specific methods dedicated to building sustainable strategies seem rather weak. Futurists themselves underestimate the relationship between sustainable development and foresight, even if they are talking about sustainable planning. 2 [2] Sustainable planning integrates the objectives of economic development, social justice and inclusion, environment integrity and integrated transport. There is often conflict between short-term economic and fiscal benefits and the longer-term environmental and social implications arising from development. Cf. Ian Miles, Michaël Keenan Practical Guide to Regional Foresight in the United Kingdom, European Commission, DG Research, Brussels (2000) 18. They remain generally unaware that foresight could be a major tool in tackling sustainability as well as one of the best methods of preparing sustainable strategies and policies. Indeed, one of the biggest problems in sustainability approaches is the simplistic way used to define the concept, for instance, by using only the very first part of the 1987 the Bruntland report Our Common Future and by limiting the fields of activity on sustainability to the three pillars of the OECD model: economy, social questions, environment. At the Copenhagen United Nations Climate Change Conference (December 2009), it seemed forgotten that sustainability is already an old issue in which futurists were heavily involved at the time of the United Nations Stockholm Environment Conference (1972), in the Limits to Growth Report, published by the Club of Rome (1972) 3 [3] D.L. Meadows, ed., Limits to growth, Earth Island Ltd, London (1972). and in the OECD Interfutures Foresight, spurred on by Jacques Lesourne (1978). 4 [4] INTERFUTURS, Research project on the future development of advanced industrialised societies in harmony with that of developing countries, Final reports, Paris, OECD, 28 September 1978. Since that time (forty years ago!) researchers and consultants have learned how to deal with the concept of sustainability, how to analyze it as an ultimate aim for society as a whole as well as a complex object that needs to be approached with adequate methods such as systemic analysis. As Christian Stoffaës said, the aim of foresight is sustainable development in a changing world. As a result, the ultimate aim of strategic foresight appears to be clear: it is sustainability. This article highlights that fundamental relationship as we see it today. 5 [5] C. Stoffaës, Les logiciels de la pérennité, in J. Lesourne and C. Stoffaës, Prospective stratégique d''entreprise, Dunod, Paris (2001) 25, 27. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In a declining periphery, tourism is often considered as a vehicle for regional development due to the positive economic impacts of the industry. However, tourism is not automatically the best saviour for all peripheral areas, because it can also cause some negative impacts. Therefore, sustainable planning is needed to balance the benefits and costs of tourism. The aim of this review is to discuss how to develop the tourism industry in order to create positive regional development in the peripheral areas in the Nordic context. The paper presents two approaches to the tourism planning and regional development nexus: the tourism-centred and regional development-centred. However, the structure of the regional economy and the tourism resources of the area set limitations for the application of these basic approaches in practice. In this respect, the proposed spatio-functional model would be an option to increase the positive regional development at the local level in a sustainable way. The model emphasizes a functional collaboration between industries in the core-periphery framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A conceptual framework and methodological approach are developed to understand the potential linkage between urban domestic heat demand and the heatwave vulnerability index, using the London building stock as a case study. A geographic information system (GIS)-based systematic approach towards exploring the impact of the urban built form and the heat island phenomenon on domestic space heating needs and heat-related mortality is demonstrated. The physical properties of individual dwellings were inferred from existing GIS databases as a function of given attributes (such as the form and age of the property). Localized annual heating degree-days (HDD) across London were predicted using a site-specific model. Each dwelling was modelled using a modified version of the steady-state annual domestic energy model. The energy consumption profiles generated were subsequently compared with existing top-down regional energy statistics. In addition, local environmental factors such as built density, green coverage ratio, and land surface temperature were extracted from a combination of GIS and satellite image data sources. By mapping these factors across the Greater London Area, their influence on the risk of heat death during the 2006 heatwave was examined. The model could potentially be utilized to inform urban-scale policies relating to the reduction of CO2 emissions and the identification of heat-vulnerable population groups across London. Un cadre conceptuel et une approche methodologique sont developpes afin de comprendre le lien potentiel entre la demande urbaine en chauffage domestique et l'indice de vulnerabilite aux vagues de chaleur, en utilisant le parc bati de Londres comme etude de cas. La demonstration est faite d'une approche systematique basee sur