Search

Systematic measurements of density and speed of sound of Creatinine Hydrochloride in aqueous and in aqueous solutions of 0.06 mol ∙ kg−1 NaCl/KCl and 0.1 mol ∙ kg−1 NaCl/KCl were carried out at T = (288.15–318.15) K within the concentration range of (0.03 to 0.1) mol ∙ kg−1. All the measurements were performed for density and speed of sound simultaneously on Anton Paar DSA 5000 M. The density ρ and speed of sound u were employed to calculate the various derived parameters such as apparent molar volume of solute V ϕ , limiting apparent molar volume of solute V ϕ 0 , limiting apparent molar expansivity E ϕ 0 , thermal expansion coefficient α ∗ , isentropic compressibility κ s , apparent molar isentropic compressibility K s , ϕ , limiting apparent molar compressibility K s ϕ 0 . The trends of variation of experimental and computed parameters have been discussed in terms of hydrophilic-ionic group interactions and hydrophilic-hydrophilic interactions operative in the systems.

Data pertained to the year 2009-2010 in order to study marketing of milk in Pune district Maharashtra. Tabular analysis was used to work out marketing cost, marketing margin and price spread. Dairy unit owner find that it was more profitable to sale milk directly to consumer. It was observed that producer's share in consumer's rupee was highest in channel I was 97.66 per cent and lowest in channel III it was 70.00 per cent.The result revealed that price paid by consumer was the highest as Rs. 20.00 in channel III followed by Rs. 19.00 in channel II and Rs. 18.40 in channel I. It was observed that the producer's share in consumer's rupee was highest when they sold their milk direct to consumer. Hence, it was concluded that as intermediaries goes on increasing the producer's share in consumer's rupee decreased.

Physical properties of aqueous solutions of drugs are required to assess the biological activity of that particular drug in treatment of the disease. The most important of the physical parameters are density and speed of sound. From this point of view, we have measured densities and speeds of sound of procaine hydrochloride (Procaine·HCl) in aqueous and in 0.06 mol·kg−1 and 0.1 mol·kg−1 aqueous solutions of sodium chloride and potassium chloride at three different temperatures i.e. T = (288.15, 298.15 and 308.15) K in the concentration range of (0.01–0.1) mol·kg−1. Density and speed of sound data were used to evaluate different thermodynamic properties such as apparent molar volume ( V ϕ ) of solute, isentropic compressibility ( κ s ) of solution, apparent molar isentropic compressibility ( κ ϕ ) of solute i.e. procaine hydrochloride (Procaine·HCl) in water and in aqueous solutions of 0.06 and 0.1 mol·kg−1 sodium chloride and potassium chloride. The limiting apparent molar expansivity ( E ϕ 0 ) of procaine hydrochloride and coefficient of thermal expansion ( α ∗ ) of procaine hydrochloride have also been estimated. Infinite dilution values of V ϕ and κ ϕ were also obtained from extrapolation to zero molality and have been utilized in obtaining transfer volumes ( Δ tr V ϕ 0 ) and transfer compressibilities ( Δ tr κ ϕ 0 ) of procaine hydrochloride from water to aqueous solutions of 0.06 mol·kg−1 and 0.1 mol·kg−1 sodium chloride and potassium chloride at different temperatures. The results are interpreted in terms of different interactions between solute and solvent molecules (solute-solute and solute-solvent interaction).

This paper presents data for density ( ρ ) and relative viscosity ( η r ) measurements of aqueous solutions of thiamine hydrochloride, pyridoxine hydrochloride and sodium-L-ascorbate in dilute solutions (0–0.1) mol·kg−1 at three different temperatures, T = (275.15, 277.15 and 279.15) K and at 101.3 kPa. Density results have been used to calculate apparent molar volume of solute ( V ϕ ) , limiting apparent molar volume of solute ( V ϕ 0 ) , limiting apparent molar expansivity of solute ( E ϕ 0 ) , ( ∂ 2 V ϕ 0 / ∂ T 2 ) and coefficient of thermal expansion ( α ∗ ) . Calculated viscosity values have been correlated according to Jones-Dole equation to obtain Falkenhagen coefficient A, Jones-Dole viscosity B-coefficient, temperature derivative of B-coefficient i.e. ( d B / d T ) and hydration number ( n H ) . Free energy of activation for viscous flow per mole of solvent ( Δ μ 1 0 # ) , per mole of solute ( Δ μ 2 0 # ) , entropy of activation per mole of viscous flow of solution ( T Δ S 2 0 # ) and enthalpy of activation ( Δ H 2 0 # ) have also been computed through B-coefficient. These significant parameters have been discussed in terms of different molecular interactions.

Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins and their study provides important information, which can be related to the behavior of larger biomolecules such as proteins. The present article reports experimental values of density (ρ) and speed of sound (u) of aqueous binary mixtures of biologically important amino acid derivatives, namely, l -alanine methyl ester hydrochloride and l -valine methyl ester hydrochloride at different temperatures i.e. T = (278.15, 288.15 and 298.15) K within the concentration range of (0–0.16) mol·kg−1. The obtained data of densities and speeds of sound of solutions were processed to obtain different derived parameters, such as apparent molar volume of solute (Vϕ), isentropic compressibility of solution (κs) and apparent molar isentropic compressibility of solute (κϕ). The limiting values of apparent molar volume of solute ( V ϕ 0 ) , apparent molar isentropic compressibility of solute ( κ ϕ 0 ) , apparent molar expansivity ( E ϕ 0 ) of solute, coefficient of thermal expansion ( α ∗ ) , hydration number ( n H ) and second derivative of limiting apparent molar volume ( ∂ 2 V ϕ 0 / ∂ T 2 ) have also been computed. The results have been interpreted in terms of various interactions occurring among solute and solvent molecules and structure making and structure breaking tendencies of the solute in these aqueous binary systems.

Background: Horseshoe kidney (HSK) is a common renal fusion anomaly. We undertook this study to discuss various anomalies associated with HSKs. The objective of the study is to study various anomalies associated with HSKs and to assess the need for surgical intervention in patients with these anomalies. Patients and Methods: This is a retrospective cohort study of twenty patients who presented to our institute with the diagnosis of HSKs. The data were analysed with regard to age at presentation, symptoms, associated anomalies, investigations and surgical intervention. Results: Twenty patients were included in this study. They were referred either with a diagnosis of HSK or were diagnosed during investigations for symptoms and during workup for associated anomalies. Eleven patients were incidentally diagnosed and were asymptomatic, and there were no associated anomalies diagnosed in these patients. Nine patients were symptomatic and were diagnosed with various associated anomalies. Our results concur with recent literature review which suggests that nearly half of the patients with HSKs have associated anomalies. In the present series, all symptomatic patients with associated anomalies required surgical intervention. Conclusion: HSKs being a common fusion anomaly, necessitates a prompt and thorough search of the search for any associated anomalies. Many of these anomalies may require surgical intervention.

Vapor chambers with transformative evaporator wick designs capable of passively dissipating high heat fluxes over large areas, while maintaining low thermal resistances, can meet the thermal management needs of next-generation power semiconductor devices. Our prior work proposed a two-layer evaporator wick structure to enhance the performance of vapor chambers operating at high heat fluxes. The current study experimentally characterizes the capillary-fed boiling heat transfer behavior in such a two-layer evaporator wick, compared to a homogeneous (single-layer) wick, over a 1 cm2 evaporator area. The two-layer design comprises a thin base wick layer that is fed with liquid from a thick cap wick layer above using an array of vertical posts. The two-layer wick is fabricated using a sequence of sintering and laser-machining steps to form the base wick layer (200 mm), array of liquid-feeding posts, and cap wick layer (800 mm) using 90–106 mm copper particles. A test facility is constructed to replicate the conditions that exist at the evaporator of a vapor chamber; the novel facility design uses a physical restriction to prevent flooding of the wicks during testing. Two-layer wicks having 5 x 5 and 10 x 10 arrays of liquid feeding posts are characterized, along with a 200 mm-thick single-layer evaporator wick. The 10 x 10 array provides a >400% enhancement in the dryout heat flux compared to the single-layer wick. High-speed visualizations are used to identify the characteristic regimes of boiling operations for the wicks. The single-layer wick exhibits a partial dryout mode of operation, where a dry spot formed in the center of the heated evaporator area causes an increase in the thermal resistance with heat flux. In contrast, the distributed feeding provided by the two-layer wicks mitigates the development of this partial dryout regime and maintains a constant low resistance (~0.1 K/W) during capillary-fed boiling until a complete dryout event occurs. This study demonstrates the significant enhancement in dryout heat flux offered by the liquid-feeding approach realized in the two-layer evaporator wicks characterized here.

