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The object of research is sunflower, high oleic sunflower and rapeseed oils, which are important in the production of food for people with increased physical activity. Such products should be balanced in component composition and enriched with biologically active substances, vitamins, antioxidants. Oils and fats are used as an important component of sport nutrition. Common oil is sunflower oil, which provides the diet with linoleic acid, as well as rapeseed oil, which enriches the products with linolenic acid. One of the most problematic places to use oils is oxidative damage, as this leads to the formation of hazardous compounds. During the study, the active oxygen method and the Oxitest device (Italy) were used. The first method allows to directly assess the content of oxidation products in the oil through the values of the peroxide value, the second method allows to measure oxygen consumption during oxidation processes in the oil. The oxidative stability of sunflower oil is studied using the active oxygen method and the oxidation method using the Oxitest device at a temperature of 110 °C. It is found that the induction periods determined by the two methods are close (2 hours 40 minutes and 2 hours 43 minutes, respectively). The regularity of reducing the induction period of sunflower oil with increasing temperature by the oxidation method on an Oxitest device is established. The temperatures of 90, 100 and 110 °C are used. A comparative study of the oxidative stability of sunflower, high oleic sunflower and rapeseed oils is carried out. Based on the obtained data, a comparative characteristic of the stability of research oils to oxidation is given and recommendations for their use in sports nutrition are given. The obtained data will allow to evaluate the effect of each of the experimental oils on the shelf life of the oil-containing product

Producción Científica, Although there are many studies showing the isolated effect of creatine monohydrate (CrM) and β-hydroxy β-methylbutyrate (HMB), it is not clear what effect they have when they are combined. The main purpose of this systematic review was to determine the efficacy of mixing CrM plus HMB in comparison with their isolated effects on sports performance, body composition, exercise induced markers of muscle damage, and anabolic-catabolic hormones. This systematic review was carried out in accordance with PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) statement guidelines and the PICOS model, for the definition of the inclusion criteria. Studies were found by searching PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science (WOS), and Scopus electronic databases from inception to July 3rd 2019. Methodological quality and risk of bias were assessed by two authors independently, and disagreements were resolved by third-party evaluation, in accordance with the Cochrane Collaboration Guidelines samples. The literature was examined regarding the effects of the combination of CrM plus HMB on sport performance using several outcome variables (athletic performance, body composition, markers of muscle damage, and hormone status). This systematic review included six articles that investigated the effects of CrM plus HMB on sport performance (two on strength performance, showing improvements in one of them; three on anaerobic performance, presenting enhancements in two of them; and one on aerobic performance, not presenting improvements), body composition (three on body mass, showing improvements in one of them; two on fat free mass, presenting increases in one of them; and two on fat mass, showing decreases in one of them) and markers of muscle damage and hormone status (four on markers of muscle damage and one on anabolic-catabolic hormones, not showing benefits in any of them). In summary, the combination of 3–10 g/day of CrM plus 3 g/day of HMB for 1–6 weeks could produce potential positive effects on sport performance (strength and anaerobic performance) and for 4 weeks on body composition (increasing fat free mass and decreasing fat mass). However, this combination seems to not show positive effects relating to markers of exercise-induced muscle damage and anabolic-catabolic hormones.

Namen diplomskega dela je bil raziskati, v kolikšni meri se slovenski tekači soočajo s pomanjkanjem železa in kakšne so njihove prehranjevalne navade. V raziskavi smo zajeli 20 slovenskih atletov in atletinj, starih od 14 do 25 let. K anketi je pristopilo 10 atletov in 10 atletinj. Vsi udeleženci aktivno tekmujejo na tekmah državnega prvenstva ter na mednarodnem nivoju (evropska in svetovna prvenstva). Osredotočili smo se na tekače, ki tečejo na srednje proge. Sem spadajo vsi teki od 800 m do 3000 m. Tekači na srednji razdalji morajo imeti visoko stopnjo hitrosti in vzdržljivosti, kar pomeni, da je za uspeh potrebno prilagoditi aerobni in anaerobni energetski sistem. V anketnem vprašalniku nas je zanimalo, kdo jim pomaga pri sestavi optimalnih jedilnikov, ali zavestno uživajo hrano, bogato z železom, ali večkrat občutijo znake pomanjkanja železa, ali uživajo prehranske dodatke, bogate z železom, in če opravljajo redne preventivne zdravstvene preglede. Ugotovili smo, da imajo s pomanjkanjem železa težave predvsem atletinje. Preventivnih zdravstvenih pregledov atleti običajno ne opravljajo. Za krvne teste se odločijo šele, ko občutijo simptome, povezane s slabokrvnostjo in pomanjkanjem železa. V diplomskem seminarju sem pregledala tudi literaturo o železu in prehrani tekačev na srednje proge. The purpose of the diploma work was to research to what extent Slovenian runners are facing iron deficiency and what are their eating habits. The study included 20 Slovenian athletes aged 14 to 25 years. Among them 10 women athletes and 10 men athletes joined the survey. All participants participate actively in the national championships and international events. We focused on middle distance runners. This includes the distances from 800 m to 3000 m. Middle-distance runners must have a high degree of speed and persistance which requires adaptation both, aerobic and anaerobic energy systems. In the survey, we were interested who helped them in the composition of the optimal diet or whether they repeatedly cleaned up the signs of iron deficiency. We also wanted to check whether they take any dietary supplements with iron and if they had to undergo regular medical examinations. We have found that iron deficiency is mainly present in female athletes. Athletes usually do not perform preventive medical examinations. They decide to take blood analyses only when they experience symptoms associated with anemia and/or iron deficiency. In the diploma I also reviewed literature about iron and the diet of middle distance runners.

