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The cytotoxic T-cell (Tc) response to varicella-zoster virus (VZV) is incompletely characterized. We investigated whether VZV-specific Tc restricted by class I products of the major histocompatibility complex can be generated from the peripheral blood of VZV-immune donors. Cell lines were established from peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) of seropositive donors by secondary in vitro restimulation. If cell-free VZV was used as the stimulating antigen, the resulting lines were predominantly CD4+ and did not show class I-restricted cytotoxicity; when autologous infected fibroblasts were used for in vitro stimulation, the resultant lines were usually cytotoxic, although in only 4 of 11 subjects tested was this cytotoxicity HLA restricted and virus specific. PBL were also tested for Tc activity without prior restimulation; VZV-specific Tc activity was only demonstrable in the PBL of a subject convalescent following zoster but not from subjects with recent varicella infection or from normal subjects. VZV-specific Tc precursor frequencies were then determined in six selected subjects by limiting-dilution analysis. A measurable frequency was detectable in four of the six seropositive subjects, ranging from 11/10(6) T cells in an asymptomatic carrier, to 63/10(6) T cells in a subject with recent zoster. We conclude that virus-specific major histocompatibility complex class I-restricted Tc precursors may be present in the peripheral blood of normal individuals seropositive for VZV but at a frequency lower than that for other herpesviruses with nonneuronal sites of latency.

Transient gene expression studies have indicated that human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) specifically transactivates the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) long terminal repeat (LTR). We show here, by a specific mutational analysis, that only the TATA box region is obligatory for transactivation of the HIV-1 LTR by HCMV. Similarly, this element is also sufficient for transactivation by either the HCMV 72-kDa major immediate-early 1 (IE1) or 80-kDa IE2 gene product independently. However, deletion of a 10-bp region from the minimal responsive element, 5' to the TATA box, dramatically reduced the level of HCMV 72-kDa IE1 or 80-kDa IE2 transactivation, indicating a crucial role for this element in transactivation. Whereas inclusion of the TAR element or Sp1 sites on this 10-bp-deleted minimal promoter had no effect on the removal of IE1 transactivation, TAR and Sp1 elements did compensate for the 10-bp element in transactivation by IE2 and HCMV. Consequently, the sequence requirements of the HIV-1 LTR for transactivation by HCMV can be reproduced by these IE1 and IE2 gene products of HCMV.

It has previously been shown that human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) can exert immunosuppressive effects, and it has been suggested that these may be mediated by monocytes, although the mechanism is unclear. We showed that infection of human monocytes with the AD169 strain of HCMV abrogates their production of interleukin 1 (IL-1) activity. This was associated with the release from infected monocytes of an inhibitor of IL-1 activity which was also released after HCMV infection of the U937 macrophage-like cell line. The inhibitor of IL-1 activity is a protein with an apparent molecular weight of ca. 95,000. This action of HCMV strain AD169 was virus specific and required infectious virus but occurred without virus replication or detectable expression of viral proteins. This effect may account, at least in part, for the previously observed immunosuppressive properties of HCMV.

CTL are held to be an important host defense mechanism in persistent herpes-virus infections. We have therefore studied the nature and specificity of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV)-specific CTL in normal persistently infected individuals. This was achieved by using vaccinia recombinants encoding viral genes expressed at different stages of the virus replicative cycle, a structural glycoprotein gB (vac.gB) and the major 72-kD immediate early nonstructural protein (vac.IE) of HCMV, combined with limiting dilution analysis of the CTL response. In two subjects, 43 and 58% of HCMV CTL precursors (CTLp) lysed vac.IE-infected cells, in contrast to less than 6% lysing gB-infected cells. HCMV-specific CTL could also be generated by secondary in vitro stimulation with vac.gB- but not vac.IE-infected autologous fibroblasts. The high frequency of 72-kD IE protein-specific CTL suggests that this is at least a major recognition element for the HCMV-specific CTL response in asymptomatic persistently infected individuals, and CTL with this specificity may be important in maintaining the normal virus/host equilibrium.