A two-layer sintered porous evaporator wick for use in vapor chambers is shown to offer very high performance in passive high-heat-flux dissipation over large areas at a low thermal resistance. The two-layer wick has an upper cap layer dedicated to capillary liquid feeding of a thin base layer below that supports boiling. An array of vertical posts bridges these two layers for liquid feeding, while vents in the cap layer provide an unimpeded pathway for vapor removal from the base wick. The two-layer wick is fabricated using a combination of sintering and laser machining processes. The thermal resistance of the wicks during boiling is characterized in a saturated environment that replicates the capillary-fed working conditions of a vapor chamber evaporator. Thermal characterization tests are first performed using conventional single-layer evaporator wicks to analyze the effect of sintered particle size on capillaryfed boiling of water. Of the particle size ranges tested, wicks sintered from 180 to 212 micrometer-diameter particles provided the best combination of high dryout heat flux and a low boiling resistance. A two-layer evaporator wick comprising particles of this optimal size and a 15 x 15 array of liquid feeding posts yielded a maximum heat flux dissipation of 485 W/cm2 over a 1 cm2 heat input area while also maintaining a low thermal resistance of only ~0.052 K/W. The thermal performance of the two-layer wick is compared against various hybrid and biporous evaporator wicks previously investigated in the literature. While previous wick designs are typically restricted to small areas and low power levels or high surface superheats when dissipating such heat fluxes, the unique area-scalability of the two-layer wick design allows it to achieve an unprecedented combination of high total power and low-thermal-resistance heat dissipation over larger areas than were previously possible.

A hybrid two-layer evaporator wick is proposed for passive, high-heat-flux dissipation over large areas using a vapor chamber heat spreader. For such applications, the evaporator wick layer must be designed to simultaneously minimize the device temperature rise and minimize the flow resistance to capillary feeding of the wick. This requires a strategy that exploits the benefits of a thin wick for reduced thermal resistance and a thick wick for liquid feeding. In the present design, a thick cap layer of wick material evenly routes liquid to a thin, low-thermal-resistance base layer through an array of vertical liquid-feeding posts. This two-layer structure decouples the functions of liquid resupply (cap layer) and capillary-fed boiling heat transfer (base layer), making the design scalable to heat input areas of ~1 cm2 for operation at 1 kW/cm2. A reduced-order model is developed to demonstrate the potential performance of a vapor chamber incorporating such a two-layer evaporator wick design. The model comprises simplified hydraulic and thermal resistance networks for predicting the capillary-limited maximum heat flux and the overall thermal resistance, respectively. The reduced-order model is validated against a higher fidelity numerical model and then used to analyze the performance of the vapor chamber with varying two-layer wick geometric feature sizes. The two-layer wick design is found to sustain liquid feeding at higher heat fluxes, without reaching the capillary limit, compared to single-layer evaporator wick designs.

In this communication for the first time, we report the density ρ and speed of sound u of aqueous solution of Ornithine monohydrochloride (Ornithine·HCl) and Ornithine monohydrochloride (Ornithine·HCl) in aqueous 0.06 mol·kg−1 urea and aqueous 0.06 mol·kg−1 dextrose at T = (288.15, 293.15, 298.15, 303.15, 308.15, 313.15 and 318.15) K within the concentration range of (0.02 to 0.2) mol·kg−1. From the experimental data of density (ρ) and speed of sound (u) the various derived parameters such as apparent molar volume of solute (Vϕ) limiting apparent molar volume of solute V ϕ 0 , limiting apparent molar volume of transfer (ΔtrVϕ0), limiting apparent molar expansivity E ϕ 0 , thermal expansion coefficient (α*), second derivative of limiting apparent molar volume ∂ 2 V ϕ 0 / ∂ T 2 , isentropic compressibility κs, apparent molar compression (Ks,ϕ), limiting apparent molar compression of solute K S , ϕ 0 , apparent molar isentropic compression of transfer Δ tr K S , ϕ 0 and hydration number (nH) have been calculated.

