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ObjectiveTo compare the energy, nutrient and food group compositions of three sources of school-day lunches among students in five secondary schools in the Republic of Ireland (ROI).DesignCross-sectional study conducted between October 2012 and March 2013. Students completed self-report food diaries over two school days. The energy, nutrient, nutrient density and food group composition of school-day lunches from home, school and ‘out’ in local food outlets were compared using ANCOVA and Tukey’s Honest Significant Difference post hoc analysis.SettingFive secondary schools in the ROI.SubjectsMale and female students aged 15–17 years (n 305).ResultsSix hundred and fifteen lunches (376 home lunches, 115 school lunches and 124 lunches sourced ‘out’ in the local environment) were analysed. School and ‘out’ purchased lunches were significantly higher than packed lunches from home in energy (2047 kJ (489 kcal), 2664 kJ (627 kcal), 1671 kJ (399 kcal), respectively), total fat (23·5 g, 30·1 g, 16·6 g, respectively) and free (added) sugars (12·6 g, 19·3 g, 7·4 g, respectively). More home lunches contained more fruit, wholemeal breads, cheese and red meat than lunches from school or ‘out’. Meat products, chips and high-calorie beverages were sourced more frequently at school or ‘out’ than home. Fibre and micronutrient contents of lunches from all sources were low.ConclusionsHome-sourced lunches had the healthiest nutritional profile in terms of energy and macronutrients. Foods high in energy, fat and free sugars associated with school and local food outlets are of concern given the public health focus to reduce their consumption. While school food should be improved, all sources of lunches need to be considered when addressing the dietary behaviours of secondary-school students.

Reported brain abnormalities in anatomy and function in patients with narcolepsy with cataplexy led to a project based on qualitative electroencephalography examination and analysis in an attempt to find a narcolepsy with cataplexy-specific brain-derived pattern, or a sequence of brain locations involved in processing humorous stimuli. Laughter is the trigger of cataplexy in these patients, and the difference between patients and healthy controls during the laughter should therefore be notable. Twenty-six adult patients (14 male, 12 female) suffering from narcolepsy with cataplexy and 10 healthy controls (five male, five female) were examined. The experiment was performed using a 256-channel electroencephalogram and then processed using specialized software built according to the scientific research team's specifications. The software utilizes electroencephalographic data recorded during elevated emotional states in participants to calculate the sequence of brain areas involved in emotion processing using non-linear and linear algorithms. Results show significant differences in activation (pre-laughter) patterns between the patients with narcolepsy and healthy controls, as well as significant similarities within the patients and the controls. Specifically, gyrus orbitalis, rectus and occipitalis inferior are active in healthy controls, while gyrus paracentralis, cingularis and cuneus are activated solely in the patients in response to humorous audio stimulus. There are qualitative electroencephalographic-based patterns clearly discriminating between patients with narcolepsy and healthy controls during laughter processing.

In the past few years, Newcastle disease virus (NDV) strains with epizootic characteristics belonging to subgenotypes VIIi and XIIIb emerged in the Middle East and Asia. In this study, 2 NDV strains—1 representative of subgenotype VIIi isolated in Israel ( Kvuzat/13) and 1 representative of subgenotype XIIIb isolated in Pakistan ( Karachi/07)—were characterized by intracerebral pathogenicity index and detailed clinicopathologic assessment. The intracerebral pathogenicity index values for Kvuzat/13 and Karachi/07 were 1.89 and 1.85, respectively, classifying these strains as virulent by international standards. In 4-week-old White Leghorn chickens, both strains caused 100% mortality within 4 ( Kvuzat/13) and 5 ( Karachi/07) days postinfection. Histopathology and immunohistochemistry for NDV nucleoprotein showed that both strains had wide systemic distribution, especially targeting lymphoid organs and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues in the respiratory and intestinal tracts. Results of the animal experiment confirm that both Kvuzat/13 and Karachi/07 are highly virulent and behaved as velogenic viscerotropic NDV strains.

