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Lyngbya aestuarii, one of the dominant cyanobacterium grows in different salinity gradients of Chilika lagoon. It was isolated in axenic culture and its ecophysiology with response to different concentrations of salinity was studied in vitro to understand its adaptation strategies in the changing salinities of the lagoon. Changes in morphological features of the organism were observed with salinity gradients higher than 28 g/L and lower than 14 g/L salinity. Increase in growth was accompanied by increase of chlorophyll- a, carotenoid and cell protein contents of the organism from 3.5 to 28 g/L. Cellular carbohydrate content was higher with increasing salinity of the medium up to 90 g/L. No detrimental effect on pigment synthesis and macromolecular content of the organism was observed at the salinity level ranging from 7 to 56 g/L salinity. Methanolic extract of L. aestuarii showed prominent absorption at 334 nm in the UV-B region of the spectrum due to mycosporine-like amino acid (MAA) and the quantity of MAA increased with increasing salinity. At 7 g/L salinity 150, 93, 58, 34 and 18 kDa proteins were up-regulated; however, at 14 g/L 37, 26 and 28 kDa proteins and in 0, 3.5 and 90 g/L 122, 32 and 20 kDa proteins were repressed; this shows similarities of salinity-induced protein modifications as observed in higher plants. Super oxide dismutase activity also increased in the cells grown at 56 g/L salinity. We conclude because of having these effective adaptation strategies, L. aestuarii cope very well with the changing salinity in different seasons and grows well in the different sectors of the lagoon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this article is twofold. Firstly it explains the process by which democratic social transformations are realised in post-Soviet Ukraine; and secondly it introduces models describing the lifecourse strategies that Ukrainians utilise in facing the uncertainties of a society in transition. By analyzing and dissecting the individual's ways of dealing with systemic structural changes in the economic, political and social spheres this paper demonstrates how the sociology of life strategies can be applied to the specifics of post-Soviet Ukraine. Particularly, by drawing on mainstream post-Soviet scholarship and statistical data, the life pathways of Ukrainians are observed to be distinctly polarised. Agents adopt one of two opposing life strategies: one dynamic, risk-taking and future-oriented "achievement strategies" (or "creation strategies"), which are open to mobility; and the other conservative, risk-minimizing and survival-oriented "survival strategies" and "strategies of adaptation" that are less conducive to any type of change. Focusing on existing problems of a continuously fragile internal political and economic stability in Ukraine which have threatened to further delay the incorporation of Ukraine into the democratically advanced and developed West, this article puts forward the idea that the proliferation of life strategy type can determine the vector of development of the whole society, giving insight into the circular relationship between social transformations and actions of individuals in conditions of social change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Totonac are an ethnic group that have used homegardens as a strategy for production and social reproduction since pre-colonial Mexico. These homegardens, associated with a family dynamic exhibiting various stages of the domestic group cycle, are flexible elements that allow them to adapt to changing environmental conditions. Fieldwork in the Totonac area suggests that several types of homegardens are associated with different stages of the domestic group cycle. The author concludes that it is not convenient to approach the study of homegardens only through production logic, as this prevents observing the dynamics within them and perceiving their relationship with the organisation of everyday life and the domestic group reproduction in a changing context and with different styles of adaptation, resilience, storage, reprocessing and cultural continuity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper uses cultural and discourse analysis to present the narrative (discursive) elements of unemployment and informal economy in Croatia today. Research has pointed to the metaphorical usage as well as the ambiguity of deeply rooted elements characterising media and colloquial discourse on unemployment and the unemployed. Both the media and the personal accounts of the unemployed perpetuate the image of the unemployed exclusively as suffering people. On the other hand, practice and direct experience of unemployment present a more heterogeneous picture. Although long-term unemployment in Croatia is largely not the result of personal choice, victimization discourse concerning unemployment and the unemployed does not always concur with the practices and direct experiences of one's (long-term) formal unemployment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper I will try to reconstitute some aspects of the everyday reality in the collectivized village in the seventh and eighth decades of the last century. I will focus on Aluniş village from the Benesat commune, Sălaj County, a village situated on Someş Valley, on the railway connecting cities Jibou and Baia Mare. The reconstruction is based on the memories, written almost daily, of a villager, Paşca Alexa, who was a former political prisoner. Beyond the inevitable subjectivity of such notes, they point to the daily fight for survival of the villagers, the strategies used to meet the challenges of the communist regime, and also they capture the acuity end of the peasantry, against the background of major social processes of the communist period. Using a contextual-localist methodological perspective based on everyday life testimonies, I tried to show that the communist regime cannot be catalogued in a reductionist and abstract way. It is, like any social structure, a builder of historicity, even if it implied a great human drama. Within the proposed approach I have tried to restore fragments of everyday life during the communist regime. I followed both relations of population with the authority and interpersonal relationships within the rural communities, which constitute the subjects of the diaries.

