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Although Mexican-origin youth with first-generation immigrant parents are relatively good at retaining their heritage language of Spanish, limited research has been conducted on their Spanish language development during adolescence. From three-wave longitudinal data across six years (N(wave1) = 604, M(age.wave1) = 12.91, 54% female), distinct groups of adolescents with consistently high, improved, declined, and consistently low Spanish proficiencies were identified. Family relationship quality was more predictive of adolescents’ Spanish proficiency than family language environment. The benefits of Spanish proficiency were consistent across adolescents’ ethnic identity, resilience, and life meaning. More research and practical attention to parent-adolescent relationships is needed to capitalize on the continued plasticity of adolescents’ Spanish language development and to promote consequent positive outcomes.

Language brokering is a shared parent-child experience with implications for parent-child relationships and, in turn, individuals’ psychological well-being; however, few studies recognize the role of parents. This study took a dyadic approach to investigate the association between brokering experiences and internalizing symptoms, and the mediating role of parent-child alienation. Participants were 604 Mexican-origin adolescents (54% female, M(age) = 12.41) and their mothers (N = 595). Both adolescents’ and their mothers’ brokering experiences were related to their own internalizing symptoms via their self-reported parent-child alienation. Mothers’ brokering experiences also affected adolescents so that when mothers experienced more negative brokering experiences, adolescents perceived greater parent-child alienation, and in turn more internalizing symptoms, suggesting the necessity of considering language brokering’s influence on members involved as a dyadic process.

The paper describes an approach to developing a data-driven development of a feedback theory of cognitive vulnerabilities and family support focused on understanding the dynamics experienced among Latina children, adolescents, and families. Family support is understood to be a response to avoidant and maladaptive behaviors that may be characteristic of cognitive vulnerabilities commonly associated depression and suicidal ideation. A formal feedback theory is developed, appraised, and analyzed using a combination of secondary analysis of qualitative interviews (N = 30) and quantitative analysis using system dynamics modeling and simulation. Implications for prevention practice, treatment, and future research are discussed.

Background Identifying the causal pathogen of encephalitis remains a clinical challenge. A 50-year-old man without a history of neurological disease was referred to our department for the evaluation of an intracranial lesion observed on brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans, and the pathology results suggested protozoal infection. We identified the species responsible for encephalitis using thymine-adenine (TA) cloning, suitable for routine clinical practice. Methods We extracted DNA from a paraffin-embedded brain biopsy sample and performed TA cloning using two universal eukaryotic primers targeting the V4-5 and V9 regions of the 18S rRNA gene. The recombinant plasmids were extracted, and the inserted amplicons were identified by Sanger sequencing and a homology search of sequences in the National Center for Biotechnology Information Basic Local Alignment Search Tool. Results The infection was confirmed to be caused by the free-living amoeba Balamuthia mandrillaris. Two of 41 colonies recombinant with 18S V4-5 primers and 35 of 63 colonies recombinant with the 18S V9 primer contained B. mandrillaris genes; all other colonies contained human genes. Pathogen-specific PCR ruled out Entamoeba histolytica, Naegleria fowleri, Acanthamoeba spp., and Toxoplasma gondii infections. Conclusions This is the first report of B. mandrillaris-induced encephalitis in Korea based on molecular identification. TA cloning with the 18S rRNA gene is a feasible and affordable diagnostic tool for the detection of infectious agents of unknown etiology.

OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to investigate the difference in oxygen uptake, fat oxidation rate, and fat oxidation during treadmill walking, depending on the type and speed of walking.METHODS Ten male college students randomly participated in the experiment under two conditions. Four types of exercise: normal walking, power walking, dumbbell walking, and sand walking, and three exercise intensity conditions: low-speed walking (40% VT), medium-speed walking (50% VT), and high-speed walking (60% VT).RESULTS Oxygen uptake was statistically significantly higher as walking speed increased (p

1D van der Waals Nb2Se9 synthesized according to a co-solvent system presented an onset potential of 0.84 V and Tafel slope of 69.4 mV s−1 as an ORR electrocatalyst.