Background: Squash is one of the four most popular racquet sports, practiced by 20 million people worldwide. It is a sport that has been scarcely researched in the area of nutrition, and even less so regarding the dietary habits of its players. The objective of this work is to perform a descriptive and comparative analysis of dietary habits in squash players at the national and international levels. Methodology: A total of 14 international and 28 national players answered a validated food consumption frequency questionnaire. We used a Student´s t-test for independent samples and a χ2 test in the comparative analysis of players of different levels. Results: The results show that there were statistically significant differences between the two groups of players in the consumption of bread (p = 0.016) and nuts (p = 0.008), with a tendency towards statistical significance for eggs (p = 0.064), blue fish (p = 0.057), and white meat (p = 0.069), which the international players consumed with a higher frequency. There were no significant differences in the consumption of fruits, vegetables, or pulses. The two groups had a similar consumption of potatoes, pasta, rice, juices and soft drinks, sweets and snacks, white fish, and red meat. Conclusions: Although it was not possible to estimate the intake and percentage of macronutrients, a possible deficit of carbohydrates and an excess of proteins can be deduced in both groups. In addition, these players do not usually seek advice from dieticians-nutritionists, so the involvement of these professionals in the coaching staff of squash players could improve athletic performance.

Strong evidence during the last few decades has highlighted the importance of nutrition for sport performance, the role of carbohydrates (CHO) being of special interest. Glycogen is currently not only considered an energy substrate but also a regulator of the signaling pathways that regulate exercise-induced adaptations. Thus, low or high CHO availabilities can result in both beneficial or negative results depending on the purpose. On the one hand, the depletion of glycogen levels is a limiting factor of performance during sessions in which high exercise intensities are required; therefore ensuring a high CHO availability before and during exercise is of major importance. A high CHO availability has also been positively related to the exercise-induced adaptations to resistance training. By contrast, a low CHO availability seems to promote endurance-exercise-induced adaptations such as mitochondrial biogenesis and enhanced lipolysis. In the present narrative review, we aim to provide a holistic overview of how CHO availability impacts physical performance as well as to provide practical recommendations on how training and nutrition might be combined to maximize performance. Attending to the existing evidence, no universal recommendations regarding CHO intake can be given to athletes as nutrition should be periodized according to training loads and objectives

The purpose of this project was to gain insight into patterns and predictors of dietary supplement use among varsity athletes. An online questionnaire was completed by 302 varsity athletes (30.5% male, 69.5% female; 20.5 ± 1.8 years old) competing in intermittent, power and endurance-based sports at the University of Guelph. Overall, 58.3% of athletes reported having used at least one type of dietary supplement in the past six months. Gender and age had significant associations with prevalence of supplement use, with male athletes and athletes over 20 years old more likely to be supplement users. Protein, vitamins and minerals and carbohydrate were the most commonly used dietary supplements. Individual types of dietary supplements consumed and frequency of supplementation were influenced by gender, age, weekly training hours and type of sport practiced. Reasons for consuming dietary supplements, sources of information as well as predictors of supplement use were also explored. Although most athletes were using reliable sources of information, with health care professionals being the most frequently reported source, 58.6% of athletes still mentioned wanting to become more knowledgeable about dietary supplements, highlighting the need for additional educational resources.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the energy expenditure and fulfillment of nutritional needs of female soccer players. Participants in this research were 41 professional soccer players from the three Polish female soccer league levels: Ekstraleague, I League and II League. The participants had their height and body mass measured. Total Energy Expenditure was measured by means of a SenseWear Pro3 Armband device. Data related to the food-intake energy values and the consumption of macro- and micronutrients were obtained through systematic recording of results, which was conducted over a three-day-long period at the start of the competitive season. The average age of the participants was 21 &plusmn, 5 years, the average height was 167.5 &plusmn, 5 cm, and the average body mass was 62.53 &plusmn, 9.8 kg. The average energy expenditure of the participants was 2811 &plusmn, 493 kcal/day, and their average energy intake was 1476 &plusmn, 434 kcal/day. The average consumption of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins was 199 &plusmn, 20.6, 47.3 &plusmn, 20.7, and 72.3 &plusmn, 24.2 g/day, respectively. There was a prevalence of inadequate intake of potassium, calcium, magnesium, iodine, vitamins D, E and B1, and folate in the diet of the examined group. The remaining micronutrients were consumed in the prescribed amounts by at least 50% of the examined group. The participants demonstrated low energy intakes, and consequently, low consumption of macronutrients and a large number of micronutrients.