The dependence of antibody-and-complement-mediated lysis of virus-infected cells on the alternative pathway was examined utilizing the isolated cytolytic alternative pathway--a system consisting of the six purified proteins of the alternative pathway of activation (C3, factors B and D, beta 1H, C3b inactivator and properdin), and the five proteins of the membrane attack pathway (C5--9) of complement. HeLa cells acutely infected with measles virus were lysed by anti-viral IgG and the isolated cytolytic alternative pathway with an efficiency comparable to whole human serum. IgG and its F(ab')2 fragment were equally effective in inducing lysis by the isolated cytolytic alternative pathway, binding of approximately equal to 5 X 10(7) molecules per cell being required for 50% lysis; in contrast, no lysis occurred when equivalen or greater amounts of Fab' were bound to the virus-infected cell. Properdin was required for lysis. No lysis occurred if properdin was deleted from the isolated cytolytic alternative pathway, and lysis was diminished by 80% in properdin-depleted serum. Uptake of [125I]C3b from the isolated alternative pathway onto measles virus-infected cells occurred in the absence of properdin, but was accelerated in the presence of properdin. The 11 proteins of the isolated cytolytic alternative pathway are thus sufficient for lysis of measles virus-infected cells bearing anti-viral IgG or F(ab')2 without any other serum protein.

A study of 40 cases of malignant round-cell tumour of one was made from the files of the Cancer Research Campaign's Bone Tumour Panel. Five pathologists made a careful study of observer error, involving repeated examination of routine paraffin sections, to determine whether the cases were a homogeneous group or a collection of differing sub-groups. Cell outline, nuclear staining, nuclear pleomorphism, conspicuous nucleoli, reticulin pattern and intracellular glycogen were the histological features selected for study. For each feature, the results were analysed to assess the importance of differences between tumours, between samples of tissue from the same tumour, and between observers. It is concluded that round-cell tumours of bone are a heterogeneous group, although completely distinct sub-groups could not be identified. Certain histological features tend to be associated, and it is reasonable to distinguish on histological grounds between Ewing's sarcoma and reticulum-cell sarcoma, although some tumours are not typical of either group.

The paper presents a detailed comparison of the anatomical distribution and frequency of clinically evident metastases in 152 cases of osteosarcoma, and autopsy findings in 43 cases. The behaviour of long bone tumours is contrasted with those arising elsewhere, which tend to metastasize less widely because of early death from effects of the primary tumour. In both clinical and autopsy series long bone tumours produced lung metastases (LM) in over 90% of patients dying with metastases, but the terminal frequency of extra-pulmonary metastases (EPM) rises from a clinical level of 33% to 83% at autopsy. There was little difference between tumours of the major long bones in the frequency of either LM or EPM, but EPM from the humerus tended to be fewer and sited above the diaphragm and from the femur below it. EPM most often involved other bones, notably vertebrae and pelvis. Not more than 10% of tumours invaded regional lymph nodes but terminally a quarter of the long bone tumours had metastasized to heart and abdomen. The infrequency of metastases in muscle was confirmed. The median time for LM was 5-6 months after starting treatment, for EPM 9-10. months. First metastases after 24 months were infrequent, especially in children. With delay in the appearance of metastases, whether LM or EPM, post-metastatic survival lengthened. Neither age, sex nor mode of treatment of the primary notably affected metastatic frequency, although recurrences were much more numerous when radiotherapy, even with high dosage, was the definitive treatment. Local recurrence usually appeared within 6-8 months and was shown to lead to increased frequency of osseous metastases. It is suggested that terminal dissemination may often be tertiary but not always from a pulmonary secondary.

