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1. A study of the rates and routes of excretion of 3-fluoro-[U-14C]aniline following intraperitoneal administration to male bile-cannulated rats by liquid scintillation counting (LSC) gave a total recovery of ~ 90% in the 48 h following dosing, with the majority of the dose being excreted in the urine during the first 24 h (~ 49%). 2. The total recovery as determined by 19F-nuclear magnetic resonance (19F-NMR) was ~ 49%, with the majority of the dose excreted in the first 24 h (~ 41%). The comparatively low recovery in comparison to that obtained from LSC was due to matrix effects in bile and a contribution from metabolic defluorination. 3. High-performance liquid chromatography with radiometric profiling of urine and bile revealed a complex pattern of metabolites with the bulk of the dose excreted as a single peak. 4. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography-orthogonal acceleration time of flight mass spectrometry profiling also showed a complex pattern of metabolites, detecting ~ 21 metabolites of 3-fluoroaniline (3-FA) with six of these detected only in urine and four solely in bile. 5. 19F-NMR revealed the presence of the parent compound and 15 metabolites in urine collected during the first 24 h after -dosing. The matrix effects of bile on 19F-NMR spectroscopy made metabolite profiling impractical for this biofluid. 6. The major metabolite of 3-FA was identified as 2-fluoro-4-acetamidophenol-sulfate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-linear optimal estimates of atmospheric profiles from the Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES) may contain a priori information that varies geographically, which is a confounding factor in the analysis and physical interpretation of an ensemble of profiles. A common strategy is to transform these profile estimates to a common prior using a linear operation thereby facilitating the interpretation of profile variability. However, this operation is dependent on the assumption of not worse than moderate nonlinearity near the solution of the non-linear estimate. We examines the robustness of this assumption when exchanging the prior by comparing atmospheric retrievals from the Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer processed with a uniform prior with those processed with a variable prior and converted to a uniform prior following the non-linear retrieval. We find that linearly converting the prior following a non-linear retrieval is shown to have a minor effect on the results as compared to a non-linear retrieval using a uniform prior when compared to the expected total error, with less than 10%of the change in the prior ending up as unbiased fluctuations in the profile estimate results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nutritional and growth effects on children following a bone marrow transplant (BMT) have not been well documented. The purpose of this study was to describe the growth patterns of young children during the first year following BMT. A retrospective chart review was used to examine the nutritional status of 25 young children, 1 to 6 years of age, who received an allogeneic BMT. Nutritional data were reviewed prior to BMT and at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months following BMT. The mean weight gain was 2.5 kg with a median weight gain of 2.3 kg (range, -1.2 to 9.4 kg). The mean height gain was 7 cm with a median height gain of 7.4 cm (range, 1.2 to 16.8 cm). Growth related to gender, age, and incidence of infection was similar to the overall average; however, children with graft-versus-host disease revealed poor weight and height gain. Nurses must learn to recognize patients at nutritional risk and intervene when necessary. More research is needed to address specific nutritional needs of the pediatric BMT patient. Copyright © 2004 by Association of Pediatric Oncology Nurses [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1. The metabolism and excretion of 2,4-, 3,5-ditrifluoromethyl- and pentafluorobenzoic acids were studied in the bile-cannulated rat using [sup 1]H- and [sup 19]F-NMR spectroscopy following intraperitoneal administration at 50 mg kg[sup -1]. 2. Pentafluorobenzoic acid was excreted in the urine entirely unchanged. No detectable compound or metabolites were eliminated in the bile. A total of 63.5 ± 6.7% of the dose was recovered in the 24-h collection period. 3. In the case of 2,4-ditrifluromethyl benzoic acid, 83.9 ± 5.2% of the dose was recovered in the 24h after administration, with about 52% being excreted in the urine and 32% in the bile. The majority of the material present in the urine was unchanged parent compound. In bile, some 60% of the compound-related material excreted was present as transacylated ester glucuronide conjugates. 4. For 3,5-ditrifluoromethylbenzoic acid, 49.6 ± 5.3% of the dose was recovered in the 24-h collection period, with about 22% being excreted in the urine and 28% in the bile. The material excreted in both the urine and bile was a mixture of the parent acid and transacylated ester glucuronides. 