As the degradation of polymer electrolyte membranes (PEMs) shows catastrophic failures with pinholes and cracks, studies on PEM degradation are essential to improve the reliability and lifetime of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs). However, the investigation of the degradation patterns and understanding of the degradation mechanisms of PEMs are still very limited at the PEMFC MEA level. Herein, open-circuit voltage (OCV) hold (chemical degradation) and humidity cycle test (mechanical degradation) protocols are applied to assess the durability of membrane components of PEMFC MEAs. OCV hold test is conducted at low relative humidity (30%) and OCV condition for 540 h. Humidity cycle test (5000 cycles) is carried out under repeating low (0%) and high (150%) relative humidities. We investigate degradation patterns and mechanisms of PEMs for MEAs after OCV hold and humidity cycle tests using various electrochemical and physicochemical analyses tools. The present study, by providing fundamental understanding of major degradation mechanisms, generates scientific information regarding design tools for the fabrication of highly durable PEMs. Additionally, this study, through accelerated degradation tests, can provide baseline information regarding the durability and lifetime of PEMs by statistically analyzing the deterioration pattern of MEAs.

To investigate structural and anionic effects of coordination polymers (CPs) on electrochemical sensors, Zn-CPs were synthesized and used for 4-nitrophenol oxidation sensors.

2D NPs could play a role as a nano-shuttle to deliver an AS− drug to the red blood cells (RBCs) infected with malaria parasites.

We report on a method of enhanced elastic and coherent reflection of 4He2 and 4He3 from a micro- structured solid surface under grazing incidence conditions. The van der Waals bound ground-state helium clusters exhibit fundamental quantum effects: 4He2, characterized by a single ro-vibrational bound state of 10-7 eV dissociation energy, is known to be a quantum halo state; and 4He3 is the only electronic ground-state triatomic system possessing an Efimov state in addition to the ro-vibrational ground state. Classical methods to select and manipulate these clusters by interaction with a solid surface fail due to their exceedingly fragile bonds. Quantum reflection under grazing incidence conditions was demonstrated as a viable tool for elastic scattering from a solid surface but suffers from small reflection probabilities for typical conditions. Here we demonstrate that multiple-edge diffraction enables enhanced elastic scattering of the clusters from a solid. A dual-period reflection grating, where the strips consist of micro-structured edge arrays, shows an up to ten fold increased reflection probability as compared to its conventional counterpart where the strips are plane patches enabling quantum reflection of the clusters. The observed diffraction patterns of the clusters provide evidence of the coherent and elastic nature of scattering by multiple-edge diffraction.

A biphasic liquid electrolyte based on the kosmotropic effect is presented to fulfill the requirements of anodes and cathodes. Kosmotropic anions enable demixing of aqueous and nonaqueous electrolytes, improving redox kinetics at cathodes and Zn2+ cyclability at anodes.

In Korea, feral pigeons pose significant public health risks because they carry various zoonotic pathogens. Human population density is a significant factor in zoonotic disease events. Seoul is one of the largest cities by population density among developed countries and where most of the homeless population in Korea exists. We designed this study to compare the microbiota of pigeon feces by regional characteristics and the presence of homeless individuals. Therefore, this study used 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing to detect possible pathogenic microbes and assess the current risk of zoonosis in Seoul, South Korea. Pigeon fecal samples (n = 144) obtained from 19 public sites (86 and 58 fecal samples from regions in and outside Seoul, respectively) were examined. Potentially pathogenic bacteria were also detected in the fecal samples; Campylobacter spp. was found in 19 samples from 13 regions, Listeriaceae was found in seven samples, and Chlamydia spp. was found in three samples from two regions. Principal coordinates analysis and permutational multivariate analysis of variance revealed a significant difference in bacterial composition between the regions in Seoul (n = 86) and outside Seoul (n = 58) and between the regions with (n = 81) and without (n = 63) homeless individuals. Overall, this study identified various potentially pathogenic microorganisms in pigeon feces at public sites in South Korea. Moreover, this study demonstrates that the microbial composition was influenced by regional characteristics and homelessness. Taken together, this study provides important information for public health strategic planning and disease control.