Milk replacers containing skim milk powder or a mixture of whey and soy protein provided by a hydrolyzed soy protein isolate or a heated soybean flour were fed to 1-mo-old calves for 101 d. The isolate and the flour provided 56 and 72% of dietary proteins, respectively. Digestibility of feed constituents was measured between 9 to 14 d and 65 to 70 d of treatment. Digestive function was evaluated by measurement of ruminal pH, plasma kinetics of triglyceride and glucose concentrations, and xylose absorption. Antibody production was also recorded. Growth and carcass characteristics were satisfactory for the control diet and the diet based on soy isolate, partly because of high apparent digestibility of protein and lack of antibody synthesis in response to soy isolate. In contrast, protein from soybean flour was poorly digested and highly immunogenic. Ruminal pH at 2.5h after the meal was unaffected by dietary treatments. Postprandial changes in concentrations of triglycerides and glucose in plasma suggested a lack of abomasal clotting with both diets based on soy. Xylose concentration in plasma was only slightly affected by dietary treatment and calf age. Hydrolyzed soy protein is suitable for veal calves and can account for at least half of protein intake.

P.G. Edwards, Prime Ministers and Diplomats: The Making of Australian Foreign Policy 1901-1949, Oxford University Press in association with The Australian Institute of International Affairs, Melbourne, 1983, pp. vii + 230. $24.99.Ghanshyam Pardesi (ed.), Contemporary Peace Research. Harvester Press, Brighton, 1983, pp. xi + 374, £30.00Cosmas Desmond, Persecution East and West. Penguin Books, Harmondsworth, 1983, pp. 172. $5.95.B.G. Ramcharan (ed.), International Law and Fact-Finding in the Field of Human Rights. Martinus Nijhoff. The Hague, 1982, pp. x + 260. $US48.00.M. Akehurst, A Modern Introduction to International Law. Fourth edn. George Allen & Unwin, London, 1982, pp. 304. $49.50 (cloth) $17.95 (paper).T. Nardin, Law, Morality, and the Relations of States. Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1983, pp. xii + 350. $45.00 (cloth) $19.00 (paper).Allan McKnight and Keith Suter, The Forgotten Treaties. Law Council of Australia, Melbourne, 1983, pp. xi + 136. $5.95.D.E. Rosenthal and W.M. Knighton, National Laws and International Commerce. Chatlam House Papers 17. Routledge & Kegan Paul, London and Royal Institute of Internationa! Affairs, 1982, pp. xi + 96. $9.95.R. Kay (ed.), The Surrender and Occupation of Japan (Documents on New Zealand External Relations, Vol II), Department of Internal Affairs, Historical Publications Branch, Wellington, 1982, pp. 1782. $75.Mike Muller, The Health of Nations: A North-South Investigation. Faber and Faber, London, 1982, pp.255. $10.95.Phiphat Tangsubkul, ASEAN and the Law of the Sea. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore, 1982, pp. xv + 148. $S24.00.D.P. O'Connell (edited by I.A. Shearer), The International Law of the Sea, Vol. I. Oxford University Press, New York, 1982, pp. xxxiii + 634. $100.00.R.A. Herr, R. Hall, and B.W. Davis (eds.), Issues in Australia's Marine and Antarctic Policies. Public Policy Monograph, Department of Political Science, University of Tasmania, 1982, pp. xii + 201. $7.95.Jürgen Tampke. The People's Republics of Eastern Europe. Croom Helm, London and Canberra, 1983, pp. 178. $27.50.Alexandre Bennigsen and Marie Broxup, The Islamic Threat to the Soviet State. Croom Helm, London and Canberra, 1983, pp. vii + 170. $22.50.Aryeh Y. Yodfat, The Soviet Union and the Arabian Peninsula. Soviet Policy Towards the Persian Gulf and Arabia. Croom Helm, London and Canberra, 1983, pp. xiii + 191. $23.50.Saburo Okita. Japan's Challenging Years: Reflections on my Lifetime. Australia-Japan Research Centre. Australian National University, Canberra, 1983,pp.xii,+ 147.$p10.00(Australia) $12.00 (overseas).Martin Stuart-Fox (ed.), Contemporary Laos. University of Queensland Press. St. Lucia. 1982. pp. xxii + 345. $19.95.Jim Dunn, Timor: A People Betrayed, Jacaranda Press, Milton, 1983, pp. xiii + 402. $15.95.J. Southwood and P. Flanagan, Indonesia: Law, Propaganda and Terror, Zed Press, London, pp. 272. £12.95 (cloth) £5.95 (paper).Stephen Feuchtwang and Athar Hussain (eds.), The Chinese Economic Reforms. Croom Helm, London, 1983, pp. 373. £15.95.Yearbook of International Organisations 1983-84, 20th Edition, Volume 1 K.G. Saur, Munich, for the Union of International Associations, Brussels, 1983, pp. 910. DM 428.