des systemes d'information geographique (SIG) visant a explorer l'impact de la forme batie urbaine et du phenomene de l'ilot de chaleur sur les besoins en chauffage de l'espace domestique et la mortalite liee a la chaleur. Les proprietes physiques des logements individuels ont ete deduites des bases de donnees SIG existantes utilisees comme une fonction d'attributs donnees (tels que la forme et l'age des biens immobiliers). La prevision des degres-jours de chauffage (DJC) annuels localises sur Londres s'est faite en utilisant un modele specifique au site. Chaque logement a ete modelise en utilisant une version modifiee du modele d'energie domestique annuelle en regime continu. Les profils de consommation d'energie generes ont ete compares ulterieurement aux statistiques energetiques regionales descendantes existantes. De plus, les facteurs environnementaux locaux tels que la densite du bati, le coefficient d'espaces verts et la temperature superficielle des terres ont ete extraits d'une combinaison de sources de donnees provenant de SIG et d'images satellite. En dressant des cartes de ces facteurs sur la Region du Grand Londres, leur influence sur le risque de mortalite par la chaleur pendant la vague de chaleur de 2006 a ete examinee. Ce modele pourrait potentiellement etre utilise pour influencer les politiques a l'echelle urbaine qui sont liees a la reduction des emissions de CO2 et a l'identification des groupes de populations vulnerables a la chaleur sur Londres. Mots cles: parc bati, changement climatique, parc de logements, consommation d'energie, systeme d'information geographique (SIG), demande de chaleur, mortalite liee a la chaleur, surchauffe, planification durable, ilot de chaleur urbaine [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The progressive use of renewable energy sources to ensure a continuous and abundant energy supply is the significant target towards a sustainable and secure energy system. Previously, the countries that had relied on fossil fuel as a dominating energy source are now endorsing energy system transition towards renewable energy sources. In this study, a comparative assessment of the energy problems of South Asian countries is summarized. Nevertheless, there are many similarities and differences in the electricity supply system of these countries. Long-term planning for renewable energy development is suggested for a diverse population and dispersed geographical location considering all the significant challenges. However, appropriate schemes are imperative for integrating significant renewable energy sources. This study introduces a foresight plan of the electricity model according to the demand and supply balance for extensive technical analysis. The EnergyPLAN modeling tool was employed to work out a more ambitious VRE integration scenario than the official plans. The reference model was validated according to legitimate and authentic data, and then, the technically most feasible renewable energy-based alternate scenario was built. The additional grid integration cost of variable renewable energy was quantitatively investigated for comprehensive power system modeling for a real-time economic analysis. The results may be adapted and support developing more sustainable power generation serving 1787 million in South Asian countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most sustainable planning frameworks assess natural and social–economic landscape systems as separate entities, and our understanding of the interrelationships between them is incomplete. Landscape classification in urbanizing environments requires an integrated spatial planning approach to better address the United Nation's sustainable development challenges. The objective of this research is to apply a multicriteria evaluation which ranked diverse ecosystem–service producing landscapes and synthesize the findings within a unique green infrastructure spatial planning framework. Local government stakeholder derived weighting and GIS classification were operated to map both the urban and natural landscapes of the Salt Lake City region of Utah, one of the most rapidly urbanizing areas in North America. Results were assimilated through five regional landscape typologies—Ecological, Hydrological, Recreational, Working Lands, and Community—and indicated those highest ranked landscape areas which provided multiple ecosystem services. These findings support collaborative decision making among diverse stakeholders with overlapping objectives and illustrates pathways to the development of ecosystem service criteria. This paper contributes to a better understanding of how to integrate data and visualize the strategic approaches required for sustainable planning and management, particularly in urban and urbanizing regions where complex socioecological landscapes predominate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban growth triggers massive changes in land use cover, exacerbating extreme natural and technological events. In order for land use planning to be efficient, it requires the integration of comprehensive risk and vulnerability assessment. This paper aims to create a bridge between the existing vulnerability theories and their implementation in land use planning policies and proposes an innovative approach to determine whether the changes in the territorial dynamics of cities draw considerable changes in communities' social vulnerability. The methodology identifies and selects three case studies from the Urban Atlas inventory, representative