For the early detection of avian influenza virus (AIV), molecular diagnostic methods such as real-time RT-PCR (rRT-PCR) are the first choice in terms of accuracy and speed in many countries. A laboratory’s capability to perform this diagnostic method needs to be measured through external and independent assessment to ensure that the method is validated within the laboratory and in interlaboratory comparison. The Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency of Korea has implemented five rounds of proficiency testing (PT) for rRT-PCR targeting local veterinary service laboratories involved in the AIV national surveillance program from 2020 to 2022. In each round, a portion composed of six or more samples was selected from the entire PT panel consisting of H5, H7, and H9 viruses isolated in Korea and distributed to each participant, and at least one pair of samples was commonly included in each panel for interlaboratory comparison. During the five rounds of PT, a few incorrect and outlying results were detected that required immediate inspection or corrective actions. However, in the quantitative measurement of Ct values, the average standard deviation or coefficient of variation decreased as multiple PT rounds progressed, and a positive correlation between consecutive rounds of PT was observed since 2021. The better consistency or stability in the experimental performance appeared to contribute to the more harmonized results in the latest PTs, and it is assumed that the positive reaction of participants to the challenges of quantitative assessment reports showing their status intuitively might work. We need to continue operating the PT program for local laboratories because they play crucial roles at the front line of the national avian influenza surveillance program, and frequent changes in the human resources or environment for diagnosis in those laboratories are inevitable.

Biofilms induce microbial-mediated surface roughening and deterioration of cement. In this study, zwitterionic derivatives (ZD) of sulfobetaine methacrylate (SBMA) and 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine, were added in concentrations of 0, 1, and 3% to three different types of commercially available resin-modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC) (RMC-I: RelyX Luting 2, RMC-II: Nexus RMGI, and RMC-III: GC FujiCEM 2). The unmodified RMGICs served as the control group for comparison. The resistance of Streptococcus mutans to ZD-modified RMGIC was evaluated with a monoculture biofilm assay. The following physical properties of the ZD-modified RMGIC were assessed: wettability, film thickness, flexural strength, elastic modulus, shear bond strength, and failure mode. The ZD-modified RMGIC significantly inhibited biofilm formation, with at least a 30% reduction compared to the control group. The addition of ZD improved the wettability of RMGIC; however, only 3% of the SBMA group was statistically different (P P > 0.05). The experimental groups' flexural strength, elastic modulus, and shear bond strength showed an insignificant decrease from the control group; there was no statistical difference within the RMC-I (P > 0.05). The mode of failure differed slightly in each group, but all groups showed dominance in the adhesive and mixed failure. Thus, the addition of 1 wt.% ZD in RMGIC favorably enhanced the resistance to Streptococcus mutans without any tangible loss in flexural and shear bond strength.

Phloroglucinol is a class of polyphenolic compounds containing aromatic phenyl rings and is known to have various pharmacological activities. Recently, we reported that this compound isolated from Ecklonia cava, a brown alga belonging to the family Laminariaceae, has potent antioxidant activity in human dermal keratinocytes. In this study, we evaluated whether phloroglucinol could protect against hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced oxidative damage in murine-derived C2C12 myoblasts. Our results revealed that phloroglucinol suppressed H2O2-induced cytotoxicity and DNA damage while blocking the production of reactive oxygen species. We also found that phloroglucinol protected cells from the induction of apoptosis associated with mitochondrial impairment caused by H2O2 treatment. Furthermore, phloroglucinol enhanced the phosphorylation of nuclear factor-erythroid-2 related factor 2 (Nrf2) as well as the expression and activity of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). However, such anti-apoptotic and cytoprotective effects of phloroglucinol were greatly abolished by the HO-1 inhibitor, suggesting that phloroglucinol could increase the Nrf2-mediated activity of HO-1 to protect C2C12 myoblasts from oxidative stress. Taken together, our results indicate that phloroglucinol has a strong antioxidant activity as an Nrf2 activator and may have therapeutic benefits for oxidative-stress-mediated muscle disease.

A suitable interface between the electrode and electrolyte is crucial in achieving highly stable electrochemical performance for Li-ion batteries, as facile ionic transport is required. Recently, intriguing research and development have been carried out to form a stable interface between the electrode and electrolyte. Therefore, it is essential to investigate emerging knowledge and contextualize it. The nanoengineering of the electrode-electrolyte interface has been actively researched both at the electrode/electrolyte and interphase levels, which calls for significant attention. This review presents and summarizes some recent advances aimed at nanoengineering approaches to build a more stable electrode-electrolyte interface and assess the impact of each approach adopted. Furthermore, future perspectives on the feasibility and practicality of each approach will also be reviewed in detail. Finally, this review aids in projecting a more sustainable research pathway for a nanoengineered interphase design between electrode and electrolyte, which is pivotal for high-performance, thermally stable Li-ion batteries.