THE ALLIED OCCUPATION OF JAPAN 1945-1952: AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF WESTERN-LANGUAGE MATERIALS. R.E. Ward and F.J. Shulman. American Library Assoc., Chicago, 1974. 876 pp. 0-8389-0127-1. $US50.AUSTRALIAN COMMENTARIES: SELECT ARTICLES FROM THE ROUND TABLE 1911-1942. L.L. Robson (ed.). Melbourne University Press, 1975. xi + 212 pp. $12.60.APPROACHES TO ASIA: Australian Postwar Policies and Attitudes. Gordon Greenwood and Pamela Bray. McGraw-Hill Book Company, Sydney, 1975. XII + 612 pp. 0-07-093308-1. $17.95.CONSERVATISM AS HERESY: An Australian Reader. John J. Ray (ed.). Australian and New Zealand Book Co., Sydney, 1974. xxix pp, 402 pp. 0 85552 029 9. paper. $6.95.PAKISTAN UNDER CHALLENGE. L.F. Rushbrook Williams. Stacey International, London, 1975. 224 pp. incl. appendices. 0 9503304-1 8. hardback $3.90. 0 9503304-2 6. paperback $2.50.LABOUR, RACE, AND COLONIAL RULE: THE COPPERBELT FROM 1924 TO INDEPENDENCE. Elena L. Berger. Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1974. 257 pp. 0-19-821690-4. $19.30.THE NATIONAL INCOME OF WESTERN SAMOA. Ian J. Fairbairn. Oxford University Press, Melbourne, 1973, 215 pp. 0-19-550389-9. $12.00.BOUGAINVILLE AN NATIONALISM: Aspects of Unity and Discord. Alexander Mamak and Richard Bedford with Leo Hannett and Moses Havini. Bourgainville Special Publication, No. 1. Christchurch, 1974. $NZ2.50. (Distributed by Bougainville Special Publications, c/- Department of Geography, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.)THE BALTIC DILEMMA: THE CASE OF THE DE JURE RECOGNITION BY AUSTRALIA OF THE INCORPORATION OF THE BALTIC STATES INTO THE SOVIET UNION. Edgars Dunsdorfs. Robert Speller and Sons, Publishers, Inc., New York, 1975. 302 pp. 0-8315-0148-0.

Over 20 gram-positive bacteria were isolated by elective culture with (+/-)-alpha-pinene as the sole carbon source. One of these strains, Nocardia sp. strain P18.3, was selected for detailed study. alpha-Pinene-grown cells oxidized, without lag, alpha-pinene, alpha-pinene oxide (epoxide), and the cis and trans isomers of 2-methyl-5-isopropylhexa-2,5-dienal. No other tested terpene was oxidized at a significant rate. alpha-Pinene was not metabolized by cell extracts in the presence or absence of NADH or NADPH. Cell extracts catalyzed a rapid decyclization of alpha-pinene oxide, in the absence of added cofactors, with the formation of cis-2-methyl-5-isopropylhexa-2,5-dienal. Further oxidation of the aldehyde to the corresponding acid occurred in the presence of NAD. Both activities were induced by growth with alpha-pinene. A rapid, nonenzymic transformation of the cis aldehyde into the trans isomer occurred in glycine buffer. The trans isomer was also a substrate for the NAD-linked aldehyde dehydrogenase. The distribution of the alpha-pinene oxide lyase in alpha-pinene-utilizing Pseudomonas spp. was also investigated and was compatible with the two alternative ring-cleavage sequences that have been proposed on the basis of accumulated metabolites.