The experimental values of densities ( ρ ), speeds of sound ( u ) and relative viscosities ( η r ) of piperazine citrate in aqueous solution and in 0.06 mol·kg−1 of sodium chloride and d -glucose as a function of concentration have been obtained at T / K = (293.15, 303.15 and 313.15). The thermodynamic parameters such as apparent molar volume ( V ϕ ) of solute, isentropic compressibility ( κ s ) , apparent molar isentropic compressibility ( κ ϕ ) of solute, piperazine citrate in water and in aqueous solutions of sodium chloride and d -glucose have been computed using the density and speed of sound data. The limiting apparent molar volume of solute ( V ϕ 0 ) , limiting apparent molar compressibility ( κ ϕ 0 ) in binary and ternary solution have been obtained using apparent molar volume and apparent molar compressibility data. The limiting apparent molar expansivity ( E ϕ 0 ) of solute and thermal expansion coefficient ( α ∗ ) in both aqueous binary and ternary solutions has been computed. Transfer volumes ( Δ tr V ϕ 0 ) and transfer compressibilities ( Δ tr κ ϕ 0 ) of piperazine citrate from water to aqueous solutions of sodium chloride and d -glucose at different temperatures have been obtained. The Jones-Dole viscosity coefficients A , B , D , variation of viscosity B coefficient with temperature i.e. d B / d T , hydration number for aqueous solutions of piperazine citrate and in aqueous solutions of sodium chloride and d -glucose have been determined. The above parameters have been used to throw light on the various interactions occurring between binary and ternary systems.

Simulation of quenching process of steel is one of the method to plot temperature profile and to calculate HTC at surface of specimen Quenching of medium carbon steel in aqueous solution of ethylene glycol with different concentration of 0 % to 60% by mass was done using ANSYS 15.5 CFX workbench. Initial temperature of cylindrical specimen was assumed to be 1173K and for quenchant it was assumed to be 298K. Temperature plots for different concentrations and cooling curves at core and surface of the specimen was obtained. Result of cooling curves at different concentration shows that cooling rate for 0% concentration of ethylene glycol was greatest and it goes on decreasing as concentration of ethylene glycol solution increases. Temperature plots after 10 sec. were presented. Results of temperature plots shows that temperature difference between core and surface temperature of specimen is largest in case of 0% concentration of ethylene glycol solution by mass and it goes on decreases as concentration of ethylene glycol solution by mass increases. In this simulation variation in thermal properties of aqueous solution of ethylene glycol were considered and hence simulation was more accurate. Temperature plots obtained in this simulation will be useful in structural analysis of quenching process to find out residual stresses induced due to temperature gradient.

The investigation was undertaken on the topic entitled "Economic Analysis of Dairy Farms in Amravati district." with view to study the socio-economic characteristics of selected farmers, investment pattern, economics and constraint faced by farmers of dairy farms. Data on size of land holding, cropping pattern, fodder availability, milch animal owned, average milk production per day per animal, composition of herd size, educational status of head of family, family structure was collected. On the basis of high cattle population fifteen villages from three tehsil's of Amravati district were selected. The information was collected from sample of 90 dairy farmers selected by random sampling technique in a pretested questionnaire. The data were analysed with simple tabular analysis.The study revealed that the average size of family members were 4.89, 4.54 and 4.61 members for small, medium and large groups of dairy farmer, respectively and Jowar crop was the major source of fodder in combination with green grasses and maize. The annual maintenance cost of local cow and crossbreed cow was Rs.31440.74 and Rs.40969.36, respectively, while annual maintenance cost of local buffalo and improved buffalo was Rs.37780.30 and Rs.44930.51, respectively. The annual maintenance cost of local buffalo and improved buffalo was more than local cow and crossbreed cow. Feed and fodder was the major items of expenditure in milk production. Overall gross income, net cost and net income per animal per year was Rs.32870.00, Rs.29890.74 and Rs.1429.26, respectively in case of local cow. And for crossbreed cow these were Rs.60000.00, Rs.34779.80 and Rs.22419.70. Overall gross income, net cost and net income per animal per year was Rs.47100.50, Rs.34779.80 and Rs.9320.20 for local buffalo, respectively. And for improved buffalo these were Rs.70500.00, Rs.40930.51 and Rs.25569.49 per year, respectively. Out of 90 dairy farm owners 50 per cent dairy farmer faced problem of dry fodder, 83.33 per cent farmer faced problem of green fodder, 77.77 per cent farmers faced problem of concentrates and 27 per cent dairy farmer faced problem of drinking water.