ilustraciones, gráficas, tablas El consumo de suplementos de proteína y/o carbohidratos en los fisicoculturistas y deportistas de fuerza, se ha popularizado durante el tiempo. Produciendo que investigadores estudien sus efectos en el desempeño físico, composición corporal y posibles efectos perjudiciales. En estos estudios se ha encontrado efectos positivos en la suplementación de proteína y/o carbohidratos, como mejorar el desempeño físico, composición corporal, recuperación después del ejercicio y adaptación al ejercicio. Además, estos suplementos vienen con adiciones de compuestos que, según sus distribuidores, mejoran la condición física y corporal. Siendo algunos realmente efectivos y otros no. Los suplementos son una gran industria, en donde se cree que para el año 2013 se gastaron US$ 12.000 millones en estos suplementos, esto ha generado que el mercado se expanda, en el número de empresas y productos que ofrece cada una. Entre las adiciones se encuentra creatina, carnitina, colágeno, HMB, glutamina, picolinato de cromo, AKG, glutamina y cafeína. De estos compuestos, el picolinato de cromo no tiene pruebas concluyentes sobre algún efecto benéfico. Con relación al AKG, este no presenta ningún beneficio. El resto de las adiciones en los suplementos si tienen algún efecto de mejoramiento en el deportista. En cuanto a los efectos perjudiciales para la salud, estos ocurren principalmente cuando hay un sobre consumo de estos alimentos o cuando estos alimentos vienen con cantidades mayores de macro y/o micronutrientes a las recomendadas. Generando enfermedades y por ende disminución en el desempeño de los deportistas. (Texto tomado de la fuente). The consumption of protein and/or carbohydrate supplements in bodybuilders and strength athletes has become popular over time. Producing researchers to study its effects on physical performance, body composition and possible harmful effects. In these studies, positive effects on protein and/or carbohydrate supplementation have been found, such as improving physical performance, body composition, recovery after exercise and adaptation to exercise. In addition, these supplements come with additions of compounds that, according to their distributors, improve physical and body condition. Being some really effective and others not. The supplements are a large industry, where it is believed that by 2013, US $ 12,000 million was spent on these supplements, this has generated that the market expanded, in the number of companies and products offered by each. Among the additions are creatine, carnitine, collagen, HMB, glutamine, chromium picolinate, AKG, glutamine and caffeine. Of these compounds, chromium picolinate has no conclusive evidence of any beneficial effect. In relation to the AKG, this does not present any benefits. The rest of the additions in the supplements if they have any effect of improvement in the athlete. As for the harmful effects on health, these occur mainly when there is an over consumption of these foods or when these foods come with greater amounts of macro and / or micronutrients to the recommendations. Generating diseases and therefore decrease in the performance of athletes. Maestría Magíster en Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos Alimentos y Agroindustria

Producción Científica, Studies have shown that creatine supplementation increases intramuscular creatine concentrations, favoring the energy system of phosphagens, which may help explain the observed improvements in high-intensity exercise performance. However, research on physical performance in soccer has shown controversial results, in part because the energy system used is not taken into account. The main aim of this investigation was to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine the efficacy of creatine supplementation for increasing performance in skills related to soccer depending upon the type of metabolism used (aerobic, phosphagen, and anaerobic metabolism). A structured search was carried out following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines in the Medline/PubMed and Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Scopus databases until January 2019. The search included studies with a double-blind and randomized experimental design in which creatine supplementation was compared to an identical placebo situation (dose, duration, timing, and drug appearance). There were no filters applied to the soccer players’ level, gender, or age. A final meta-analysis was performed using the random effects model and pooled standardized mean differences (SMD) (Hedges’s g). Nine studies published were included in the meta-analysis. This revealed that creatine supplementation did not present beneficial effects on aerobic performance tests (SMD, −0.05; 95% confidence interval (CI), −0.37 to 0.28; p = 0.78) and phosphagen metabolism performance tests (strength, single jump, single sprint, and agility tests: SMD, 0.21; 95% CI, −0.03 to 0.45; p = 0.08). However, creatine supplementation showed beneficial effects on anaerobic performance tests (SMD, 1.23; 95% CI, 0.55–1.91; p

Topic: Practical aspects of high-carbohydrate dieting in top sport The topic of this thesis is sports nutrition. After a comprehensive summary of current scientific and generally accepted guidelines, the practical part is based on an example of the current state of sports nutrition in one concrete men's basketball team. Subsequently, the practical part combines the knowledge of theory and results of diet analysis of the current nutritional status in the team. The aim of the analytical part of the thesis was to find out the individual and subsequently average data of the monitored file through the registration of weekly eating diaries, both in terms of macro and micronutrients. These data were statistically processed using the program Sportvital-Nutrition (http://www.bonfit.cz/), whose database contains the most comperhensive information about the composition of individual foods and meals, allowing analysis of up to 30 nutritional parameters. The main aim of the application part of the thesis was to design and calculate a sample menu for seven whole days for top athletes based on predetermined and defined criteria based on theoretical background and analysis of collected eating diaries. These criteria were to follow the principles of healthy nutrition, i.e. primarily the variety, regularity and...

High-level young athletes need to face a wide spectrum of stressors on their journey to élite categories. The aims of the present study are (i) to evaluate session rate of perceived exertion (sRPE) at different training impulse (TRIMP) categories and the correlations between these two variables and, (ii) evaluate the correlations between sRPE, fluid loss, and carbohydrate consumption during exercise. Data on Edward’s TRIMP, sRPE, body mass loss pre- and post- exercise (∆), and carbohydrate consumption (CHO/h) during exercise have been acquired from eight male junior cyclists during a competitive season. One-way ANOVA and correlation analysis with linear regression have been performed on acquired data. sRPE resulted in a significant difference in the three TRIMP categories (p &lt, 0.001). sRPE resulted in being very largely positively associated with TRIMP values (p &lt, 0.001, R = 0.71). ∆ as well as CHO/h was largely negatively related with sRPE in all TRIMP categories (p &lt, 0.001). The results confirmed the role of fluid balance and carbohydrate consumption on the perception of fatigue and fatigue accumulation dynamics independently from the training load. Young athletes’ training load monitoring and nutritional-hydration support represent important aspects in athlete’s exercise-induced fatigue management.