After underlining the fact that poverty was a constant threat for 70 to 80 % of the population of pre-industrial Europe, the paper highlights the role played by the market in household survival strategies. It then examines the way in which informal finance provided the capital required for entry into the market and shows that the common people, and women in particular, were actors in the system, as borrowers, as lenders, and as intermediaries. It goes on to argue that while the roles and legal status imposed on women closed off many lines of activity, the market gave them a legal means to carve out spaces of freedom. Finally, it describes the progressive exclusion of the poor, beginning in the 18th century, from most of the markets to which they traditionally had access.

It is shown that there is a wide range of structural variation in the habit of the Arundineae and Ehrharteae of the fynbos of the Cape Floristic Region (Cape Province, South Africa). Structural differences in the bases of the fynbos grasses have been classified into four groups: swollen, knotty tillering, weak and annual. Variation in the position of the innovation buds occurs with one group having basal perennating buds, implying that all the culm material is annual, while the second group has cauline innovation buds, leading to the development of a divaricate perennial herb. The recognition of caducous, mesic (orthophyllous) and sclerophyllous leaf blades is also possible, based on leaf morphology and anatomy. These variations in growth forms allow the classification of the Cape grasses into five guilds adapted for survival in the dense fynbos vegetation that develops between the well-spaced fires in these heathlands. The following guilds have been recognized: competition avoiders that grow on rock ledges and outcrops where competition from shrubby vegetation is reduced; reseeders, that survive the protracted interfire period as seed; geophytes, that survive this period as underground organs; coppicers, that survive as small plants; and competitors, that grow tall by means of cauline innovation buds, and so are able to compete with the shrubby heath vegetation.

This article is the second part of an investigation, analyzing the destabilizing factors in Ottoman Macedonia; the first part has been published in Hungarian Historical Review (2014/3) and focused on the relation between paramilitary forces and the civil society, and also dealt with the function and territorial and ethnic pattern of everyday violence - clashes that did not involve paramilitary activity - based on the theory of "Gewaltmärkte" (markets of coercion). This part also investigates certain social tensions and dividing lines in Ottoman Macedonia partly driven by ethnic and religious conflicts, partly by economic considerations and personal decisions. The worsening of the economic situation as a motivating factor of destabilization, the failures of the central power to tackle these problems were also analyzed based on the archives of Central State Archives (Sofia) and HHStA in Vienna; such as the attempts and strategies of different local ethnic communities to get into an advantageous bargaining position either with central power or with a neighboring small states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Ariadna spiders (Araneae: Segestriidae) inhabiting the gravel plains of the Central Namib Desert construct ndividual burrows with a circular entrance surrounded by a ring of small pebbles; sometimes they close their burrows by a mall stone. In the lichen fields, about 20 km east of Walvis Bay (Namibia), there is a consistent population of Ariadna piders that can also use pieces of lichen both in the ring composition and as the plug when the burrow is closed. We ampled and monitored 175 burrows repeatedly between December 1999 and August 2000. In March 2000, an xceptionally high rainfall occurred in the Namib, leading to flooding even in our fieldwork station. We tested whether and o what extent an event of this magnitude could affect burrow closing.We found the rain event increased burrow closure by arge, but not small or medium-sized, Ariadna sp. We suggest that the flooding event acted as an ecological resource pulse or these spiders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Historia is the property of Universidad de Costa Rica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The study analyses Zimbabwean migrants' strategies of survival in a largelyxenophobic environment. The paper argues that exclusion of Zimbabweans in the labour marketand other spheres of South Africa is largely a product of attempts by South African institutionsand officials to draw boundaries separating insiders from outsiders. This inevitably limits theopportunity structure of most Zimbabwean migrants, pushing them from the formal to informalsector and further underground. Zimbabwean migrants survive by mainly concealing their identity.They adopt South African languages, ways of dressing, bribe the police and some engage infriendships, relationships and marriages with locals. Migrants also engage in self-employment,crime and church activities. The study however reveals that migrants mainly use their ethnic andreligious networks, which largely promotes bonding rather than bridging social capital. Such socialcapital may not really help them to be integrated into the local South African community. Thisstudy is based on qualitative research conducted among Zimbabweans in the Kempton andTembisa areas of Johannesburg, South Africa in 2012. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is an exploration of the literary representations of survival and coping strategies during times of socio-economic upheavals. Charles Mungoshi's short story entitled "The Hare" is critically analysed and the two major characters in the story are used to show the different ways people respond to crises in their lives. Such a dichotomous analysis results in the conclusion that agency is ubiquitous and survival is quite possible. Through short stories such as this one, it is made evident that African literature can assist readers to face their daily challenges and rise above adversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Crítica de Ciências Sociais is the property of Centro de Estudos Sociais and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the city of Santa Rosa (La Pampa), the 'Nuevo Amanecer' settlement constitutes an example of the housing typologies resulting from poverty and urban marginality. It is a precarious housing complex located in the northwest of the city, near the landfill, where a group of families work in a brick kiln, recycle different elements from the rubbish dump and do housework activities intended for consumption. The land where the settlement is located belongs to the local town hall. Thus, it is necessary to inquire about how these "survival territorialities" are being shaped in the urban space. That is, socially produced territories on the margins of the city that result from a set of practices, discourses and representations that, surreptitiously, question the private property of the urban land in order to ensure family survival. In this context, this article aims at analyzing the factors that have fostered the formation of the 'Nuevo Amanecer' settlement, the survival strategies planned by the families that were pushed to violate private property and finally, the role of the State with regard to the occupation of public lands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Historia is the property of Universidad de Costa Rica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Low-income mothers face a number of challenges that evolve around poverty, isolation, powerlessness, and vulnerability. The main objective of this study was to examine the contributions of nigiina associations, which are informal gift giving associations, to the welfare of women and their households in an urban neighbourhood. Data was collected through use of unstructured interviews, in-depth interviews, survey questionnaires and observation guides. Findings reveal that nigiina associations, which operate in a rotational basis and give equal opportunities to every member of receiving a gift, such as in the form of household items, cash, advice, training, wide friendship networks and loan opportunities, are used as coping mechanisms by low-income mothers living in the surrounds of Kampala city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, one of the major challenges in biophysics is to disclose the molecular mechanisms underlying biological processes. In such a frame, the understanding of the survival strategies in extreme conditions received a lot of attention both from the scientific and applicative points of view. Since nature provides precious suggestions to be applied for improving the quality of life, extremophiles are considered as useful model-systems. The main goal of this review is to present an overview of some systems, with a particular emphasis on trehalose playing a key role in several extremophile organisms. The attention is focused on the relation among the structural and dynamic properties of biomolecules and bioprotective mechanisms, as investigated by complementary spectroscopic techniques at low- and high-temperature values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article attempts through a self-reflective process to present the author's own research conducted in the field of oral history during the 1980s. The result is a coherent mosaic of the everyday experiences of the subjects interviewed together with that of the author. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermal preference and performance provide the physiological frame within which fish species seek strategies to cope with the challenges raised by the low temperatures and low levels of oxygen and food that characterize winter. There are two common coping strategies: active utilization of winter conditions or simple toleration of winter conditions. The former is typical of winter specialist species with low preferred temperatures, and the latter is typical of species with higher preferred temperatures. Reproductive strategies are embodied in the phenology of spawning: the approach of winter conditions cues reproductive activity in many coldwater fish species, while the departure of winter conditions cues reproduction in many cool and warmwater fish species. This cuing system promotes temporal partitioning of the food resources available to young-of-year fish and thus supports high diversity in freshwater fish communities. If the zoogeographic distribution of a species