This manual provides guidance to healthcare professionals and managers working in clinical settings on how to empower patients and their relatives, hospital visitors and healthcare professionals towards healthier choices. Chapter 1 provides recommendations based on the highest level of evidence, resulting from overviews of high quality systematic reviews (AMSTAR score higher than 8) including randomised controlled trials testing interventions aimed at modifying behaviours known to be associated with non communicable chronic diseases. Chapter 2 offers guidance to translate evidence into practice and to organise empowering activities. This chapter includes essential activities such as policy management, individual risk profling, designing and managing empowering initiatives and preparing a sustainability plan. Chapter 3 describes how to integrate empowerment activities and initiatives offered at the hospital and those available in the hospital jurisdiction. This chapter also suggests how to involve stakeholders and to manage their contributions according to the WHO ‘Health in all’ principles.

Supplemental material, DS1_JVDI_10.1177_1040638719843575 for A two-year prospective study of small poultry flocks in Ontario, Canada, part 2: causes of morbidity and mortality by Nancy M. Brochu, Michele T. Guerin, Csaba Varga, Brandon N. Lillie, Marina L. Brash and Leonardo Susta in Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation

Supplemental material, DS1_JVDI_10.1177_1040638719843577 for A two-year prospective study of small poultry flocks in Ontario, Canada, part 1: prevalence of viral and bacterial pathogens by Nancy M. Brochu, Michele T. Guerin, Csaba Varga, Brandon N. Lillie, Marina L. Brash and Leonardo Susta in Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation

Antimicrobial resistance in Campylobacter, common in poultry, is a global public health issue. The emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistant Campylobacter has been linked to the use of antimicrobials in food animals. Small poultry flocks are becoming increasingly popular not only as a source of food but also as pets, yet not all small flock owners are aware of proper antimicrobial use practices and safe food handling protocols. This trend could contribute to antimicrobial resistance. In order to determine the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in Campylobacter in small poultry flocks, we analyzed data from birds that had been submitted to a diagnostic laboratory in Ontario between October 2015 and September 2017. A pooled cecal sample was obtained from each submission and cultured for Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli. Three isolates were recovered from each positive sample and tested for susceptibility to nine antimicrobials using a broth microdilution method. Overall, 176 isolates were recovered (141 chicken, 21 turkey, 6 duck, and 8 game bird). A high frequency of resistance to tetracycline was observed in the C. jejuni isolates from chickens (77%) and turkeys (100%), and in the C. coli isolates from turkeys (50%) and game birds (40%). Campylobacter jejuni isolates had higher odds of resistance to tetracycline (OR = 3.54, P ≤ 0.01) compared to C. coli isolates. Overall, there was a low frequency of resistance to quinolones and a very low frequency of resistance to macrolides. Multidrug resistance was uncommon. The high prevalence of tetracycline resistance emphasizes the importance of prudent antimicrobial use in small flocks. Although low, the presence of resistance to macrolides and quinolones, which are used to treat campylobacteriosis in humans, highlights the need for proper food safety and infection control practices by small flock owners to prevent exposure to antimicrobial resistant Campylobacter.