In this study, a flexible all-solid-state asymmetric supercapacitor (FASC) device has been successfully fabricated via full recycling of heated tobacco waste (HTW). Tobacco leaves and cellulose acetate tubes have been successfully carbonized (HTW-C) and mixed with metal oxides (MnO2 and Fe3O4) to obtain highly active materials for supercapacitors. Moreover, poly(lactic acid) (PLA) filters have been successfully dissolved in an organic solvent and mixed with the as-prepared active materials using a simple paste mixing method. In addition, flexible MnO2- and Fe3O4-mixed HTW-C/PLA electrodes (C-MnO2/PLA and C-Fe3O4/PLA) have been successfully fabricated using the drop-casting method. The as-synthesized flexible C-MnO2/PLA and C-Fe3O4/PLA electrodes have exhibited excellent electrical conductivity of 378 and 660 μS cm−1, and high specific capacitance of 34.8 and 47.9 mF cm−2 at 1 mA cm−2, respectively. A practical FASC device (C-MnO2/PLA//C-Fe3O4/PLA) has been assembled by employing the C-MnO2/PLA as the positive electrode and C-Fe3O4/PLA as the negative electrode. The as-prepared FASC device showed a remarkable capacitance of 5.80 mF cm−2 at 1 mA cm−2. Additionally, the FASC device manifests stable electrochemical performance under harsh bending conditions, verifying the superb flexibility and sustainability of the device. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to report complete recycling of heated tobacco waste to prepare the practical FASC devices. With excellent electrochemical performance, the experiments described in this study successfully demonstrate the possibility of recycling new types of biomass in the future.

Background Cyclin-dependent kinase 4 and 6 (CDK4/6) inhibitors have been established as a standard treatment for hormone receptor (HR)-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-negative advanced breast cancer (ABC); however, predictive biomarkers with translational relevance have not yet been elucidated. Methods Data from postmenopausal women who received the CDK4/6 inhibitor palbociclib and letrozole for HR-positive, HER2-negative ABC from tertiary referral centers were analyzed (N = 221; exploratory cohort). Pre- and on-treatment neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and derived NLR (dNLR; neutrophil/[leukocyte-neutrophil]) were correlated with survival outcomes. Data from the PALOMA-2 (NCT01740427) and PALOMA-3 studies (NCT01942135) involving patients treated with endocrine treatment with or without palbociclib were also analyzed (validation cohort). Prospectively enrolled patients (N = 20) were subjected to immunophenotyping with circulating immune cells to explore the biological implications of immune cell dynamics. Results In the exploratory cohort, palbociclib administration significantly reduced leukocyte, neutrophil, and lymphocyte counts on day 1 of cycle 2. Although the baseline dNLR was not significantly associated with progression-free survival (PFS), higher on-treatment dNLRs were associated with worse PFS (hazard ratio = 3.337, P P = 0.009), and reduction in the dNLR after treatment was predictive of a survival benefit (hazard ratio = 1.555, P = 0.026). On-treatment dNLRs were also predictive of PFS following palbociclib and fulvestrant treatment in the PALOMA-3 validation cohort. Using flow cytometry analysis, we found that the CDK4/6 inhibitor prevented T cell exhaustion and diminished myeloid-derived suppressor cell frequency. Conclusions On-treatment dNLR significantly predicted PFS in patients with HR-positive, HER2-negative ABC receiving palbociclib and endocrine treatment. Additionally, we observed putative systemic immune responses elicited by palbociclib, suggesting immunologic changes upon CDK4/6 inhibitor treatment.