covers a broad range of winter conditions, local populations may exhibit differences in their winter survival strategies that reflect adaptation to local conditions. Extreme winter specialists are found in shallow eutrophic lakes where long periods of ice cover cause winter oxygen levels to drop to levels that are lethal to many fish. The fish communities of these lakes are simple and composed of species that exhibit specialized adaptations for extended tolerance of very low temperatures and oxygen levels. Zoogeographic boundaries for some species may be positioned at points on the landscape where the severity of winter overwhelms the species’ repertoire of winter survival strategies. Freshwater fish communities are vulnerable to many of the shifts in environmental conditions expected with climate change. Temperate and northern communities are particularly vulnerable since the repertoires of physiological and behavioural strategies that characterize many of their members have been shaped by the adverse environmental conditions (e.g. cool short summers, long cold winters) that climate change is expected to mitigate. The responses of these strategies to the rapid relaxation of the adversities that shaped them will play a significant role in the overall responses of these fish populations and their communities to climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

War as an acceptable component of intergroup relations is usually resorted to when every other option may have failed. This is given its usually devastating consequences on both individuals and groups. To a great extent the thirty-month Nigerian Civil War practically devastated the Igbo food economy and in particular its food production systems. However, given the need to survive, especially under very difficult conditions, characterized by mass deaths, incessant population movements, insecurity and an economic blockade by the federal administration, which ensured that food supply was restricted, the Igbo had to evolve far reaching survival strategies including adapting to the consumption of several plants and animals hitherto unknown in their dietary habits. Although, this was hardly sufficient, but it all the same enabled them to sustain their resistance for a longer period. What this shows is that there is hardly any plant or animal that may not be consumed by man, depending on local circumstances and the willingness to adapt to changing conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Famine is a social and economic crisis that is commonly accompanied by widespread of malnu-trition, starvation, epidemic disease, and increased mortality. This paper focuses on the period of the Great Leap Famine in China between 1958 and 1962. Based on newly-collected oral inter-views and archival evidence, it gives voices to ordinary villagers from different parts of China-- from various counties in one of China's biggest and most populated Sichuan province in the southwest to Shandong in the east and Hunan in central China and examines their experiences and their survival strategies in times of hunger, illness, and death. It shows that an integral part of everyday famine culture, particularly in rural China, which was worst hit, concerns the kitchen knowledge and practice of healing and nutrition. Many traditional recipes that were used in previous times were rediscovered and used as everyday hunger-coping techniques. Some are dated back to the Ming dynasty--a few were recorded in Materia Medica for Famine Relief (Qiuhtiang bencao ..., c. 1406). Using the methodology of oral history set against the historical background of traditional materia medica, this paper elicits how ordinary people in rural China devised complex and plural strategies to cope with fundamental biological crises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper I will try to reconstitute some aspects of the everyday reality in the collectivized village in the seventh and eighth decades of the last century. I will focus on Aluniş village from the Benesat commune, Sălaj County, a village situated on Someş Valley, on the railway connecting cities Jibou and Baia Mare. The reconstruction is based on the memories, written almost daily, of a villager, Paşca Alexa, who was a former political prisoner. Beyond the inevitable subjectivity of such notes, they point to the daily fight for survival of the villagers, the strategies used to meet the challenges of the communist regime, and also they capture the acuity end of the peasantry, against the background of major social processes of the communist period. Using a contextual-localist methodological perspective based on everyday life testimonies, I tried to show that the communist regime cannot be catalogued in a reductionist and abstract way. It is, like any social structure, a builder of historicity, even if it implied a great human drama. Within the proposed approach I have tried to restore fragments of everyday life during the communist regime. I followed both relations of population with the authority and interpersonal relationships within the rural communities, which constitute the subjects of the diaries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Lutas Sociais is the property of Nucleo de Estudos de Ideolgias e Lutas Sociais (NEILS) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract: This study examines the core components of children''s basic security and well-being in order to examine issues central to improving child protection in Rwanda. Sources of data included 15 focus groups with adults, 7 focus groups with children ages 10–17, and 11 key informant interviews with child protection stakeholders, including representatives from international NGOs, community-based groups, and the Rwandan Government, all of which took place in April and May of 2010. Participants painted a complex picture of threats to children''s basic security in Rwanda. Three key themes were pervasive across all interviews: (1) deterioration of social and community cohesion in post-genocide Rwanda; (2) the cascading effects of poverty; and (3) the impact of caregiver illness and death on the caregiving environment. Consistent with the SAFE (Safety/freedom from harm; Access to basic physiological needs and healthcare; Family and connection to others; Education and economic security) model of child protection, participants rarely elaborated on a child protection threat independent of other basic security needs and rights. Findings suggest a need for integrated approaches to child protection that recognize this interrelatedness and extend beyond issue-specific child protection responses. This study contributes to a growing body of work highlighting the interrelated nature of child protection threats and the implications of adaptive and dangerous survival strategies that children and families engage in to meet their basic security needs. Analysis of this interrelatedness provides a roadmap for improving policies and implementing integrated and robust child protection strategies in Rwanda and other settings. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

We analysed the arthropod fauna from nine nests of Cacicus sp. and nine nests of Psarocolius sp. (Passerida: Icteridae), in the varzea forest of Central Amazonia, Brazil, during high water, establishing these nests as one of the probable refuges for several arthropods performing vertical migration during periods of flooding and high water, besides discussing the role of these arthropods in the nests. We also evaluate the effectiveness of the extraction of arthropods from nests using an apparatus based on the Berlese–Tullgren funnel. We obtained 15,128 arthropods from three subphyla, five classes and 16 orders. The nests were shown as complex ecosystems sheltering groups from different functional and trophic categories and revealed striking differences from those of terra firma, remarkably in Blattaria, Arachnida and Pseudoscorpiones. The increasing volume of the funnel and time of heat exposure was shown to be appropriate for extraction of the arthropods from the bulky nests of these birds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article identifies the survival strategies of the group of internally displaced people in Georgia over the last twenty years following the ethnic and civil wars that have affected the development of the country since independence. The author has undertaken qualitative in-depth research among individuals and organisations working with the displaced, with the aim of identifying trends and tendencies concerning the occupational patterns, income-generating activities and level of integration of internally displaced people. The article uncovers the constraining circumstances on the way of finding individual and group solutions to problems, and also discusses what ways have been found to cope with poverty and marginalisation. Survival strategies have, for the most part, been based on finding shelter within the large informal sector of the Georgian economy - but this is likely to lead to further problems given the general attack on the scale and sweep of informalisation, although the Georgian government has now developed an assistance strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the development of kidnapping in Mexico City. New evidence suggests that this crime has evolved from a crime that until recently targeted mostly the wealthy to one that now targets mainly middle- and working-class individuals. This is counterintuitive since, arguably, kidnapping is a costly crime to plan and execute and is thus better suited for a once-off large payoff. Typical explanations of high crime rates and other criminal phenomena in Latin America argue that either a weak state or very powerful criminals explain high levels of crime and violence. I argue for a middle-ground approach that looks at the interactions between state, criminals and society to explain the changes mentioned. Using qualitative evidence, I explain this shift in kidnapping along three lines: (1) the successful destruction by the state of older, sophisticated kidnapping gangs; (2) the formal and informal strategies that wealthy individuals designed and implemented to protect themselves from crime; and (3) the failure of the state to impose a strong rule of law. The article concludes by reflecting on the importance of deep structural reform as a way to assure long-lasting drops in crime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper examines a game-theoretic evolutionary model of an asset market with endogenous equilibrium asset prices. Assets pay dividends that are partially consumed and partially reinvested. The investors use general, adaptive strategies (portfolio rules), distributing their wealth between assets, depending on the exogenous states of the world and the observed history of the game. The main objective of the work is to identify strategies, allowing an investor to 'survive', i.e. to possess a positive, bounded away from zero, share of market wealth over the whole infinite time horizon. This work brings together recent studies on evolutionary finance with the classical topic of non-cooperative market games. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This content analysis explores the hardships experienced by female adolescents involved in prostitution and the coping strategies they employ for their survival. Thirty-one studies published in peer-reviewed journals were analyzed. Results of this content analysis indicate that teenage girls involved in prostitution suffer from sexual and physical assaults, substance abuse, health problems, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), social stigmatization, and isolation. Furthermore, adolescent girls used the following coping mechanisms for their survival: peer support, use of drugs and alcohol, and self-mutilation. Prostituted females relied on personal safety plans and boundaries to mitigate the violence and risks involved in prostitution. Implications for social work and multicultural social work practice, future research, and social policy are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban agriculture has become one of the key survival strategies for the urban poor in the developing world. Yet most cities do not have policy to support it and many actively discourage it. This paper reviews the situation in Zambia's four largest cities. During the 1960s-1970s, the Kaunda government attempted to create a supportive policy environment for urban agriculture, which included support for peri-urban cooperatives. However, the current situation reveals that a near absence of institutional support for urban agriculture constrains farmers' activities. The authors' survey of 400 farmers established both the value of such agriculture as a survival strategy and the need for support measures. The paper concludes with an overview of institutions that need to be implemented to enhance the relevance and scope of urban agriculture in Zambia and elsewhere in sub-Saharan Africa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of VertigO is the property of La Revue Electronique en Sciences de l'Environnement VertigO and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The majority of undocumented Congolese refugee children living in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, experience extreme poverty and social exclusion, harassment and discrimination. Their fear of deportation, forcible removal to refugee camps and imprisonment is coupled with a strong feeling that they are unwelcome in Tanzania. These realities require that most children devote a huge amount of their energy to survival, both literally, in terms of physical needs such as food and water, and figuratively, in terms of maintaining their sense of self-worth, dignity and purpose. This article is based on extensive fieldwork with more than 100 young people aged 7–18 years. I explore the ways children cope with the challenges posed by the conditions of everyday life and the strategies they employ in their quest to ‘find a life’, or make a future for themselves. I argue that by imagining a future, they are fighting against not only what war has done to them and their families but also against the very fact of being a refugee. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper looks at the fate of the Africans in Germany during the Weimar Republic in terms of their search for belonging and struggle to find work. In doing so it allows for a discussion of the day-to-day experiences and survival strategies of Germany's African Diaspora, their struggle for political recognition and self-definition as well as economic survival. Their presence was tolerated by German officials only as long as it served the purpose of a German colonial propaganda which sought to regain the lost colonies. In the wider context of economic hardship in Germany and rising racial prejudice, particularly in the late 1920s, many of these migrants faced a continual struggle for economic survival. Increasingly, one of the means of carving out an existence remaining for members of the African Diaspora was to turn to the stage. Here they were asked to 'perform' their blackness - to take on roles of a constrictive nature, reflecting and reinforcing stereotypes of the Black as primitive or exotic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to analyze the relationship between hostile environment and business performance in 74 hand-craft businesses. The model tested assumes that the survival strategies used by craftsmen in order to face up to the social, economic and political hostile environment caused by the confrontation between the Governor Ulises Ruiz and the Popular Assembly of Peoples of Oaxaca (APPO ), modify the relationship between hostile environment and hand-craft business performance. A bivariate correlation analysis to test the relationship between hostile environment and performance, and a partial correlation to determine