A detailed description is given of the techniques for preparing, handling and assaying a cell-free protein-synthesizing system from yeast, analogous to crude (S-30) Escherichia coli extracts. Its basic characteristics are described. The rate of poly(U)-directed polyphenylalanine synthesis was at least fivefold higher than in previously reported yeast cell-free systems, approaching that of crude mammalian cell-free systems. Fractionation of the S-30 extracts lowered activity. Organelles and their fragments present in the S-30 extract neither contributed to nor inhibited cytoplasmic protein synthesis. There was a component localized in the high-speed supernatant that caused an inhibition of polyphenylalanine synthesis. Poly(U) programmed the synthesis of long-chain polyphenylalanine, in contrast with the only other yeast system in which this has been examined (Bretthauer & Golichowski, 1968). Preincubation techniques inactivated the system and probably a small proportion only of the ribosomes was active.

This paper describes a study in the human femur of the relationship between cell division in growth cartilage and overall bone growth. Growth rates for the distal femur from birth to eighteen years were determined from serial radiographs available from the Harpenden Growth Study; An average of 1-4 cm/year was found for the ages of five to eight years. The development of the growth plate is illustrated in a series of photomicrographs of femur sections. These sections were also used for quantitative histology; The length of the proliferation zone was estimated from cell counts to be twenty-four cells per column. On the basis of this value and the measured growth rate, an approximate mean cycle time of twenty days was found for the proliferating cells of the human growth plate. Since the corresponding cycle time is two days for rodent growth plates, which also have a different structure, it is unwise to extrapolate the findings in this tissue from mouse to man.

Preruminant calves fed heated soyabean flour produced high titres of serum antibodies with specificity mainly for soyabean glycinin and β-conglycinin. Various soyabean products that had been processed by different methods were analysed by immunological techniques to determine their content of glycinin and β-conglycinin in soluble and undenatured form. The presence of such proteins in soyabean flour fed to preruminant calves was associated with the development of digestive disturbances and the production of serum antibodies. It is suggested that the suitability of soyabean products for calf nutrition could be assessed by simple immunological methods to detect these constituents.

Preruminant calves were fed heated soyabean flour as a constituent of a milk based diet. Within two weeks IgG and IgE antibodies specific for soyabean proteins appeared in their serum. To measure the rate of flow of digesta through the small intestine, other calves were cannulated in the abomasum and distal ileum. They were given single experimental feeds containing heated soyabean flour as the sole source of protein. The production of similar antibodies in these animals coincided with an increase in the rate of flow of digesta produced from an experimental feed. These results suggest the development of a gastrointestinal allergy to soyabean proteins.

Detailed measurements of the altitudes of the shorelines of former ice-dammed lakes in Glen Roy and vicinity in the Scottish Highlands prove erroneous the conventional view that former shorelines in areas affected by glacio-isostatic uplift are uniformly tilted and/or gently warped. The measurements demonstrate differential uplift of blocks of the earth's crust. The surfaces of some blocks have no detectable tilt whereas others have gradients up to at least 4.6 m/km and are tilted in different directions. In three areas 0.7–2.0 km long, shorelines are distorted by crustal movements; all these areas have landslides attributed to earthquakes that accompanied the release of stress. In the area of greatest local distortion three shorelines rose about 3 m above their average altitudes for the immediately surrounding area, and a fault scarp was produced. Possibly these local distortions accompanied catastrophic lake drainage by jökulhlaup, analogous to crustal movements associated with man-made lakes. A relationship between crustal movement and the limit of a glacial advance is demonstrated. These findings have implications for other parts of the world affected by glacioisostatic uplift.

During the last very cold period in the British Isles, which occurred more than 10,000 radiocarbon years ago, glaciers developed in many mountain areas, permafrost was extensive, frost break-up of rocks was severe (its effects including a pronounced coastal platform and cliff), downslope movement of debris was greatly accelerated, many rivers spread coarse debris over low ground, the vegetation was transformed and the fauna was greatly affected.