5. Urinary excretion in bile-cannulated animals was similar to that found in studies using non-cannulated animals dosed at 100mg kg[sup -1]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Six Argentinian wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars grown in nutrient solutions in controlled environment were compared for their nitrate uptake rates on a root dry weight basis. Up to 3-fold differences were observed among the cultivars at 16, 20 and 24 days from germination, either when measured by depletion from the nutrient solution in short-term experiments, or by total N accumulation in the tissue during 8 days. No differences in total N concentration in root or shoots were found among cultivars. Although the different cultivars showed significant differences in shoot/root ratio and nitrate reductase activity (EC 1.6.6.1) in the roots, none of these parameters was correlated with the nitrate uptake rate. However, nitrate uptake was found to be positively correlated (r = 0.99) with the shoot relative growth rate of the cultivars. The three cultivars with the highest nitrate uptake rates and relative growth rates showed a positive correlation between root nitrate concentration and uptake. However, this correlation was not found in the cultivars with the lowest growth and uptake rates. Our results indicate that the difference in nitrate uptake rate among these cultivars may only be a consequence of their differences in growth rate, and it is suggested that at least two mechanisms regulate nitrate uptake, one working when plant demand is low and another when plant demand is high. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Selected salmonid fish farms in England and Wales were sent a questionnaire designed to collect data on enteric redmouth disease (ERM) vaccination and the usage of antimicrobial agents. The response to the survey was 41-5%. The results indicated that 22% of responding farms have had ERM diagnosed since 1982, half of them have experienced the disease every year since the initial confirmation and it occurs primarily between April and September; mainly in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), of 222/kg-200g, although larger fish were also affected. The incidence of ERM coincides with a rise or fall in water temperature, over-crowding, poor water quality or grading. Vaccination against ERM is used on 53% of the responding farms. In addition, 45% of these farms considered immunization to have failed, mainly due to the poor condition of the fish and the low water temperatures at vaccination. On those farms which employed vaccination, the commonest chemotherapeutant used against ERM is oxolinic acid. However, oxytetracycline is the most frequently used antibiotic on farms not employing a vaccine. The use of an antimicrobial agent as a prophylactic or the use of another compound when the first treatment is completed occurred on some farms. The average annual cost for vaccination and treatment has been calculated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article studies maternal support for the Down's syndrome stereotype. The hypothesis explored in this study is that direct experience of Down's syndrome would affect the nature and content of the individual's stereotype of the condition. Down's syndrome children are a distinct category but by no means uncommon. Down's syndrome children, like any other children, within the limits set by their biological potential are responsive to opportunities for intellectual development, social competence and healthy personality growth.

OBJECTIVE: The effectiveness of a tepary bean high fat type diet, compared to a purified type high fat diet and exercise, on body composition in fatty Zucker rats was determined. SUBJECTS AND DESIGN: Approximately 6-week-old female fa/fa Zucker rats were divided into four groups of 10 rats each: TE, fed the tepary bean type diet and exercised; TN, fed the tepary bean type diet and not exercised; CE, fed the purified type control diet and exercised; CN, fed the purified type control diet and not exercised. The exercise modality was treadmill running and the experiment lasted 13 weeks. MEASUREMENTS: Body weight, cumulative food intake, body composition, weights of adipose tissues and liver, heart and gastrocnemius muscle. RESULTS: At the end of the 13 week experiment, TE rats weighed 511±22 g and were significantly lighter than TN, 588±15 g; CE, 606±22 g; and CN, 660±27 g. All are means±s.e.m. The carcass of CN rats had 58, 20 and 13% more fat than TE, TN and CE rats, respectively; P<0.01. Lean body mass was the same for all the groups of rats and ranged from means of 216–228 g. However, TE rats had significantly more fat free dry mass (FFDM) than CN rats; 68±4 vs 58±2 (means±s.e.m.) and tended to have more FFDM than TN and CE rats. Inguinal fat depots weighed 20–30% less in T than in C rats (diet comparisons) and also 20–30% less in E than in N rats (exercise comparisons). Perirenal/retroperitoneal fat depots weighed 25% less in TN than in CN rats and 38% less in TE than in CE rats. Exercise did not reduce perirenal/retroperitoneal fat depot weights. Parametrial fat depot weights were not influenced by diet or exercise. CONCLUSIONS: In diets which provided 37% of the energy from fat, the incorporation of tepary beans attenuated weight gain, and subcutaneous and visceral fat gain compared to a purified type diet. Exercised rats gained less weight and subcutaneous, but not visceral fat, than... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines aspects of the resistance of Aeromonas salmonicida isolates to the major fish farming antimicrobials. The antimicrobial resistance of an extensive chronological series of isolates appears to reflect the changing use of different compounds in fish farming since 1969. Repetitive challenge by 50% MIC concentrations of 4-quinolone antimicrobials against selective isolation of viable colonies resulted in a 7.2 × increase in resistance in 12 generations, demonstrating the likely outcome of drug misuse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is well known that every letter in the Persian alphabet has a numerical value. These values are perfectly conventional. They are as follows:— [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]