Creatine monohydrate (CrM) and &beta, hydroxy &beta, methylbutyrate (HMB) are widely studied ergogenic aids. However, both supplements are usually studied in an isolated manner. The few studies that have investigated the effect of combining both supplements on exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) and hormone status have reported controversial results. Therefore, the main purpose of this study was to determine the effect and degree of potentiation of 10 weeks of CrM plus HMB supplementation on EIMD and anabolic/catabolic hormones. This study was a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial where participants (n = 28) were randomized into four different groups: placebo group (PLG, n = 7), CrM group (CrMG, 0.04 g/kg/day of CrM, n = 7), HMB group (HMBG, 3 g/day of HMB, n = 7), and CrM-HMB group (CrM-HMBG, 0.04 g/kg/day of CrM plus 3 g/day of HMB, n = 7). Before (baseline, T1) and after 10 weeks of supplementation (T2), blood samples were collected from all rowers. There were no significant differences in the EIMD markers (aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, and creatine kinase) among groups. However, we observed significant differences in CrM-HMBG with respect to PLG, CrMG, and HMBG on testosterone (p = 0.006, &eta, 2p = 0.454) and the testosterone/cortisol ratio (T/C, p = 0.032, 2p = 0.349). Moreover, we found a synergistic effect of combined supplementation on testosterone (CrM-HMBG = &minus, 63.85% vs. CrMG + HMBG = &minus, 37.89%) and T/C (CrM-HMBG = 680% vs. CrMG + HMBG = 57.68%) and an antagonistic effect on cortisol (CrM-HMBG = 131.55% vs. CrMG + HMBG = 389.99%). In summary, the combination of CrM plus HMB showed an increase in testosterone and T/C compared with the other groups after 10 weeks of supplementation. Moreover, this combination presented a synergistic effect on testosterone and T/C and an antagonistic effect on cortisol compared with the sum of individual or isolated supplementation.

Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Engenharia Biológica, O uso de microalgas na indústria alimentar, cosmética e farmacêutica é cada vez maior devido ao seu valor nutritivo e ao seu potencial como fonte de vários compostos bioativos, que contribuem positivamente para a saúde humana. A adição de microalgas como ingrediente natural a alimentos aumenta o seu valor nutritivo e permite a obtenção de uma aparência atrativa e inovadora. O objetivo desta dissertação foi o desenvolvimento de muffins com incorporação de microalgas (5 % m/m), sendo neste caso utilizada Chlorella vulgaris livre (F2) e encapsulada (F3). Após obtenção de uma formulação de muffins com Chlorella atrativa tanto em termos de sabor como de aspeto, foram avaliadas características como a cor, textura, atividade da água (aw) e pH, tendo se encontrado diferenças significativas em termos de textura e cor entre os muffins com Chlorella (F2 e F3) e o muffin controlo (F1). O muffin com Chlorella (F2) foi o que demostrou maior firmeza. Relativamente à aw em todos os muffins o valor obtido foi superior a 0,8, o que indica uma possível instabilidade do produto e necessidade de adição de conservantes. A avaliação da composição química demostrou que se verificaram diferenças mais significativas no teor proteico, sendo que com a adição de biomassa microalgal o teor de proteína aumentou, tendo o muffin com Chlorella e o muffin com Chlorella encapsulada apresentado maior teor proteico (8,62-8,29 %) comparativamente ao controlo (6,14 %). Foram depois avaliadas características como textura, cor, humidade e aw dos muffins ao longo de 11 dias, tendo-se encontrado diferenças significativas em termos de cor. A humidade, a atividade da água e a elasticidade apresentaram uma tendência de diminuição ao longo do tempo, enquanto que a firmeza apresentou uma tendência oposta. A análise sensorial foi realizada ao muffin com Chlorella encapsulada (F3), tendo sido realizado um teste de aceitação. O muffin obteve uma aceitação positiva por parte dos provadores, tendo sido a cor, a textura e o sabor a arrecadar as melhores avaliações e comentários. Os provadores destacaram o facto de o sabor intenso proveniente da Chlorella passar impercetível. Relativamente à compra, 60 % dos provadores responderam que provavelmente comprariam e decididamente comprariam o muffin, o que corresponde a mais de metade dos inquiridos., The use of microalgae in the food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries is increasing due to their nutritional value and their potential as a source of several bioactive compounds, which contribute positively to human health. The addition of microalgae as a natural ingredient to foods enhances their nutritional value and allows foods to achieve an attractive and innovative appearance. The objective of this dissertation was the development of muffins with microalgae incorporation (5 % w/w), in which case Chlorella vulgaris was used free (F2) and encapsulated (F3). After reaching a muffins formulation containing Chlorella which was attractive both in terms of taste and appearance, characteristics such as color, texture, water activity and pH were evaluated, and significant differences in texture and color were found between the muffins with Chlorella (F2 and F3) and the control muffin (F1). The muffin with Chlorella (F2) was the one that showed more firmness. Regarding water activity (aw) in all muffins, the value obtained was higher than 0.8, indicating signs of possible product instability and the need for addition of preservatives. The evaluation of the chemical composition showed that there were more significant differences in the protein content, and with the addition of microalgal biomass the protein content increased, with the muffin with Chlorella and encapsulated Chlorella presented higher protein content (8,62-8,29 %) compared to control (6.14 %). Characteristics such as texture, color, moisture and of the muffins were evaluated over 11 days, with significant differences in terms of color. Moisture, aw and elasticity showed a tendency to decrease over time, while firmness showed a tendency to increase over time. Sensory analysis was performed on the muffin with encapsulated Chlorella (F3), and an acceptance test was performed. The muffin received positive acceptance from the panelists, with color, texture, and flavor gathering the best ratings and comments. The panelists highlighted the fact that they were unable to detect the intense taste from Chlorella. Regarding purchase, 60 % of the panelists replied that they would probably buy and would definitely buy the muffin, which corresponds to more than half of the respondents.