the effect of the survival strategies on such relationship were used. According to the results, the economic system crisis, regulatory pressures and corruption are significantly and negatively correlated with the performance of handcraft businesses. The three survival strategies used by the craftsmen, to counteract the effect of the hostile environment, are: social capital management, management of external relations and competitive behavior. These strategies ensure the decrease on the perception of the negative effect of the economic system crisis and the increase on the perception of profitability and growth in earnings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Iş, Güç: The Journal of Industrial Relations & Human Resources is the property of Is, Guc: The Journal of Industrial Relations & Human Resources and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A growth-chamber experiment was conducted to determine how foliar disease or wounding affects the ability of 2 phylloplane yeasts (Rhodotorula glutinis and Cryptococcus laurentii) to colonize leaves of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea). Yeasts were applied separately and together onto healthy leaves, leaves infected with Rhizoctonia solani (diseased), and mechanically bruised (wounded) leaves. In all 3 trials, the leaf disturbance treatment significantly affected the abundance of yeast on the phylloplane of tall fescue. Yeast abundance on the diseased or wounded leaves was significantly greater than on the nontreated, healthy leaves. In 2 of the 3 trials, the yeast species applied also had a significant affect on yeast abundance. Typically, R. glutinis was significantly more abundant than C. laurentii when applied individually, but not significantly greater than the total yeast colony-forming units of the co-inoculated treatment. When the 2 yeasts were co-inoculated onto the leaves, R. glutinis comprised 89.7%, 75.4%, and 67.6% of the recovered yeast colony-forming units on healthy, diseased, and wounded leaves, respectfully. Our data suggest that these 2 species of yeasts will differentially colonize compromised leaf tissue with disease or wounds favoring populations of R. glutinis over C. laurentii. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antarctic fellfields present organisms with a heterogeneous habitat characterised by a wide variety of environmental stresses. These include low temperatures, limited moisture availability, frequent and often rapid freeze-thaw and hydration-dehydration cycles, exposure to high photosynthetic photon flux density and ultraviolet (uv) irradiance, seasonal snow cover, high winds, cryoturbation and, depending on location south of the Antarctic Circle, considerable daylight in summer. Most of these factors vary both predictably and unpredictably in spatial and temporal planes. In response to this adverse environment, fellfield organisms have developed a variety of strategies to overcome physiological stress and to exploit the limited resources available during the short austral growing season. A high degree of synchronisation exists, so that investment in non-essential activity and adaptations is minimised. Here, we review the combined suites of co-adapted traits used by different fellfield taxa to achieve energy acquisition, growth and reproduction under adverse levels of two principal limiting factors: low temperatures and the scarcity of water. To this end, a detailed characterisation of the Antarctic fellfield microenvironment is followed by a synthesis of available data on the morphology, physiology, life history and behaviour of successful Antarctic flora and fauna. Tolerance of low temperatures by fellfield organisms is achieved by elevation of standard metabolism, production and accumulation of cryoprotectants, supercooling, melanic pigmentation, behavioural avoidance, compact growth forms and synchronised reproduction and extended life cycles. Low moisture conditions are overcome by dehydration resistance, anhydrobiosis, development of resting stages and by behavioural avoidance of desiccating conditions. Occupancy of the Antarctic fellfield habitat is considered to require the ability to respond rapidly to ephemeral resources and to tolerate severe environmental stresses. During summer, organisms rely on opportunism to maintain a positive energy balance. During winter, resistance adaptations are used to withstand the potentially lethal climate, especially in habitats not protected by snow cover. This deterministic framework has led to the selection of species that are genetically and physiologically pre-adapted for resource acquisition yet sufficiently robust to withstand cold and desiccation stresses. Non-adapted taxa fail to become established. Despite the environmental selection pressures, available evidence suggests that colonisation of the fellfield habitat has not required the evolution of any adaptations, only the refinement of those already possessed to an extent by some temperate forms. This has led to the convergence of survival strategies. It is hypothesised that, in the short term, the majority of Antarctic fellfield biota are able to absorb the predicted effects of a changing climate by their high levels of physiological tolerance and life-cycle flexibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]