The 260 m ice-dammed lake in glens Spean and Roy finally attained a volume of 5 km³. It is suggested that it was initially drained subglacially and catastrophically through the Spean gorge and Loch Ness. Maximal flow of water may have been about 22,500 m³s^-1. In Glen Spean the ice dam, 7 km long and up to 200 m high, collapsed. Near Fort Augustus a vast deposit of sand and gravel was laid down in relation to a Loch Ness suddenly raised in level. Subsequently, the level of the Spean-Roy lake varied constantly as it was intermittently emptied by other sudden floods of lesser volume, some of which followed the Lundy gorge and one of which produced a now abandoned waterfall site near Loch Lochy. Some of these events are related to the formation of end moraines and fluvial terraces in the area around Spean Bridge and Gairlochy.

The clinical and radiological findings in three cases of bronchial atresia are presented. Bronchial atresia has a characteristic plain radiographic appearance in the majority of cases. Computed tomography may be required to confirm the diagnosis. The condition often presents to the radiologist as an incidental finding on the chest radiograph in a patient undergoing investigation for an unrelated problem.

Two cases of benign osteoblastic tumours of the spine, occurring in young patients, and presenting as expanding osteolytic lesions with some central calcification and ossification, are described. It is suggested that they represent a condition allied to, but usefully separated from, osteoid osteoma of bone. The name osteogenic fibroma of bone, proposed by Lichtenstein for this type of case, is accepted.

GENERALAll Possible Worlds: A History of Geographical Ideas. By Preston E. James. 9 × 6. xiii + 622 pp. 35 maps/figures. Odyssey Press, Indianapolis, 1972. $6.lb50.The Conceptual Revolution in Geography. By W.K.D. Davies. 9 1/2 × 6 1/2. 416 pp., 35 figures. tables, references, bibliography. University of London Press, 1972. £4.lb85.PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHYThe Ice Age in Britain. By B. W. Sparks and R. G. West. 9 1/2 × 6 1/4. 302 pp. 44 plates, references, index. Methven, London, 1972. £5.lb50.MEDICAL GEOGRAPHYMan, Environment and Disease in Britain: A Medical Geography of Britain through the ages. By G. Melvyn Howe. 8 3/4 × 5 3/4. 285 pp. 16 plates, 91 figures, maps and tables. David and Charles, Newton Abbott, 1972. £4.lb75.Medical Geography: Techniques and Field Studies. Ed. N. D. McGlashan. 9 1/2 × 6 1/2, 336 pp. 86 figures. Methuen, London, 1972. £4.lb50.Sheila BainEDUCATIONALThe U.S.S.R. By G. Melvyn Howe. 6 7/8 × 8 1/4, 110 pp., 55 maps, 40 plates. Book list, tables, index. Hulton, Amersham, 1972. 80p.Topics in Geography. A series of books by various authors. 8 3/4 × 8 1/2. Paperbound. Macmillan, 1970-1971. 50p.London. By Oswald Hull. 72 pages.Transport. By Oswald Hull. 72 pages.Food, Clothing and Shelter. By Leonard W. Stevens. 79 pages.Towns. By P. M. Turner. 80 pages.Hulton's Practical Geography Series Book 4 Advanced Techniques and Statistics. By Philip A. Sauvain, 10×7 1/2, 164 pp., Plates, Maps and Diagrams. Hulton, Amersham, 1972. £1.lb20.Geographical Studies in Western Europe. By T. W. Randle. 9 3/4 × 7 1/2, 170 pp., 145 figures, 57 plates. Oliver & Boyd, Edinburgh, 1971. £1.lb25.A Notebook of Physical Geography. By K. Briggs. 9 3/4 × 7 3/8, 109 pp. Numerous illus. And diagrams, exercises. University of London Press, 1972. 60p.East Africa in Colour. By D. C. Money. 7 1/4 × 9 3/4. 60 pp. 113 figures. Evans Brothers, London, 1972. 60p.Geography from Space. By E. C. Barrett. 11 1/4 × 8 1/4. 95 pp. Numerous illus. Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1972. 95p.A Physical and Human Geography of the British Isles. By F. R. Dobson and M. E. Virgo. 6 1/4 × 9 1/4. 152 pp. Numerous illus. English Universities Press, London, 1972. 90p.