The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of a sport nutrition education and life-skills intervention on sport nutrition knowledge (SNK), attitudes/beliefs and dietary behaviors relevant to sport nutrition among high school (HS) soccer players. Three assessments were done over the 2-year intervention (baseline = time 1, end year 1 = time 2, end year 2 = time 3). Participants (n = 217, females = 64%, Latino = 47.5%, 14.9 &plusmn, 0.9-year, 46.5% National School Breakfast/Lunch Program) were assigned to an intervention group (IG, n = 153, 9 schools) or comparison group (CG, n = 64, 4 schools) based on geographical location. Differences over time were examined based on group, sex, socioeconomic status (SES) and race/ethnicity. The IG increased SNK scores by ~10% (time 1 = 51.6%, time 3 = 60.9%, p &le, 0.001), with the greatest change in the female IG vs. CG and no differences in male IG vs. CG. Daily breakfast consumption was 53.7% in both groups. IG players were 3 times more likely (95%CI = 2.59, 7.77) to report trying to eat for performance (IG = 48.7% vs. CG = 30.2%). By time 3, IG players were less likely to report that &lsquo, diet met nutritional requirements&rsquo, (31.6%) compared to CG (47.6%). For IG, the consumption of lunch (&ge, 5-days/week) did not change (92.2&ndash, 93.4%), but declined in the CG (90.6%) (p = 0.04). No other differences by sub-population (race/ethnicity, SES) were observed. Our findings indicate that HS athletes are motivated to learn and improve diet behaviors, and benefit from team-based nutrition interventions. Future interventions should consider delivery of curriculum/experiential learning during a defined training period, with messages reinforced with supports at home, school and athletic settings.

The aim of the present study is to analyse nutritional supplements (NS) consumption by squash players of different levels (international vs. national). A total of 14 international players and 28 national ones answered a NS consumption frequency questionnaire that had been previously validated. A T-Student test was used for independent samples and a &chi, 2 test was used in the comparative analysis among athletes of different levels. International level players consume NS in greater proportion vs. national level players (100% vs. 67.9% p = 0.017), with differences in the consumption of bicarbonate of soda, glutamine, branched-chain amino acids, and flaxseed oil (p &lt, 0.05). Even though international level athletes show a greater total number of NS, as well as of the total of NS of each of the categories based on scientific evidence level (sports food, medical supplements, and ergogenic aids of groups A, B, C, and D) in relation to the national level athletes, no statistically significant differences were detected (p &gt, 0.05). With regard to nutritional advice, there are also differences among performance levels (p = 0.003), being personal trainers (28.6%) and dietitians-nutritionists (21.4%) the greatest prescribers when it comes to international-level players, whereas 55.6% of the national-level players do not receive nutritional advice. The pattern of NS consumption, based on evidence level, is unbalanced and its performance could be favored if the dietitian-nutritionist were included as a nutritional advisor for these athletes.

Beljakovine oskrbujejo organizem z aminokislinami in so zato zelo pomembno hranilo za ljudi, še posebej športnike, ki imajo večjo kvoto obrabe beljakovin in lahko beljakovine tudi nalagajo. Vzdržljivostnim športnikom tako priporočajo dnevni vnos 1,2–1,4 g beljakovin na kilogram telesne mase, kar je za okoli 0,4–0,5 g več od ljudi, ki so zmerno aktivni. Športniki, ki se ukvarjajo z dvigovanjem uteži, imajo še nekoliko večje potrebe, in sicer jim priporočajo dnevni vnos 1,8 g na kilogram telesne mase. Preveliki vnos beljakovin od priporočenega ne vodi v večjo sintezo novih mišičnih beljakovin, a se odsvetuje, kljub temu da pri zdravih ljudeh ni znanih negativnih učinkov na zdravje. Strokovnjaki na področju prehrane in športa vedno več pozornosti namenjajo tudi preučevanju vpliva posameznih aminokislin, tudi zato, ker so prekurzorji spojin, ki omogočajo izvedbo boljših treningov in hitrejšo regeneracijo. Za doseganje dobrih športnih rezultatov in optimalno regeneracijo je pri športnikih zelo pomemben tudi čas vnosa beljakovin, in sicer je optimalno, da beljakovinsko bogata živila športniki zaužijejo po treningu. Proteins provide the organism with amino acids. Therefore proteins are very important nutrient in human diet, especially for sportsmen, which have a higher protein turn-over rate an the rate of protein deposition. That can be seen in increased protein needs. For the endurance sportsmen have been recommended daily intake of proteins 1.2–1.4 g per kilogram of body mass, which is approximately 0.4–0.5 grams more than for moderately active people. Sportsmen that lifting weights have even higher needs, they have to consume 1.8 g/kg of body mass per day. Excessive protein intake (higher than recommended) does not lead into increased protein synthesis. It cannot be advice to exceed the recommended daily intake, despite the fact that negative effect of increased intake protein on human health was not proven. Nutrition and sports experts were more and more focused on studying the impact of different amino acids on sportsmen, because among other things, these monomers of the protein are precursors for numerous compounds in the human body, and consequently improve training and enable faster regeneration. Time of protein intake is also one of the most important factors for great sporting achievement and optimal regeneration of athletes optimal time for consuming protein-rich foods is immediately after training.