A programme based on repeated hypoxia–hyperoxia exposure and light exercise enhances performance in athletes with overtraining syndrome: a pilot study Susta D, Dudnik E, Glazachev OS. Abstract Overtraining syndrome (OTS) is a major concern among endurance athletes and is a leading cause in preventing them to perform for long periods. Intermittent exposure to hypoxia has been shown to be an effective way of improving performance without exercising. Aim of this pilot study was to evaluate intermittent hypoxia-hyperoxia training combined with light exercise as an intervention to facilitate athletes with OTS to restore their usual performance level. Thirty-four track and field athletes were recruited: 15 athletes with OTS volunteered to participate and undertook a conditioning programme consisting of repeated exposures to hypoxia (O2 at 10%) and hyperoxia (O2 at 30%) (6-8 cycles, total time 45 min-1 h), three times a week, delivered 1·5-2 h after a low-intensity exercise session (2 bouts of 30 min, running at 50% of VO2max with 10 min rest between bouts) over 4 weeks. Nineteen healthy track and field athletes volunteered to participate as a control group and followed their usual training schedule. Measurements before and after the intervention included exercise capacity, analysis of heart rate variability and hematological parameters. In athletes with OTS, a 4-week light exercise combined with intermittent hypoxia-hyperoxia training improved exercise performance (191·9 ± 26·9 W versus 170·8 ± 44·8 W in exercise capacity test, P = 0·01). Heart rate variability analysis revealed an improved sympatho-parasympathetic index (low frequency/high frequency ratio, 8·01 ± 7·51 before and 1·45 ± 1·71 after, P = 0·007). Hematological parameters were unchanged. Our pilot study showed that intermittent hypoxia-hyperoxia training and low-intensity exercise can facilitate functional recovery among athletes with OTS in a relatively short time. KEYWORDS: athletic performance; cardiac autonomic control; exercise tolerance; heart rate variability; intermittent hypoxic training; recovery of function PMID: 26443707 DOI: 10.1111/cpf.12296 https://www.sechenov.ru/science_and_innovation/repo/?PAGEN_1=17#134833

The Quaker parrot has been used as a psittacine model to study clinical lipidology and lipid-related disorders. However, while Quaker parrots appear to be anecdotally susceptible to a variety of spontaneous dyslipidemic disorders and lesions caused by excess lipid accumulation, epidemiologic data are lacking. A multicenter retrospective study on 652 pathology submissions (411 necropsies and 243 biopsies) from Quaker parrots was performed by recording the final pathological diagnoses, age, and sex for each bird. The prevalence of lesions associated with lipid metabolism, such as hepatic lipidosis, atherosclerosis, xanthomas, adipose tumors, coelomic steatitis/steatonecrosis, endogenous lipid pneumonia, and acute pancreatic necrosis/pancreatitis, was reported. Multiple logistic regression models were used to characterize the effects of sex and age on these lesions, and the prevalence of hepatic lipidosis and atherosclerosis was compared to those in a random sample of control psittacine birds. The raw prevalence of atherosclerosis and hepatic lipidosis was 5.6% (95% confidence interval [CI], 3.4%–7.8%) and 21.2% (95% CI, 17.2%–25.1%), respectively. While the prevalence of atherosclerosis was similar to other psittacine species, hepatic lipidosis was more common in Quaker parrots. Quaker parrots also showed a unique susceptibility to acute pancreatic necrosis with a prevalence of 12.9% (95% CI, 9.7%–16.1%). Male parrots were found to be more susceptible than females to lipid accumulation lesions ( P = .0024), including atherosclerosis ( P = .018) and hepatic lipidosis ( P < .001). This retrospective study confirms the high susceptibility of Quaker parrots to lipid-related disorders and presents epidemiological data that may be useful to avian clinicians, pathologists, and researchers using Quaker parrots.

The successful reintroduction of Wild Turkeys ( Meleagris gallopavo) to Ontario, Canada, has led to established populations in southern portions of the province and currently allows for biannual hunting seasons. These populations geographically overlap Domestic Turkey farms, an important sector of the provincial agri-food industry. Potential pathogen transmission between Wild Turkeys and Domestic Turkeys ( Meleagris gallopavo) is a concern, because they are susceptible to infection with many of the same pathogens and have direct and indirect contact in outdoor or open farm settings and contaminated environmental substrates. However, data concerning potential poultry pathogens in Wild Turkeys in Canada are scarce. Thus, we assessed the prevalence and geographic distribution of geographically relevant viruses in Ontario Wild Turkeys. Oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs were tested for avian influenza viruses (AIV) by real-time reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR ( n=207), pooled tissues for lymphoproliferative disease virus (LPDV; n=183) and reticuloendotheliosis virus ( n=119) by PCR, and gross skin lesions by real-time RT-PCR for avian poxvirus ( n=8). We sequenced a fragment of the gag polyprotein (p31) gene of LPDV on a subset ( n=10) of LPDV-positive samples for phylogenetic analysis and tested additional upland game bird species ( n=39) and domestic fowl for LPDV ( n=17). To the best of our knowledge, we document the first detection of LPDV in Wild Turkeys in Canada, with a prevalence of 65% (119/183). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that LPDV sequences from Ontario were genetically similar to other North American strains and did not group into separate clades. Reticuloendotheliosis virus was detected in 4% (5/119) of LPDV-positive Wild Turkeys. Grossly evident skin lesions from five Wild Turkeys tested positive for poxvirus, and all turkeys tested negative for AIV. This study provides evidence of LPDV circulation in Canada and provides a baseline for comparison with future Wild Turkey pathogen surveillance and monitoring in Ontario and elsewhere.