In an area of 400 sq km in the south east Grampians including Glen Esk, Glen Clova and part of Glen Muick the limits of former corrie glaciers, valley glaciers and a plateau ice-cap with associated outlet glaciers have been mapped. The limits of the former corrie and valley glaciers are often clearly defined by end moraines, boulder-strewn ground, the down-valley termination of hummocky moraines and/or the limits of meltwater channel systems, while in suitable locations outwash terraces usually occur. The glaciers are considered to have formed during the Loch Lomond (pollen zone III) Readvance, when new glaciers developed in upland sources following complete ice-sheet decay. The readvance was accompanied in granite areas by the formation of large solifluction lobes, these lobes being found only outside the mapped ice limits. The interpretations presented are not in accord with those recently given by D. E. Sugden for the western Cairngorms.

For a 2.0 by 2.8 km. area in central Edinburgh about 1400 borehole records have been collected. From these records three large-scale maps have been constructed showing respectively rockhead altitude, drift thickness and drift composition. These maps can be of assistance in planning and costing future site investigations. Along with other data the maps also provide information about the geomorphology of the city centre. Trenches cut by glacier ice where deflected by resistant rock masses are clearly revealed and it can be inferred that a thickness of at least 150 m. of rock has been removed near Salisbury Crags and over 105 m. by the Castle Rock. In addition to the well-known crag-and-tail effect some hills appear to have influenced glacial erosion for a considerable distance in the opposite direction. Erosion and deposition by glacial melt-water rivers has occurred in the area and there is evidence for several former lakes. The presence of lateglacial lake deposits beneath a solifluction layer may be inferred in the former Holyrood Loch site, while thick boulder deposits by Calton Hill probably accumulated when a periglacial climate prevailed.

EUROPEFrance; A Geographical Survey. By P. Pinchemel, translated by C. Trollope and A. J. Hunt. 454 pp. Illustrations, Tables, Bibliography. Bell, London, 1969. 100s.Italy. By George Kish. 8 × 5 1/4. 125 pp. 12 figures and index. Van Nostrand, New York, 1969. $1.lb95.AFRICAA Historical Geography of Ghana. By Kwamima B. Dickson. 15#lb5 × 23.lb5 cms. xiv + 379 pp., 58 maps and diagrams, 7 tables, appendices, bibliography, index. Cambridge U.P., London, 1969. 150s.The Soil Resources of Tropical Africa. Edited by R. P. Moss. 8 1/2 × 5 1/2. Cambridge University Press, 1968. £2.ASIAAfghanistan. By Ludolph Fischer. Geomedical Monograph Series No. 2, 12 × 8 1/2. Text (German and English), 16 plates and 10 maps. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg and New York, 1968. DM48, $12.lb00.GEOLOGY AND GEOMORPHOLOGYReadings in the Earth Sciences, Vols. 1 and 2. 11 1/4 × 8 1/2 Published W. H. Freeman, San Francisco, 1969. 94s. each.Fife and Angus Geology. By A. R. MacGregor. 266 pp. Blackwood, Edinburgh and London, 1968. 21s.METEOROLOGYEssentials of Meteorology. By D. H. McIntosh and A. S. Thorn. 8 1/2 × 5 1/2. xv + 239 pp., numerous illustrations, answers to problems. Taylor and Francis, London. 20s.ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHYIndustrial Britain: The North West. By David M. Smith. 10 × 6 1/4, 271 pp., 36 figures, 31 plates, bibliography and statistical appendix. David and Charles, Newton Abbot, 1969. 95s.Industrial Demand for Water: A study of South East England. By Judith Anne Rees. 8 1/2 × 5 1/2 L.S.E. Research Monographs 3, xiv + 194 pp., Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1969, London. 65s.CARTOGRAPHY AND MAPSThe Antonine Wall. Ordnance Survey 2 1/2 Inch Map. 1969. 11s.Maps and Air Photographs. By G. C. Dickinson. 10 × 17 1/2. xiv + 286 pp. Edward Arnold, London, 1969. 45s.Atlas Four. 10 1/2 × 8 1/2. 115pages, + index 60 pages. Collins/Longmans, 1969. 15s.EDUCATIONALLearning Through the Environment. By Muriel F. S. Hopkins. 7 3/4 × 5 1/8. 151 pages, 26 figures. Longmans, London. 1969. 15s.Investigating Geography. By J. Philip Dodd. 9 3/4 × 7 1/4. 214 pp., 192 figures. Heinemann, London, 1969. 15s.The London Regional Geographies. Book 3: Asia. By Leonard Hadlow and Reginald Abbott. 8 1/2 × 5 1/2. 294 pp., 145 figs. U. of London Press, 1969. 18s.A Geography of Manufacturing. By H. R. Jarrett. 8 3/4 × 5 3/4. xvii + 349 pp. 67 illustrations. Macdonald & Evans, 1969, London. 35s.The Mediterranean Lands. By J. Brannigan and H. R. Jarrett. The New Certificate Geography Series: Advanced Level. 9 × 5l. xiv + 620, 150 illustrations. Macdonald and Evans Ltd., 1969. 38s.