Silicon monoxide (SiO), which exhibits better cyclability compared to silicon while delivering higher capacity than that of graphite, is an adequate material for the development of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) having higher energy densities. However, incorporating silicon-based materials including SiO into stable graphite anode inevitably degrades not only cycle life but also calendar life of LIBs, while little is known about their aging mechanisms. Here, SiO-induced thermal instability of the graphite/SiO composite anode is investigated. We reveal that under thermal exposure, SiO accelerates the loss of lithium inventory and concomitantly facilitates the lithium de-intercalation from graphite. This self-discharge phenomenon, which is weakly observed in the graphite anode without SiO, is the result of preferential parasitic reaction on the SiO interface and spontaneous electron and lithium-ion migration to equilibrate the electron energy imbalance between graphite and SiO. Understanding this underlying electron-level interplay between graphite and SiO in the composite anode will contribute toward improving shelf life of SiO-containing LIBs in actual operating conditions.

Diversity, equity, and inclusion sciences were invigorated by Plaut's (2010) landmark publication "Diversity science: Why and how difference makes a difference." As this field has expanded over the last decade, it is timely to reflect on its current state and future directions. The goal of this special issue is to bring together a collection of articles that advance innovative theory and methods for the next generation of diversity, equity, and inclusion sciences. The articles in this special issue cover cutting-edge themes, such as critical research methods for liberation, healing, and reconciliation; advancing intersectional theory and methods; innovative theory and methods on individual-social dynamics; promoting equity and advancing research on culture, ethnicity, and race; and new approaches to measuring and overcoming racism. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Aim: Analysis of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is essential for diagnostic workup of patients with neurological diseases and includes differential cell typing. The current gold standard is based on microscopic examination by specialised technicians and neuropathologists, which is time‐consuming, labour‐intensive and subjective. Methods: We, therefore, developed an image analysis approach based on expert annotations of 123,181 digitised CSF objects from 78 patients corresponding to 15 clinically relevant categories and trained a multiclass convolutional neural network (CNN). Results: The CNN classified the 15 categories with high accuracy (mean AUC 97.3%). By using explainable artificial intelligence (XAI), we demonstrate that the CNN identified meaningful cellular substructures in CSF cells recapitulating human pattern recognition. Based on the evaluation of 511 cells selected from 12 different CSF samples, we validated the CNN by comparing it with seven board‐certified neuropathologists blinded for clinical information. Inter‐rater agreement between the CNN and the ground truth was non‐inferior (Krippendorff's alpha 0.79) compared with the agreement of seven human raters and the ground truth (mean Krippendorff's alpha 0.72, range 0.56–0.81). The CNN assigned the correct diagnostic label (inflammatory, haemorrhagic or neoplastic) in 10 out of 11 clinical samples, compared with 7–11 out of 11 by human raters. Conclusions: Our approach provides the basis to overcome current limitations in automated cell classification for routine diagnostics and demonstrates how a visual explanation framework can connect machine decision‐making with cell properties and thus provide a novel versatile and quantitative method for investigating CSF manifestations of various neurological diseases.

Background. Symbiotic bacteria in house dust mites pose a risk of immunological side effects in the clinical use of immunotherapeutic agents. In this study, we investigated the duration for which the bacterial concentration in Dermatophagoides farinae could be kept low with antibiotic treatment, and whether the allergenic properties of the mite changed under ampicillin treatment. Methods. D. farinae was cultivated in the presence of ampicillin powder in an autoclaved medium for 6 weeks. After subsequent subcultures without ampicillin, the mites were harvested, and the extract was prepared. The amounts of bacteria, lipopolysaccharides (LPS), and two major allergens (Der f 1 and Der f 2) were measured. Human bronchial epithelial cells and mice were treated with the D. farinae extract to assess the allergic airway inflammation. Results. The number of bacteria and level of LPS were reduced by 150-fold and 33-fold, respectively, at least 18 weeks after ampicillin treatment. The concentration of Der f 1 and Der f 2 remained unchanged by ampicillin treatment. The secretion of interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 from the human airway epithelial cells decreased when treated with the extract of ampicillin-treated D. farinae compared with that of ampicillin-untreated D. farinae. A mouse asthma model was developed using ampicillin-treated D. farinae. We observed that the level of lung function, airway inflammation, and serum-specific immunoglobulin were not different for the mouse asthma model developed using ampicillin-treated D. farinae than the model developed using ampicillin-untreated D. farinae. Conclusions. We showed that bacterial content in D. farinae was reduced by ampicillin treatment, which was sufficient to induce allergic sensitization and an immune response. This method will be used to develop more controlled allergy immunotherapeutic agents.