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OBJECTIVEAlthough many patients recover to a good functional outcome after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH), residual symptoms are very common and may have a large impact on the patient’s daily life. The particular cluster of residual symptoms after aSAH has not previously been described in detail and there is no validated questionnaire that covers the typical problems reported after aSAH. Many of the symptoms are similar to post-concussion syndrome, which often is evaluated with the Rivermead Post-Concussion Symptoms Questionnaire (RPQ). In the present study, the authors therefore performed an exploratory use of the RPQ as a template to describe post-aSAH syndrome.METHODSThe RPQ was administered to 128 patients in the chronic phase after aSAH along with a battery of quality-of-life questionnaires. The patients also underwent a medical examination besides cognitive and physical testing. Based on their RPQ scores, patients were dichotomized into a “syndrome” group or “recovery” group.RESULTSA post-aSAH syndrome was seen in 33% of the patients and their symptom burden on all RPQ subscales was significantly higher than that of patients who had recovered on all RPQ subscales. The symptom cluster consisted mainly of fatigue, cognitive problems, and emotional problems. Physical problems were less frequently reported. Patients with post-aSAH syndrome scored significantly worse on mobility and pain scores, as well as on quality-of-life questionnaires. They also had significantly poorer scores on neuropsychological tests of verbal learning, verbal short- and long-term memory, psychomotor speed, and executive functions. Whereas 36% of the patients in the recovery group were able to return to their premorbid occupational status, this was true for only 1 patient in the syndrome group.CONCLUSIONSApproximately one-third of aSAH patients develop a post-aSAH syndrome. These patients struggle with fatigue and cognitive and emotional problems. Patients with post-aSAH syndrome report more pain and reduced quality of life compared to patients without this cluster of residual symptoms and have larger cognitive deficits. In this sample, patients with post-aSAH syndrome were almost invariably excluded from return to work. The RPQ is a simple questionnaire covering the specter of residual symptoms after aSAH. Being able to acknowledge these patients’ complaints as a defined syndrome using the RPQ should help patients to accept and cope, thereby alleviating possible secondary distress produced.

Using high resolution convective permitting simulations, we have investigated the sensitivity of historical orographically enhanced extreme precipitation events to idealized temperature perturbations. Our simulations were typical autumn and winter synoptic scale extreme precipitation events on the west coast of Norway. The response in daily mean precipitation was around 5%/K for a 2 °C temperature perturbation with a clear topographical pattern. Low lying coastal regions experienced relative changes that were only about 1/3 of the changes at higher elevations. The largest changes were seen in the highest elevations of the near coastal mountain regions where the change was in order of +7.5%/K. With a response around 5%/K, our simulations had a precipitation response that was around 2%/K lower than Clausius-Clapeyron scaling and 3%/K lower than the water vapor change. The below Clausius-Clapeyron scaling in precipitation could not be explained by changes in vertical velocities, stability or relative humidity. We suggest that the lower response in precipitation is a result of a shift from the more efficient ice-phase precipitation growth to less effective rain production in a warmer atmosphere. A considerable change in precipitation phase was seen with a mean increase in rainfall of 16%/K which was partly compensated by a reduction in snowfall of around 23%/K. This change may have serious implications for flooding and geohazards.

This work investigates the link between the most extreme daily precipitation events (EDP) observed since 1900 on the west coast of Norway and the large-scale moisture fluxes over the North Atlantic Ocean. Using station precipitation data, vertically integrated water vapour (IWV) from Special Sensors Microwave Imager/Sounder (SSMIS) satellite observations and the state of the art NOAA-20th Century (NOAA-20C) reanalysis, it is shown that 55 out of 58 EDPs are associated with narrow plumes of intense low level moisture defined as atmospheric rivers. Despite the high spatial correlation between IWV fields in the SSMIS and NOAA-20C datasets, the significant positive relationship between the maximum amount of observed precipitation at all stations and the IWV content hitting the coastal terrain is only observed in the SSMIS dataset. Further, the composite analyses of synoptic conditions show that the preferred circulation type consists of a mean sea level pressure (MSLP) dipole-pattern where a high pressure system over central Europe and a series of low pressure systems to the east of Iceland and over the Norwegian Sea are present. The west coast of Norway is located in the exit region of the anticyclonically curved upper tropospheric polar jet stream implying that the coupling of upper-troposphere and surface dynamics begins to weaken at the time of EDPs. It is also found that the primary synoptic-scale precursors are persistent positive 500-hPa height geopotential and MSLP anomalies over central Europe up to 10 days before the occurrence of EDP events.