A novel approximating polynomial of an equiripple low-pass FIR filter is presented. It represents an optimal equiripple polynomial approximation of two constants in two disjoint intervals. It also provides an insight into the nature of the approximation problem. The developed equiripple approximation is illustrated in two examples.

Penelitian Tindakan Sekolah Kepengawasan ini bertujuan: 1) Melaksanakan dan membuat laporan upaya peningkatan kompetensi penelitian dan pengembangan oleh guru baik secara mandiri maupun terprogram; 2) Menyusun perangkat pembelajaran untuk satu mata pelajaran lengkap; 3) Menyusun laporan observasi pembelajaran di kelas terhadap beberapa guru dalam upaya mencapai standar kompetensi lulusan; 4) Mengembangkan model penilaian yang secara umum dapat dipandang lebih baik dari apa yang telah dikembangkan di sekolah, baik yang menyangkut mekanisme, prosedur, dan instrumen penilaiannya; 5) Melaksanakan pengkajian terhadap program kepengawasan di Dinas Pendidikan Kabupaten Pasuruan (SMP Negeri 1 Tutur) berkenaan dengan implementasi 8 standar nasional pendidikan (SI, SKL, Proses, Penilaian, Pengelolaan, Sarpras, Tendik, Pembiayaan). Dengan telah dilaksanakannya kegiatan Penelitian Tindakan Sekolah mulai awal sampai akhir pelaksanaan kegiatan, maka kompetensi supervisi akademik penulis sebagai pengawas sekolah dapat meningkat, kompetensi guru dalam mengembangkan perangkat pembelajaran (silabus dan RPP) meningkat, dengan melaksanakan supervisi guru dan kepala sekolah, maka kompetensi supervisi akademik penulis semakin meningkat, meningkatnya kompetensi penulis dalam menyusun perangkat pembelajaran

Programmes that promote dietary behaviour change for the prevention of chronic disease must include components that are rooted in best practice and associated with effectiveness. The purpose of this overview of systematic reviews was to examine the characteristics and dietary behaviour change outcomes of nutrition interventions among populations with or at risk of non-communicable chronic diseases. Systematic reviews of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) testing dietary behaviour change interventions published between January 2006 and November 2015 were identified via searches in Cochrane Library, PubMed, EMBASE and PsycINFO. Quality of reviews were appraised using AMSTAR. Dietary behaviour change and intervention details were extracted and systematically summarised. Fifteen articles met the inclusion criteria. Dietary behaviour changes in response to nutrition interventions were significant in over half of interventions. Reducing dietary fat and increasing fruits and vegetables were the most common behaviour changes. The characteristics of nutrition interventions and their relationship to effectiveness for dietary behaviour change among chronic disease or at-risk populations were reported inconsistently. However, associative evidence exists to support more frequent contacts and the use of specific behaviour change techniques. No clear relationships were found between effectiveness and intervention setting, mode of delivery or intervention provider, although some population-specific relationships were identified. Interventions that promote long-term maintenance of dietary behaviour changes are lacking in the literature. This comprehensive umbrella review identifies specific characteristics of interventions that are associated with effectiveness in interventions that promote dietary behaviour change among different at-risk populations. In order to maximise outcomes, public health, health promotion and healthcare organisations should consider these results in order to inform the development and improvement of nutrition programmes.