Three patients with partial lipodystrophy, C3 activation and hypocomplementæmia, and mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis of the dense-deposit variety are described. It is proposed that the primary abnormality in these and other patients with this type of nephritis is C3 activation which results in prolonged hypocomplementæmia. This predisposes to the development of nephritis by a mechanism similar to that in patients known to have congenital deficiency of the complement system.

A case is described in which a clinical diagnosis of "metaphysial dysostosis" was made, but in which histological examination of involved bones showed the changes of rickets, presumably renal, with secondary hyperparathyroidism.

Sir Joseph Banks, K.B., P.R.S., The Autocrat of the Philosophers. By Hector Charles Cameron, M.D., F.R.C.P. The Batchworth Press, London, 1952. Pp. xx + 341.Settlers and Convicts. By an Emigrant Mechanic. Foreword by C. M. H. Clark. M.U.P., 1953. Pp. xxxii + 245; 4 illus., 1 map, index. 18/6.The South Seas in Transition. A study of post-war rehabilitation and reconstruction in three British Pacific dependencies. By W. E. H. Stanner. Australasian Publishing Company, Sydney, 1953. Pp. xiv + 448. 50/-.Governor George Arthur: A Colonial Benevolent Despot. By M. C. I. Levy. Georgian House, Melbourne, 1953. Pp. xiv + 412. 50/-.Foundations of the Australian Monetary System 1788-1851. By S. J. Butlin. Melbourne University Press, 1953. Pp. xvi + 727; 30 illus. and map. 57/6.Reflections of an Australian Liberal. By F. W. Eggleston. F. W. Cheshire, Melbourne, for the Australian National University, 1953. Pp. 301. 27/6.James Stephen and the British Colonial System, 1813-1847. By Paul Knaplund. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, 1953. Pp. vii + 315. $5.50.The Pacific. By Oliver A. Gillespie. War History Branch, Department of Internal Affairs, Wellington, N.Z., 1952. Pp. xiv + 395. 15/-.The Genesis of the Royal Australian Navy. By G. L. Macandie. Government Printer, Sydney, 1949. Pp. 334; plates.Everybody's Story of New Zealand. By A. H. Reed. A. H. & A. W. Reed, Wellington, 1950. 7/6.Australia: Her Story. Notes on a Nation. By Kylie Tennant. Macmillan, London, 1953. Pp. viii + 296.Marion Dufresne at the Bay of Islands. By Leslie G. Kelly. A. H. and A. W. Reed, Wellington, 1951. Pp. 114, 26 pls. 15/-.

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