The DEFECTIVE KERNEL1 (DEK1) gene encodes the unique plant calpain protein, which is fundamental for cell specification, development, and growth of land plants. The β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene system has been used to characterize and localize gene expression over several decades. When cloning a promoter upstream of the uidA/GUS reporter gene, you visualize when the promoter is activating expression by monitoring enzymatic activity of GUS, by detecting β-glucuronidase cleavage products. Here we describe a protocol for monitoring the DEK1 promoter activity in different tissues in Arabidopsis by GUS staining.

The DEFECTIVE KERNEL1 (DEK1) gene encodes the unique plant calpain protein, which is fundamental for cell specification, development, and growth of land plants. The β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene system has been used to characterize and localize gene expression over several decades. When cloning a promoter upstream of the uidA/GUS reporter gene, you visualize when the promoter is activating expression by monitoring enzymatic activity of GUS, by detecting β-glucuronidase cleavage products. Here we describe a protocol for monitoring the DEK1 promoter activity in different tissues in Arabidopsis by GUS staining.

International audience; Previous studies linking large-scale atmospheric circulation and river flow with traditional machine learning techniques have predominantly explored monthly, seasonal or annual streamflow modelling for applications in direct downscaling or hydrological climate-impact studies. This paper identifies major drivers of daily streamflow from large-scale atmospheric circulation using two reanalysis datasets for six catchments in Norway representing various Koppen-Geiger climate types and flood-generating processes. A nested loop of roughly pruned random forests is used for feature extraction, demonstrating the potential for automated retrieval of physically consistent and interpretable input variables. Random forest (RF), support vector machine (SVM) for regression and multilayer perceptron (MLP) neural networks are compared to multiple-linear regression to assess the role of model complexity in utilizing the identified major drivers to reconstruct streamflow. The machine learning models were trained on 31 years of aggregated atmospheric data with distinct moving windows for each catchment, reflecting catchment-specific forcing-response relationships between the atmosphere and the rivers. The results show that accuracy improves to some extent with model complexity. In all but the smallest, rainfall-driven catchment, the most complex model, MLP, gives a Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) ranging from 0.71 to 0.81 on testing data spanning five years. The poorer performance by all models in the smallest catchment is discussed in relation to catchment characteristics, sub-grid topography and local variability. The intra-model differences are also viewed in relation to the consistency between the automatically retrieved feature selections from the two reanalysis datasets. This study provides a benchmark for future development of deep learning models for direct downscaling from large-scale atmospheric variables to daily streamflow in Norway.

Temporary parent vessel clip occlusion in aneurysm surgery is not always practical or feasible. Adenosine-induced transient cardiac arrest may serve as an alternative. We retrospectively reviewed our clinical database between September 2011 and July 2014. All patients who underwent microsurgical clipping of intracranial aneurysms under adenosine-induced asystole were included. A total of 18 craniotomies were performed, and 18 aneurysms were clipped under adenosine-induced asystole (7 basilar arteries, 8 internal carotid arteries, 1 middle cerebral artery, and 1 anterior communicating artery) in 16 patients (10 females, 6 males). Nine cases were elective and seven after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Mean age was 54 years (range 39-70). The indications for adenosine use were proximal control in narrow surgical corridors in 13 cases and "aneurysm softening" in 4 cases. A single dose was used in 14 patients; 3 patients had multiple boluses. The median (range) total dose was 30 (18-135) mg. Adenosine induced a bradycardia with concomitant arterial hypotension in all patients, and the majority also had asystole for 5-15 sec. Transient cardiac arrhythmias were noted in one patient (AFib in need of electroconversion after two boluses). Nine clinical scenarios where adenosine-induced temporary cardiac arrest and deep hypotension was an effective adjunct to temporary clipping during microsurgical clipping of intracranial aneurysms were identified.

Short Retraction Notice This article has been retracted according to COPE's Retraction Guidelines. Since authors have their personal reasons, they have to withdraw this paper from Journal of Water Resource and Protection. The full retraction notice in PDF is preceding the original paper which is marked "RETRACTED".