of the dynamics of large Romanian cities, taking into consideration the following hazards: earthquakes, floods, and technological hazards. Vulnerability was then assessed by assigning each land use class a specific vulnerability level. The methodology involved assessing the level of vulnerability specific to the situation in 2018 compared to 2006. The results showed that major changes in land use are related to the transition of areas with a low level of vulnerability to areas with a higher level of vulnerability as a result of the urban areas expansion to the detriment of natural and agricultural areas. This is generally translated into a higher degree of vulnerability due to an increased density of artificial elements and of population in the residential areas. The findings of the study of territorial dynamics in the proximity of large industrial operators did not reveal a tendency that differed from the general trend. Although many territorial changes have been observed in the period 2006–2018, it is necessary to extend the analysis, with the issue of the new versions of the Urban Atlas, to confirm the identified trends and to express the up-to-date situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lake Koronia is a very important ecosystem of Greece which is almost vanishing because of non sustainable water management practice in the region. The ongoing unsystematic economic growth of the area has resulted to water depletion and environmental degradation with serious social and economic impacts. This paper presents an integrated water resources management plan for the reversal of the situation. First, a groundwater simulation model of the complex shallow - deeper aquifer system is developed to simulate the lake-aquifer interaction. Second, this model is then used as a management tool for the development of alternative exploitation plans of the deeper aquifer. The impacts of these scenarios to the groundwater levels and balance are also considered and evaluated. For sustainability purposes, not only the rehabilitation of the lake water resources, but also the restoration of the disturbed groundwater balance considered. The finally suggested plan is a combination of an engineering project recharg the lake with groundwater from the deeper aquifer, and water saving measures the agricultural sector, through the implementation of a crop change program and the exist irrigation methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under the current conditions of urban and regional renewal, it is a challenge and opportunity to find such decisions in planning policy supporting sustainable development. Redevelopment of former open-cast mines and shrinking processes in cities are typical examples. Decision making in such a planning context considers complex tasks and involves preferential selection among different, usually competing alternatives. They result from demands of different spatial functions and the necessity to conserve the natural environment and landscape. The modeling of a planning process requires an adequate definition of the problem, identification of the main decision criteria and possible courses of action. Following environmental and institutional economic theory we use the idea of involving stakeholders. Determining and understanding the demands of stakeholders may lead to a successful management of environmental, social, human, and economic tasks. We propose a multicriteria approach to formulate a planning problem as a multiobjective optimization problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Saudi government has made some efforts in incorporating the principles of sustainable development into the planning process by establishing a framework for considering environmental consequences of development activities. The framework is guided by the General Environmental Code. The Ministerial Committee on the Environment (MCE) coordinates the environmental assessment of plans, policies and programmes prior to approval. However, the framework tends to focus on plans and programmes at the national level with little or no explicit provision for ensuring the assessment of municipal plans, policies and programmes. This paper evaluates the integration of environmental assessment into the municipal planning process and the plan documents. The findings indicate that the implementation of environmental assessment at the municipal planning level is minimal. Inadequate institutional framework and lack of effective environment assessment legislation are the main barriers to the implementation. Overall, the assessment shows that there is the need to improve sustainability planning practice in the Kingdom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper takes a critical look at environmental impact assessment (EIA), especially in the UK, and evaluates its strengths and weaknesses in terms of sustainable spatial planning. Of the many shortcomings and criticisms levelled at impact assessment, the paper concentrates on those elements considered crucial to a move towards sustainable planning, in particular the role of public participation, issues of alternatives and uncertainty, the problem of cumulative effects, the diversity of value systems, the issue of decision-making and the links from impact assessment into integrated environmental management. It concludes that the current European Union (UK) EIA system does not, and probably will not, without radical improvement, offer a tool for sustainable planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]