Newcastle disease is an important health issue of poultry causing major economic losses and inhibits trade worldwide. Vaccination is used as a control measure, but it is unknown whether vaccination will prevent virus contamination of eggs. In this study, hens were sham-vaccinated or received one or two doses of inactivated LaSota vaccine, followed three weeks later by virulent Newcastle disease virus (NDV) challenge. Eggs were collected daily and shell, albumen and yolk were subjected to virus isolation, as were oral and cloacal swabs at 2 and 4 days post-challenge (dpc). A second experiment evaluated the distribution of the virus in the reproductive tract of non-vaccinates. All vaccinated chickens survived challenge, and the levels of virus shed from cloacal swabs were decreased significantly when compared to shams. In non-vaccinated hens, virus was detected in the ovary and all segments of the oviduct. Yolk, albumen and eggshell surface from eggs laid at day 4 and 5 post-infection by sham-vaccinated hens were positive for NDV, but eggs from LaSota vaccinated hens lacked virus in internal egg components (i.e. yolk and albumen) and had reduction in the number of positive eggshell surfaces. These results indicate virulent NDV can replicate in the reproductive tract of hens and contaminate internal components of eggs and eggshell surface, but vaccination was able to prevent internal egg contamination, reducing eggshell surface contamination, and reducing shedding from digestive and respiratory tracts in virulent NDV challenged hens.

This brief presents the degree equation of an equiripple narrow bandpass finite-impulse response filter, which follows from the filter approximation rather than from empirical data. The degree equation relates the filter specification and the corresponding filter degree. It completes the closed-form filter design, and it is useful in numerical design procedures as well. Two examples demonstrate its functionality and usefulness.

While there is typically 100% survivability in birds challenged with vNDV under experimental conditions, either with vaccines formulated with a strain homologous or heterologous (different genotype) to the challenge virus, vaccine deficiencies are often noted in the field. We have developed an improved and more stringent protocol to experimentally evaluate live NDV vaccines, and showed for the first time under experimental conditions that a statistically significant reduction in mortality can be detected with genotype matched vaccines. Using both vaccine evaluation protocols (traditional and improved), birds were challenged with a vNDV of genotype XIII and the efficacy of live heterologous (genotype II) and homologous (genotype XIII) NDV vaccines was compared. Under traditional vaccination conditions there were no differences in survival upon challenge, but the homologous vaccine induced significantly higher levels of antibodies specific to the challenge virus. With the more stringent challenge system (multiple vaccine doses and early challenge with high titers of vNDV), the birds administered the homologous vaccine had superior humoral responses, reduced clinical signs, and reduced mortality levels than those vaccinated with the heterologous vaccine. These results provide basis for the implementation of more sensitive methods to evaluate vaccine efficacy.

Background: The successive editions of the International Classification of Sleep Disorders (ICSD) reflect the evolution of the concepts of various sleep disorders. This is particularly the case for central disorders of hypersomnolence, with continuous changes in terminology and divisions of narcolepsy, idiopathic hypersomnia, and recurrent hypersomnia. According to the ICSD 2nd Edition (ICSD-2), narcolepsy with cataplexy (NwithC), narcolepsy without cataplexy (Nw/oC), idiopathic hypersomnia with long sleep time (IHwithLST), and idiopathic hypersomnia without long sleep time (IHw/oLST) are four, well-defined hypersomnias of central origin. However, in the absence of biological markers, doubts have been raised as to the relevance of a division of idiopathic hypersomnia into two forms, and it is not yet clear whether Nw/oC and IHw/oLST are two distinct entities. With this in mind, it was decided to empirically review the ICSD-2 classification by using a hierarchical cluster analysis to see whether this division has some relevance, even though the terms "with long sleep time" and "without long sleep time" are inappropriate. Results The cluster analysis differentiated three main clusters: Cluster 1, "combined monosymptomatic hypersomnia/narcolepsy type 2" (people initially diagnosed with IHw/oLST and Nw/oC); Cluster 2 "polysymptomatic hypersomnia" (people initially diagnosed with IHwithLST); and Cluster 3, narcolepsy type 1 (people initially diagnosed with NwithC). Conclusions Cluster analysis confirmed that narcolepsy type 1 and polysymptomatic hypersomnia are independent sleep disorders. People who were initially diagnosed with Nw/oC and IHw/oLST formed a single cluster, referred to as "combined monosymptomatic hypersomnia/narcolepsy type 2."