Skeletne mišice pri zdravem posamezniku predstavljajo 45 % celotne telesne mase in pri gibanju porabijo največji del energije. Energija v telesu nastaja večinoma na aeroben in tudi na anaeroben način. V telesu imamo tri glavne mehanizme, ki zagotavljajo energijo oz. omogočajo tvorbo in obnovo zalog ATP-ja: hidroliza kreatin-fosfata, anaerobna glikoliza glukoze, oksidativna fosforilacija maščob, ogljikovih hidratov in beljakovin. Med telesno aktivnostjo so viri energije mišični glikogen, prosta glukoza iz krvi, proste maščobne kisline, trigliceridi in aminokisline. Na vir in način uporabe energije med aktivnostjo vpliva več dejavnikov intenzivnost in trajanje treninga, stopnja treniranosti ter presnovne značilnosti posameznika. Ogljikovi hidrati so osnovni in najhitrejši vir energije. V telesu se skladiščijo kot mišični in jetrni glikogen, najdemo jih tudi kot prosto glukozo v krvi. Mišični glikogen je primaren vir energije, medtem ko jetrni glikogen vzdržuje normalno raven krvnega sladkorja ter tako optimalno izvedbo treninga in nemoteno delovanje centralnega živčnega sistema. Prehranska regeneracija po aktivnosti je ključna, saj v telesu vzpostavlja energijsko, hranilno in tekočinsko ravnovesje ter omogoča obnovo tkiv in vadbeno adaptacijo. Čas, ki je potreben za regeneracijo zalog glikogena, je odvisen od izčrpanosti zalog glikogena, obsega poškodb mišic, količine in časa uživanja ogljikovih hidratov ter stopnje treniranosti. Raziskave so pokazale, da obnova glikogena okvirno poteka v treh stopnjah. Na splošno velja, da je obnova najhitrejša v obdobju prvih dveh ur, med naslednjimi štirimi urami se hitrost upočasni, po tem obdobju pa se obnova še dodatno upočasni na običajno hitrost. Na hitrost in obseg procesa obnove mišičnega glikogena vplivajo številni dejavniki, pomembni so predvsem količina, čas in vrsta zaužitih ogljikovih hidratov, pogostost obrokov ter v določenih stanjih tudi kombinirano uživanje beljakovin in ogljikovih hidratov. In healthy individual skeletal muscles represent 45 % of the total mass and spend most of energy for movement. The body’s energy is produced primarely in the aerobic and also in anaerobic way. There are three major energy mechanisms that provide energy and restore ATP reserves: by the hydrolysis of creatine phosphate, anaerobic glycolysis of glucose and oxidative phosphorylation of fats, carbohydrates and proteins. The energy resources for physical activity are muscle glycogen, blood glucose, free fatty acids, triglycerides and amino acids. Several factors influence the source and the way of energy use during workout intensity and duration of training, level of training and of metabolic characteristics of an individual. Carbohydrates are the primary and fastest source of energy. They are stored in the body as muscle glycogen and liver glycogen, and are also found as free glucose in the blood. Muscle glycogen is the primary source of energy, while the liver glycogen maintains a normal blood sugar level for optimum training and so that undisturbed functioning of central nervous system. The nutritional regeneration after exercise is very important as it restores the energy, nutrition and fluid balance and enable tissue regeneration and training adaptation. The time that is needed for regeneration depends upon: the exhaustion of glycogen stores, extent of muscle damage, amount and time of carbohydrate consumption and level of training. Studies have shown that glycogen restoration approximately takes place in three stages. In general, the first 2 hours of the recovery is the fastest, over the next 4 hours it slows down and after this period, restoration slows down to a normal speed. The key factors in restoring muscle glycogen stores are the amount, time and type of carbohydrate intake, the frequency of meals, and in certain situation also the combination of proteins and carbohydrate consumption.

Ples je ena izmed dejavnosti, ki se po svetu vedno bolj razvijajo. Ples je rekreativna in športna dejavnost, ki je pomembna za zdravje in aktiven življenjski slog. Aktiven življenjski slog in zdrava prehrana sta ključna dejavnika za preprečevanje kroničnih bolezni. Namen dela je bil ugotoviti, kakšno je prehransko stanje odraslih slovenskih plesalk in napisati za njih primerna priporočila. Za zbiranje podatkov smo uporabili vprašalnik o starosti, višini in telesni masi ter metodo jedilnika prejšnjega dne. V raziskavi je sodelovalo 30 aktivnih slovenskih plesalk v starosti od 18 do 28 let iz dveh različnih plesnih skupin in z Akademije za ples. Z uporabo Odprte platforme za klinično prehrano smo določili hranilno vrednost obrokov, ki so jih zaužile plesalke. Iz podatkov smo preračunali tudi indeks telesne mase, ki je pokazal, da ima večina plesalk normalno telesno maso, manjšina pa spada v skupino podhranjenih. Energijski vnos je bil v večini primerov prenizek, razmerje makrohranil pa dobro. Povprečno anketiranke zaužijejo preveč nasičenih maščobnih kislin in živalskih beljakovin ter premalo omega-3 maščobnih kislin in rastlinskih beljakovin. Veliko jih ima tudi povišan vnos prostih sladkorjev, ki ponekod precej presega dvakratni priporočeni dnevni vnos. Kot kritično hranilo se je pokazal vitamin D, ki ga anketirane plesalke uživajo le v sledovih. Dance is one of the activities that are growing all over the world. Dance is a recreational and sporting activity, which is important for health and an active lifestyle. An active lifestyle and healthy diet are key factors for preventing chronic diseases. The aim of assignment was to figure out the dietary intake of adult female dancers in Slovenia and to write down dietary guidelines for them. For data collection we used a questionnaire for age, height and weight and a method 24-hour dietary recall. In total 30 active Slovenian female dancers from two different dance groups and Dance Academy participated in this research. They were between 18 and 28 years old. Nutritional value of consumed food was evaluated with Open platform for clinical nutrition. From collected data we calculated body mass index which showed that most of respondents have normal body mass and the minority is in a underweight category. Results showed that most of respondents have lower energy intake than recommended. Nevertheless the proportion of macronutrients is almost perfect. In average respondents consume too much saturated fatty acids and animal proteins and not enough omega-3 fatty acids and plant proteins. A lot of them have high intake of free sugars, which in some cases exceeds the recommended daily intake twice. Vitamin D was shown as a critical nutrient, which the respondents consume in minimal amounts.

Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-26T17:54:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2018-08-08 The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of beta-alanine supplementation on a 10 km running time trial and lactate concentration in physically active adults. Sixteen healthy subjects were divided randomly into two groups: beta-alanine (n = 8) and placebo group (n = 8). The experimental group ingested 5 g/day of beta-alanine plus 1 g of resistant starch, and control group ingested 6 g of resistant starch, both for 23 days. Time to complete a 10-km running time trial and lactate concentration following the test were assessed at baseline and post 23 days. The running training program was performed three times per week on non-consecutive days (day 1: running 7 km; day 2: six sprints of 500 m at maximum speed with 2 min of recovery; day 3: running 12 km). The time to complete a 10-km running time trial decreased significantly only for the beta-alanine group (Pre = 3441 +/- 326.7, Post = 3209 +/- 270.5 s, p < 0.05). When analyzing the delta (Time post minus Time at baseline value) there was a statistically significant difference between the beta-alanine vs placebo group (-168.8 +/- 156.6 vs. -53.60 +/- 78.81 s, p = 0.007), respectively. In addition, the beta-alanine group presented lower blood lactate concentration after the 10-km test (beta-alanine: Pre = 8.45 +/- 1.94 vs. Post = 6.95 +/- 2.44 mmol/L; Placebo: Pre = 8.7 +/- 3.0 vs. Post = 10.8 +/- 2.5 mmol/L, p = 0.03). In conclusion, beta-alanine supplementation improved the 10-km running time trial and reduced lactate concentration in physically active adults. Univ Sao Judas Tadeu, Dept Phys Educ, Sao Paulo, Brazil Sao Paulo State Univ, Sch Technol & Sci, Dept Phys Educ, Skeletal Muscle Assessment Lab, Presidente Prudente, Brazil Univ Fed Piaui, Dept Phys Educ, Immunometab Skeletal Muscle & Exercise Res Grp, Teresina, Brazil Sao Paulo State Univ, Dept Phys Educ, Exercise & Immunometab Res Grp, Presidente Prudente, Brazil Univ Sao Paulo, Biomed Sci Inst, Sao Paulo, Brazil Sao Paulo State Univ, Sch Technol & Sci, Dept Phys Educ, Skeletal Muscle Assessment Lab, Presidente Prudente, Brazil Sao Paulo State Univ, Dept Phys Educ, Exercise & Immunometab Res Grp, Presidente Prudente, Brazil

The purpose of this study was to compare changes in diet and daily physical activity (PA) in high school (HS) soccer players who participated in either a two-year obesity prevention intervention or comparison group, while controlling for sex, race/ethnicity, and socioeconomic status. Participants (n = 388, females = 58%, Latino = 38%, 15.3 &plusmn, 1.1 years, 38% National School Breakfast/Lunch Program) were assigned to either an intervention (n = 278, 9 schools) or comparison group (n = 110, 4 schools) based on geographical location. Pre/post intervention assessment of diet was done using Block Fat/Sugar/Fruit/Vegetable Screener, and daily steps was done using the Fitbit-Zip. Groups were compared over-time for mean changes (post-pre) in fruit/vegetables (FV), saturated fat (SF), added sugar, and PA (daily steps, moderate-to-vigorous PA) using analysis of covariance. The two-year intervention decreased mean added sugar intake (&minus, 12.1 g/day, CI (7.4, 16.8), p = 0.02), there were no differences in groups for FV or SF intake (p = 0.89). For both groups, PA was significantly higher in-soccer (9937 steps/day) vs. out-of-soccer season (8117 steps/day), emphasizing the contribution of organized sports to youth daily PA. At baseline, Latino youth had significantly higher added sugar intake (+14 g/day, p &lt, 0.01) than non-Latinos. Targeting active youth in a diet/PA intervention improves diet, but out of soccer season youth need engagement to maintain PA (200).