Various types of slope processes, mainly landslides and avalanches (snow, rock, clay and debris) pose together with floods the main geohazards in Norway. Landslides and avalanches have caused more than 2000 casualties and considerable damage to infrastructure over the last 150 years. The interdisciplinary research project "GeoExtreme" focuses on investigating the coupling between meteorological factors and landslides and avalanches, extrapolating this into the near future with a changing climate and estimating the socioeconomic implications. The main objective of the project is to predict future geohazard changes in a changing climate. A database consisting of more than 20 000 recorded historical events have been coupled with a meteorological database to assess the predictability of landslides and avalanches caused by meteorological conditions. Present day climate and near future climate scenarios are modelled with a global climate model on a stretched grid, focusing on extreme weather events in Norway. The effects of climate change on landslides and avalanche activity are studied in four selected areas covering the most important climatic regions in Norway. The statistical analysis of historical landslide and avalanche events versus weather observations shows strong regional differences in the country. Avalanches show the best correlation with weather events while landslides and rockfalls are less correlated. The new climate modelling approach applying spectral nudging to achieve a regional downscaling for Norway proves to reproduce extreme events of precipitation much better than conventional modelling approaches. Detailed studies of slope stabilities in one of the selected study area show a high sensitivity of slope stability in a changed precipitation regime. The value of elements at risk was estimated in one study area using a GIS based approach that includes an estimation of the values within given present state hazard zones. The ongoing project will apply the future climate scenarios to predict the changes in geohazard levels, as well as an evaluation of the resulting socioeconomic effects on the Norwegian society in the coming 50 years.

Source at https://vkm.no/download/18.2251cf2016368db15f982b15/1527073920923/Oppsummering%20fra%20VKMs%20vitenskapelige%20uttalelser%202016-2017%20Kunnskapsbehov%20av%20betydning%20for%20mattrygghet%20og%20besky. Målet med denne rapporten er å synliggjøre kunnskapsbehov som er viktige for å sikre trygg mat og beskyttelse av miljøet i årene som kommer, og forbedre den nasjonale kunnskapsbasen. Rapporten er den siste i en serie av rapporter om kunnskapsbehov publisert av Vitenskapskomiteen for mat og miljø (VKM, tidligere Vitenskapskomiteen for mattrygghet). Den løfter frem kunnskapsbehov som er identifisert i VKMs vitenskapelige uttalelser i perioden 2016 til 2017

Source at https://vkm.no/ The goal of this report is to highlight research needs and data gaps that are of future importance for food safety and protection of the environment and thereby improve the national knowledge-base. This report is the latest in a series of reports on research needs and data gaps published periodically by the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment (VKM), former Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety (VKM), and thus seeks to highlight research needs and data gaps identified in and related to VKMs scientific opinions for 2016 and 2017 only. Målet med denne rapporten er å synliggjøre kunnskapsbehov som er viktige for å sikre trygg mat og beskyttelse av miljøet i årene som kommer, og forbedre den nasjonale kunnskapsbasen. Rapporten er den siste i en serie av rapporter om kunnskapsbehov publisert av Vitenskapskomiteen for mat og miljø (VKM, tidligere Vitenskapskomiteen for mattrygghet). Den løfter frem kunnskapsbehov som er identifisert i VKMs vitenskapelige uttalelser i perioden 2016 til 2017.

Source at https://vkm.no/ Summary report from VKM’s scientific opinions for 2016 - 2017The goal of this report is to highlight research needs and data gaps that are of future importance for food safety and protection of the environment and thereby improve the national knowledge base. This report is the latest in a series of reports on research needs and data gaps published periodically by the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment (VKM), former Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety (VKM), and thus seeks to highlight research needs and data gaps identified in and related to VKMs scientific opinions for 2016 and 2017 only.

Despite the vast literature on heavy‐precipitation events in South Asia, synoptic conditions and moisture sources related to extreme precipitation in Nepal have not been addressed systematically. We investigate two types of synoptic conditions—low‐pressure systems and midlevel troughs—and moisture sources related to extreme precipitation events. To account for the high spatial variability in rainfall, we cluster station‐based daily precipitation measurements resulting in three well‐separated geographic regions: west, central, and east Nepal. For each region, composite analysis of extreme events shows that atmospheric circulation is directed against the Himalayas during an extreme event. The direction of the flow is regulated by midtropospheric troughs and low‐pressure systems traveling toward the respective region. Extreme precipitation events feature anomalous high abundance of total column moisture. Quantitative Lagrangian moisture source diagnostic reveals that the largest direct contribution stems from land (approximately 75%), where, in particular, over the Indo‐Gangetic Plain moisture uptake was increased. Precipitation events occurring in this region before the extreme event likely provided additional moisture. publishedVersion