[The HT behaviour of a well-characterized sample of riebeckite has been examined by combining X-ray diffraction, FTIR and Mössbauer spectroscopy. The crystal-chemical composition of the crystal studied is: A(K0.05Na0.04) B(Na1.86Ca0.09Fe2+0.05) C(Fe2+2.94Mg2+0.22Mn2+0.02Zn2+0.01Fe3+1.74Al3+0.06Ti4+0.01) T(Si7.95Al0.05) O22 W(OH1.9F-0.10). The onset of the deprotonation process is detected at ?700 K by single-crystal XRD analysis of the unit-cell parameters, but starts at 623 K as indicated by Mössbauer spectroscopy on powders (and by changes in the cation distribution observed by structure refinement). FTIR analysis shows that a completely deprotonated oxo-amphibole is obtained after annealing at 893 K. Room-T single-crystal structure refinements of the deprotonated phase shows a very peculiar cation disorder, which has never been observed in amphiboles until now: there is significant depletion of B and C cations coupled with an increase in A cations, which implies the presence of vacancies at the M(3) and the M(4) sites in double-chain silicates. FTIR data collected at 873 K confirm both this conclusion and the onset of the cation exchange before completion of deprotonation. Axial and volume thermal expansion coefficients were determined in the T range 298-698 K for riebeckite (?a = 1.40(2)·10-5 K-1, ?b = 0.67(1)·10-5 K-1, ?c = 0.17(2)·10-5 K-1, ?? = -0.07(1)·10-5 K-1and ?V = 2.27(2)·10-5 K-1) and in the 298-1173K range for the oxo-amphibole (?a = 1.53(2)·10-5 K-1, ?b = 0.77(1)·10-5 K-1, ?c = 0.25(1)·10-5 K-1, ?? = 0.10(1)·10-5 K-1and ?V = 2.52(2)·10-5 K-1). object Object]

Supplemental Material, DS1_VET_10.1177_0300985818767996 for Newcastle Disease Virus Infection in Quail by Leonardo Susta, Diego Segovia, Timothy L. Olivier, Kiril M. Dimitrov, Ismaila Shittu, Valerie Marcano, and Patti J. Miller in Veterinary Pathology