Temeljni namen diplomskega dela je raziskati vpliv živilskih multinacionalk na javno dojemanje športne prehrane in prehranskih dopolnil, namenjene izboljšanju posameznikovega zdravja in zmogljivosti. Diplomsko delo je monografskega značaja. V prvem delu diplomskega dela smo uporabili metodo deskripcije ter raziskali trg prehranskih dopolnil, opredelili njegove segmente in opisali globalno in nacionalno razširjenost uporabe prehranskih dopolnil. Ugotovili smo 44 % prevalenco uporabe prehranskih dopolnil v Sloveniji. Razširjenost uporabe v ZDA je sicer 53 %, veliko večja pa je v Azijskih državah in sicer 71 % v Singapurji in 73 % v Južni Koreji. Osredotočili smo se tudi na varnost takšnih dodatkov in ugotavljali kako pogosto posamezniki o uživanju dopolnil obvestijo svojega osebnega zdravnika. V osrednjem delu diplomskega dela smo raziskali različne metode, preko katerih živilske multinacionalke vplivajo na znanost, oblikujejo javno mnenje o uporabi njihovih izdelkov in poskušajo onemogočati učinkovitost delovanja neodvisnih regulatornih agencij. Kot ugotavljamo se v ta namen poslužujejo naslednjih metod: lobiranje in ustvarjanje pritiska na znanstvenike, manipuliranje raziskovalnih načrtov ter protokolov, objava člankov pod lažnim imenom, pristransko objavljanje študij, preziranje znanstvenih dokazov in ustvarjanje negotovosti med javnostjo, promoviranje pristranskih ustvarjalcev javnega mnenja, vpliv na medije, spreminjanje in deregulacija regulativ ter cenzuriranje znanstvenikov in prirejanje njihovih objav. The essential purpose of the thesis is to examine the influence of food corporations on public perception of sports nutrition and dietary supplements aimed at improving one's health or performance. The thesis is a monographic character. In the first part of the thesis the description method was used we investigated dietary supplements market, defined its segments and described prevalence of using such supplements, both worldwide and national. We found that 44 % of Slovenian population uses such supplements, while the number is higher in the USA (53 %), and it increases in Asian countries such as Singapore or South Korea with prevalence of 71 % and 73 %, respectively. We looked at supplement safety and the prevalence of reporting about its use to a personal doctor. In the main part, we profoundly examined various different methods by which food corporations influence science, shape public perceptions regarding the use of their products, and curb the effectiveness of independent regulatory agencies. To reach their goals they use methods such as lobbying and intimidating scientists, manipulation of study designs and research protocols, ghostwriting scientific articles, publication bias, downplaying evidence and playing up false uncertainty, promoting experts who undermine the scientific consensus, influencing the media, hindering the regulatory process, censoring scientists or rewriting their research.

In a double-blind, randomized and crossover manner, 25 resistance-trained participants ingested a placebo (PLA) beverage containing 12 g of dextrose and a beverage (RTD) containing caffeine (200 mg), β-alanine (2.1 g), arginine nitrate (1.3 g), niacin (65 mg), folic acid (325 mcg), and Vitamin B12 (45 mcg) for 7-days, separated by a 7–10-day. On day 1 and 6, participants donated a fasting blood sample and completed a side-effects questionnaire (SEQ), hemodynamic challenge test, 1-RM and muscular endurance tests (3 × 10 repetitions at 70% of 1-RM with the last set to failure on the bench press (BP) and leg press (LP)) followed by ingesting the assigned beverage. After 15 min, participants repeated the hemodynamic test, 1-RM tests, and performed a repetition to fatigue (RtF) test at 70% of 1-RM, followed by completing the SEQ. On day 2 and 7, participants donated a fasting blood sample, completed the SEQ, ingested the assigned beverage, rested 30 min, and performed a 4 km cycling time-trial (TT). Data were analyzed by univariate, multivariate, and repeated measures general linear models (GLM), adjusted for gender and relative caffeine intake. Data are presented as mean change (95% CI). An overall multivariate time × treatment interaction was observed on strength performance variables (p = 0.01). Acute RTD ingestion better maintained LP 1-RM (PLA: −0.285 (−0.49, −0.08); RTD: 0.23 (−0.50, 0.18) kg/kgFFM, p = 0.30); increased LP RtF (PLA: −2.60 (−6.8, 1.6); RTD: 4.00 (−0.2, 8.2) repetitions, p = 0.031); increased BP lifting volume (PLA: 0.001 (−0.13, 0.16); RTD: 0.03 (0.02, 0.04) kg/kgFFM, p = 0.007); and, increased total lifting volume (PLA: −13.12 (−36.9, 10.5); RTD: 21.06 (−2.7, 44.8) kg/kgFFM, p = 0.046). Short-term RTD ingestion maintained baseline LP 1-RM (PLA: −0.412 (−0.08, −0.07); RTD: 0.16 (−0.50, 0.18) kg/kgFFM, p = 0.30); LP RtF (PLA: 0.12 (−3.0, 3.2); RTD: 3.6 (0.5, 6.7) repetitions, p = 0.116); and, LP lifting volume (PLA: 3.64 (−8.8, 16.1); RTD: 16.25 (3.8, 28.7) kg/kgFFM, p = 0.157) to a greater degree than PLA. No significant differences were observed between treatments in cycling TT performance, hemodynamic assessment, fasting blood panels, or self-reported side effects.

Creatine is one of the most popular nutritional ergogenic aids for athletes. Studies have consistently shown that creatine supplementation increases intramuscular creatine concentrations which may help explain the observed improvements in high intensity exercise performance leading to greater training adaptations. In addition to athletic and exercise improvement, research has shown that creatine supplementation may enhance post-exercise recovery, injury prevention, thermoregulation, rehabilitation, and concussion and/or spinal cord neuroprotection. Additionally, a number of clinical applications of creatine supplementation have been studied involving neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., muscular dystrophy, Parkinson’s, Huntington’s disease), diabetes, osteoarthritis, fibromyalgia, aging, brain and heart ischemia, adolescent depression, and pregnancy. These studies provide a large body of evidence that creatine can not only improve exercise performance, but can play a role in preventing and/or reducing the severity of injury, enhancing rehabilitation from injuries, and helping athletes tolerate heavy training loads. Additionally, researchers have identified a number of potentially beneficial clinical uses of creatine supplementation. These studies show that short and long-term supplementation (up to 30 g/day for 5 years) is safe and well-tolerated in healthy individuals and in a number of patient populations ranging from infants to the elderly. Moreover, significant health benefits may be provided by ensuring habitual low dietary creatine ingestion (e.g., 3 g/day) throughout the lifespan. The purpose of this review is to provide an update to the current literature regarding the role and safety of creatine supplementation in exercise, sport, and medicine and to update the position stand of International Society of Sports Nutrition (ISSN).