2012 yılında çıkarılan ve başta 5216 sayılı Büyükşehir Belediyesi Kanunu olmak üzere birçok kanunda değişiklik yapan 6360 sayılı Yasa ile büyükşehir sisteminde idari, mali ve hizmet sunumu bakımından önemli değişiklikler gerçekleşmiştir. Yasa ile birlikte, 14 yeni Büyükşehir kurulmuş, Büyükşehir Belediyesi (BŞB) sınırları il mülki sınırları olmuş, BŞB kurulan illerde il özel idarelerinin ve köylerin, kasabaların tüzel kişilikleri kaldırılmıştır. 6360 sayılı Yasa, Türkiye'nin yerel yönetim sisteminde reform niteliğinde bir değişim ortaya koymakla birlikte, sadece kenti ve kentliyi değil, köyü ve köylüyü de doğrudan etkileyen birçok değişimi beraberinde getirmektedir. Yasadan sonra Türkiye'de kırsal alan ve kırsal nüfus gibi kavramların nicel ve nitel olarak içeriği değişmiş ve kaotik bir ortam doğmuştur. Büyükşehir belediyelerinin hizmet alanının genişlemesi, önceden alışkın olmadıkları bir kesimin (kırsal alanların) hizmet sınırları dâhiline girmesi, mevcut mahalle (köy) sayısı, göz önüne alındığında, kırsal hizmetlerin BŞB'ler tarafından yerinde ve zamanında ihtiyaçları giderecek biçimde nasıl sunulacağı endişelere neden olmaktadır. Bu çalışmada; Büyükşehir Belediyesine bağlanarak, köyleri mahalleye dönüşen İzmir ili Kiraz ilçesi çalışma alanı olarak seçilmiş, yasa sonrası yeni düzenin kırsal alana yansımaları, yasadan doğrudan etkilenen kesim olan köy muhtarları ile yapılan görüşmelerden elde edilen verilerin tablolaştırılması ve analizi ile saptanmaya çalışılmıştır. Çalışmada gerçekleştirilen alan araştırması sonucunda elde edilen bulgulara göre; 2012 yılı Aralık ayından beri yürürlükte olan 6360 sayılı Yasa'nın aradan 4 seneden fazla geçmiş olmasına rağmen kırsal alanlarda sistemli bir biçimde uygulanamadığı ve belediyelerin, sorumluluk alanlarına dâhil olan kırsal alanlara hizmet sunmakta yetersiz kaldığı anlaşılmıştır. Hizmetlerin aksaması nedeniyle, kırsal mahallelerde ikamet eden bireylerin önemli bir bölümünün 6360 sayılı Yasa'nın getirdiği değişimlerden memnun olmadığı sonucu ortaya çıkmıştır. Many significant reforms have been made in metropolitan system including administrative, fiscal changes and municipal service delivery with the Law No. 6360, which was introduced in 2012 and amended many laws especially the Metropolitan Municipality Law No. 5216. In fact 14 new metropolitan municipalities were established, metropolitan municipal service area boundaries were extended over provincial administrative boundaries. Villages, towns and provincial special administrations in all metropolises have lost their legal entities and turned into neighborhoods and become part of urban areas. The Law no. 6360 made such reforms, that they concern not only urban areas, but also rural areas. After the law, descriptions of rural area and rural population were changed quantitatively and qualitatively which leads to a chaotic situation. Extension of the service area of metropolitan municipalities including rural areas that municipalities are not familiar to, causes concerns about how to provide rural services timely and adequately because of large metropolitan districts by municipalities.Kiraz district is one of the districts which were incoporated into metropolitan service area in İzmir province with the Law no. 6360. Kiraz district where all the villages have been transformed into urban neighborhoods has been selected as a case study in this paper. The effects of the new system after the law have been tried to be determined by tabulating and analyzing the data obtained from interviews with village headmen who were directly affected by the law. According to the findings obtained as a result of this field study; It has been understood that Law no. 6360, which has been in effect since December of 2012, has not been systematically and efficiently implemented in rural areas. Even though it has been over 4 years since the law has been legislated, municipalities are still inadequate to serve rural areas included in municipalities' area of jurisdiction most recently. It is revealed that a major part of the individuals residing in rural areas is not satisfied with the changes introduced by the Law no. 6360, due to the disruption of the municipal services. 191

This paper presents a robust evaluation of partial subfilters in a cascade representation of equiripple narrow band-pass FIR filters. The presented procedure is based on an approximating equiripple polynomial. We demonstrate its functionality and robustness.

In this paper we present a concept of a camera based on a line scanning sensor. The core of the camera is a proprietary broadband MEMS-based row imaging sensor and a powerful multiprocessor chip. We present here the architecture of the camera as well as selected subblocks of the system.

BACKGROUND: Repeated exposure to intermittent normobaric hypoxia improves exercise tolerance in cardiac patients. Little is known on the effects of intermittent normobaric hypoxia‐hyperoxia exposure in coronary artery disease (CAD) patients (New York Heart Association II–III). HYPOTHESIS: IHHT improves exercise tolerance, cardiometabolic profile, and quality of life in CAD patients. METHODS: The study design was a nonrandomized, controlled, before‐and‐after trial. Forty‐six CAD patients volunteered to take part in the study: a group of 27 patients undertook the intermittent hypoxia (O(2) at 10%)–hyperoxia (O(2) at 30%) training (IHHT), whereas a control group (CTRL) of 19 patients, who already completed an 8‐week standard cardiac rehabilitation program, was allocated to sham‐IHHT treatment (breathing room air, O(2) at 21%). Exercise performance, blood and metabolic profiles, and quality of life (Seattle Angina Questionnaire [SAQ]) were measured before and after in the IHHT group (IHHG) and sham‐IHHT in the CTRL group. RESULTS: The IHHG showed improved exercise capacity, reduced systolic and diastolic blood pressures, enhanced left ventricle ejection fraction, and reduced glycemia, but only at 1‐month follow‐up. Angina as a reason to stop exercising was significantly reduced after treatment and at 1‐month follow‐up. The IHHT SAQ profile was improved in the IHHG and not significantly different to the CTRL group after standard rehabilitation. The IHHG was also compared to the CTRL group at 1‐month follow‐up, and no differences were found. CONCLUSIONS: In CAD patients, an IHHT program is associated with improved exercise tolerance, healthier risks factors profile, and a better quality of life. Our study also suggests that IHHT is as effective as an 8‐week standard rehabilitation program.

To characterize the clinicopathologic features of recently described genotypes of Newcastle disease virus (NDV), 1 representative strain of genotype XIV and 2 of genotype XVII, all isolated from West Africa, were used to infect groups of ten 4-week-old specific pathogen-free chickens. The pathobiology of these 3 strains was compared to a South African NDV strain classified within genotype VII. All chickens infected with the 4 viruses died or were euthanized by day 4 postinfection due to the severity of clinical signs. Gross and histologic lesions in all infected chickens included extensive necrosis of lymphoid tissues (thymus, spleen, bursa of Fabricius, cecal tonsils, gut-associated lymphoid tissue), gastrointestinal necrosis and hemorrhages, and severe hemorrhagic conjunctivitis. Immunohistochemical staining revealed systemic viral distribution, and the most intense staining was in the lymphoid organs. Results demonstrate that the 3 West African strains from the previously uncharacterized genotypes XIV and XVII are typical velogenic viscerotropic NDV strains with lesions similar to the South African strain. Under experimental conditions, QV4 and LaSota NDV vaccine strains successfully protected chickens from morbidity and mortality against the genotype VII and one genotype XVII NDV strain, with no significant differences in the amount of virus shed when 2 vaccine schemes were compared.

The thermal dehydration process of fibroferrite, FeOH(SO4)·5H2O, a secondary iron-bearing hydrous sulfate, was investigated by in situ high-temperature synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction (HT-XRPD), in situ high-temperature Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (HT-FTIR) and thermal analysis (TGA-DTA) combined with evolved gas mass spectrometry. The data analysis allowed the determination of the stability fields and the reaction paths for this mineral as well as characterization of its high-temperature products. Five main endothermic peaks are observed in the DTA curve collected from room T up to 800 °C. Mass spectrometry of gases evolved during thermogravimetric analysis confirms that the first four mass loss steps are due to water emission, while the fifth is due to a dehydroxylation process; the final step is due to the decomposition of the remaining sulfate ion. The temperature behavior of the different phases occurring during the heating process was analyzed, and the induced structural changes are discussed. In particular, the crystal structure of a new phase, FeOH(SO4)·4H2O, appearing at about 80 °C due to release of one interstitial H2O molecule, was solved by ab initio real-space and reciprocal-space methods. This study contributes to further understanding of the dehydration mechanism and thermal stability of secondary sulfate minerals.

Despite strong evidence for cardiac rehabilitation (CR) in secondary prevention of CVD, uptake rates are poor and long-term adherence rates are low. Home-based, technology enabled, CR has been advocated as an alternative mode of delivery for community-based CR. PATHway (Physical Activity Towards